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Music History I > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

What are “The Affections”?

A

“stable states of the soul” that can be expressed by music and that music can arouse in listeners: sadness, joy, anger, love, excitement

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2
Q

What is Basso Continuo?

A

Continuous Bass

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3
Q

What were “modern” features of Baroque music?

A

Measures & bar lines
Meter signatures
Key signatures
Full, 12-pitch chromaticism
Specified instrumentation and idiomatic composition
Tonality & functional harmony as determined by a bass line

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4
Q

What is Monody?

A

A new style of singing emerging in early Baroque, comprised heavily of recitative

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5
Q

What is opera? What musical styles was opera based off?

A

A staged drama, sung throughout, with music designed
to convey the characters’ emotions
Recreation of the ancient Greek ideal for drama
Monody, Madrigals, and Instrumental music

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6
Q

Who were 3 prominent composer of Early Italian Opera?

A

Peri, Monteverdi, and Cesti

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7
Q

What key formal pattern emerged during the Baroque era?

A

Contrasting sections within compositions, that later became contrasting movements

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8
Q

What are key components of French opera? Describe them

A

Divertissement - at the close of a movement, singing and dancing added as entertainment
Double Dotting - exaggerating the dotted eighth-sixteenth figure

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9
Q

What is a suite?

A

an instrumental genre consisting of several movements in the same key, some or all of which are based on forms/styles of dance music

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10
Q

What are the movements of the standardized suite?

A

I. Allemande
II. Courante
III. Sarabande
IV. Gigue

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11
Q

What genre of stylized dance was influenced by the New World?

A

villancico

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12
Q

What is opera seria? Identify key characteristics

A
  • The principal international genre of opera, established by the 1670s, but continuing long into the Classical era
  • Almost always Italian language libretti
  • Subjects from classical antiquity (historical)
  • Often tragic endings to heroic struggles
  • BUT: focus is not the drama itself, rather star singers’ performances of arias
  • Musical emphasis placed upon vocal virtuosity in the arias
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13
Q

What is the structure of an opera seria?

A

Begins with a Sinfonia (overture)

Alternation of recitatives and da capo arias

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14
Q

What is the form of a da capo aria?

A

ABA

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15
Q

How are sonata camera different from sonata chiesa?

A

Camera: Movements are a collection of stylized dances; For performance in private “chambers”; To entertain aristocracy/for amateur musicians
Chiesa: Collection of abstract movements; Although some movements may employ dance rhythms or repeated binary form, dance titles are not given; Pattern of movements: slow–fast—slow–fast; Movements intended for performance within church services (or for private entertainment)

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16
Q

When were Italian concertos played at? What are the 3 types of instrumental concertos?

A

For public performance at ceremonial events
For entertainment at private, aristocratic gatherings
For use in church services, as substitutes for portions of Mass
- Concerto grosso, Solo concerto, and Ripieno concerto

17
Q

Who was Antonio Vivaldi? What did he compose?

A

Ordained a priest in 1703—”il prete rosso”
1703-1740: teacher, composer, conductor and superintendent of musical instruments at the Pio Ospedale della Pietà in Venice
Composed operas, sacred vocal music,
concertos for instruments of all kinds
Publications of concertos and chamber music
Opera commissions throughout Europe
Over 540 concertos written!

18
Q

What was the structure of Vivaldi’s concertos?

A

Three movements: fast—slow—fast
Outer movements use “ritornello procedure” for form
Ritornelli for the orchestra alternate with episodes for the soloist(s)

19
Q

What does the expression “Baroque Productivity” refer to?

A

Compositional aim  NOT to create a distinctive or singular masterpiece, but rather to create an exemplary model of its type or genre
Interest in hearing NEW examples, not “classic” examples

20
Q

Who was Dieterich Buxtehude?

A

Europe’s most famous organist
Influential upon J.S. Bach (contact in 1705)
Post as organist St. Mary’s Church in Lübeck
Composed organ music and sacred vocal works for Lutheran services, also suites for harpsichord and chamber sonatas
Abendmusiken: Christmastime series of public concerts of sacred music & organ works

21
Q

What was Jean-Phillip Rameau known for?

A

MUSIC THEORY:
- The triad and 7th chord are the primal elements of music—built solely of perfect fifths and major & minor thirds
- Fundamental bass: idea that a chord maintains its identity, even in inversion
- Music is driven forward by dissonance and comes to rest in consonance
- New terms: tonic, dominant, subdominant, modulation
- Established the hierarchies of functional tonality
GOAL: that music could be understood according to universal laws

22
Q

What were Telemann’s Paris Quartets significant for?

A

Summary of Telemann’s successful synthesis of international Baroque styles

23
Q

What was characteristic of the Italian style of composition during the Baroque era?

A

Italian Genres include sonatas, cantatas, concerti, opera by composers such as Vivaldi and Corelli.
Italian style traits: concise themes, clarity of form, rhythmic drive, logical flow of musical ideas.

24
Q

What was characteristic of the French style of composition during the Baroque era?

A
  • French Genres include suites comprised of binary dances (Allemande, Courante, Sarabande), opera, sacred music by composers such as D’anglebert, Lully, Lallande.
  • French style traits: profuse ornamentation of the melodic line, style luthe (brisé), contrasting A and B sections in binary forms,
  • style brisé
25
Q

What is style brisé?

A

a modern term used to describe the classic case of a musical style that exploits the very limitations of the instrument that created it. Chords are arpeggiated and inner voices shredded, so that any linear writing is more implied than actual… In the style brisé, consecutive notes from different octaves pass freely in and out of the texture only to disappear into thin air. The texture continually thins and thickens… it is an extension of a style in evidence from the earliest lute tablatures.

26
Q

What is the structure of a Bach cantata?

A
  • [Instrumental sinfonia]
  • Large-scale movement for chorus and orchestra (possibly a chorale motet)
  • Alternating recitatives and arias (or duets, trios, etc.)
  • Concludes with a harmonized chorale setting (sung by choir!)
27
Q

What is the ritornello procedure?

A

(shit)

28
Q

What is notable about Bach?

A
  • During lifetime: known as organ virtuoso, keyboard composer, and master-composer of learned contrapuntal works
  • Invented a new genre with his Brandenburg concertos
  • Mastered the Italian and French style, blended into his own personal style
  • Music Director in Leipzig
29
Q

Who is Georg Frideric Handel?

A
  • Synthesis of Italian style (opera seria, concertos), French style (suites, dances), German counterpoint, and the English choral tradition (Byrd, Purcell, etc.)
  • Handel’s music gains international renown during his lifetime
  • First composer whose music has never ceased to be performed
  • Invented English Oratorio
30
Q

What is an English Oratorio?

A
  • Unstaged concert performances (usually in theaters, not churches!)
  • Performed during Lent, when opera productions were forbidden
  • Libretto dramatizes a sacred plot, usually biblical, with named characters
  • Recitative, da capo arias, + CHORUSES!
  • Chorus represents “the people” or reflects upon events
  • Invented by Handel as a result of decline in popularity of opera seria in England

Music History I (4 decks)

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