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GIS > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

what is a network?

A

a system of interconnected lines and intersections, abstract representation of real world routes of people objects phenomenon etc

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2
Q

What is geocoding?

A

finding a geographic location from an address

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3
Q

In order to geocode we have to have

A

input dataset
output dataset
processing algorithm
reference dataset

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4
Q

What is an input dataset?

A

a list of addresses

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5
Q

What is an reference dataset?

A

a database of geospatial information, defines beginning and end number of each street

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6
Q

what is a processing algorithm

A

locates the input dataset

breaks the addresses into parts and then figures out where on the block it should be

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7
Q

What is an output dataset?

A

a set of poitns, geospatial information associated with the inout dataset

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8
Q

What are the network types?

A

transportation (undirected) and geometric utility (directed)

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9
Q

What are the components of a transportation network?

A

edges, junctions, barriers, turns

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10
Q

what are the components of a directed network?

A

Edges, sinks, source junction, barrier, point feature, area feature

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11
Q

List the steps in address geocoding

A

addresses are parsed into seperate components
each component is compared to the same field in the reference layer
candidates are scored based on closeness of matches

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12
Q

What score means the geocoding was a good match?

A

80-100

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13
Q

what are some problems with TIGER files?

A

Accuracy of location and correctness of address and location

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14
Q

What is an event layer?

A

The layer added from x y points

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15
Q

Types of transportation network datasets

A

optimum route shortest path, optimum route travelling salesman, closest facility, service area, location allocation modeling for a facility location, origin destination cost matrix,

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16
Q

Types of geometric utility datasets

A

flow direction, tracing edges and junctions upstream or downstream, artificial barrier

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17
Q

What are spatial operations

A

spatial functions, operations work on coordinate information and attribute data, solve a spatial problem

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18
Q

what are selection operations

A

similar to attribute queries, selection function work on spatial data, create layer from selection, use set algebra

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19
Q

What is boolean algebra

A

AND OR NOT

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20
Q

what are spatial selection operations

A

adjacency, containment, are identical to, intersect, are within a distance of

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21
Q

What are classification operations

A

reclassification or recoding, categorizes geographic operations on a set of conditions

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22
Q

What are overlay functions

A

data must be in common coordinate system, both spatial and attribute data may change, combines features at same location

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23
Q

What is a clip

A

boundary layer is cookie cutter, data layer is clipped, output has attributes of only the data layer

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24
Q

What is an intersect?

A

Combines data from both layers with only overlapping regions remaining, combines attributes of both layers

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25
Q

What is a union

A

includes all data from both inputs, including attributes

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26
Q

What is a problem with vector overlay

A

boundary issues

27
Q

What happens with line-in-polygon?

A

only arcs found within th ebase layer polygons are included in the output
The attributes from the polygon are transferred to the arcs

28
Q

What happens with an intersection?

A

uses geometric AND to compute the overlapping area, attributes from both polygon are transferred to the output, also called polygon on polygon

29
Q

What happens with a union

A

uses geometric OR to compute the overlapping area
all input features from both layers remain
attribute values are assigned by containment
attribute inheritance, polygons only

30
Q

What happens with a symmetrical difference

A

using XOR will output polygon areas that do not overlap

31
Q

What happens with a clip

A

attributes from the clip layer are not transferred to the output

32
Q

What are the 8 types of vector overlay

A 
Dissolve 
append/merge
union
clip
identity
intersect
update
erase
33
Q

What happens with a dissolve

A

removes boundaries between polygons or nodes between arcs, features with same attributes are dissolved

34
Q

What happens with an identity

A

all featurs from first input layer persist
keeps its identity
attributes from both layers exist where there is overlap
order of inout and overlay matters
polygon on polygon, line, or point

35
Q

what happens with an update

A

all features exist in output
the update coverage features replace the area they overlap in the input coverage
underlapping features from input are erased
attributes only from input layer exist in output
order of input and overlay matters

36
Q

What happens with a clip

A

cookie cutter
only input layer features and attributes exist in output
polygon on polygon, line or point

37
Q

what happens with an erase

A

cookie cutter, only input layer features and attributes exist in output, order of input and overlay matters, polygon on polygon, line, or point

38
Q

What happens with a split

A

divides the first inout layer into a number of smaller layers based on the second input layer
the name of the output feature classes will be the same as the split fields unique values

39
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A proximity function, a region that is less than or equal to a specified distance from a feature

40
Q

What are the types of buffers

A

fixed buffers
dissolved buffers
compound buffers
nested buffers

41
Q

what is cartography

A

the art and techniques of making maps

42
Q

What are the map purposes

A

audience
info to communicate
area of interest
presentation medium

43
Q

types of thematic maps

A

point symbol, area symbol, dot maps, proportional symbol, area class, flow line maps, choropleth maps, isoline, grid based map, cartograms

44
Q

What are the visual variables in symbology and labeling

A

shape, hue, orientation, value, size, texture

45
Q

how is color expressed?

A

as an RGB triplet, each component can vary from zero to 255 maximum value. 0 will be black and all 255 will be white

46
Q

ArcMap can define color in what models?

A

RGB, CMYK, HSV, gray, names

47
Q

A 2 class map can be suitable for

A

binary data or data with positive and negative values

48
Q

4 to 8 classes in a map usually ensure that map readers can

A

see distincr patterns and can match color hue, lightness, and saturation on the map to the legend

49
Q

More than 8 classes will produce

A

more complex patterns and map readers may not be able t match the used colors to the map legend

50
Q

Classification should…

A

maximize the between class differences and minimize the within class differences

51
Q

what are the five ways to classify raw data

A 
unclassified
natural breaks
equal intervals
quantiles
unique scheme
52
Q

What is the natural breaks classification

A

finds existing groups of values in the data and puts them together, using natural gaps in the data. It works well on unevenly distributed data

53
Q

What is the equal interval classification

A

the class system takes the range of values in the field and divides them into a specified number of classes of equal size. very useful for ratio data

54
Q

What is a quantiles classification

A

put about the same number of features in each class, this method creates a very balanced map with all classes equally well represented but some of the classes may be very close together in terms of their values

55
Q

What are the concepts of raster data structures

A

grid often has its origin in the upper left corner, single values associated with each cell, rules needed to assign cell value to object that does not cover entire cell

56
Q

what is raster data resolution

A

the minimum linear dimension of the smallest unit of geographic space for which data are recorded

57
Q

What three fields are always present in the grid attribute table

A

the objectid, the value field, and a count field indicatinf how many cells contain that value

58
Q

what is an artifact

A

an anomaly in the data

59
Q

What are discrete rasters

A

essentially store features but in raster format, have relatively few values that change abruptly from one category to another

60
Q

How can you display raster data

A

thematic rasters, image rasters

61
Q

What is cell size

A

length or width of a cell on the ground

62
Q

What is extent

A

area that a raster represents on the ground

63
Q

Whats in a cell?

A

each cell can have zero, one, or multiple values, but no cell can be empty, values can be numeric or text

GIS (3 decks)

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