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GIS > 3426midterm > Flashcards

3426midterm Flashcards

1
Q

which type of attribute distinguishes one from another, like names

A

nominal

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2
Q

which type of attributes have an order, like small to large

A

ordinal

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3
Q

what type of attribute has a 0 point, the difference between values makes sense?

A

interval

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4
Q

what type of attribute has ratios between values that make sense

A

ratio

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5
Q

what type of attribute describes flow direction, compass direction, or longitude

A

cyclic

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6
Q

what represents the geographic world as objects with well defined boundaries in otherwise empty space

A

discrete objects

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7
Q

in what type of data structure is detail about variation within cells lost, and instead are given a single value

A

raster

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8
Q

in raster format, properties and attributes are applied to the

A

cells

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9
Q

what type of data structure has points, lines, and polygons

A

vector

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10
Q

what model doesn’t allow spatial analysis

A

spaghetti model

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11
Q

what shows relationships using points and nodes

A

topology

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12
Q

what type of data has a finite number of variables, each one defined at every possible position

A

continuous

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13
Q

small scale has a ___ area

A

large

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14
Q

large scale has a ___ area

A

small

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15
Q

What types of scale are used?

A

absolute, bar scale, representative fraction

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16
Q

high resolution means that each pixel is a ___ area

A

smaller

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17
Q

low resolution means that each pixel is a ___ area

A

larger

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18
Q

what is a reference or base for other measurements, the center of the Earth from which a coordinate system is projected

A

a Datum

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19
Q

what is the means of representing a spherical surface in a flat surface

A

map projection

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20
Q

What are the families of map projections

A

cyllindrical, conic, planar

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21
Q

Distance (absolute/relative), direction, arrangement, orientation, scale, regular, random, clustered, are all ___

A

geographic patterns

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22
Q

what are some different types of topology

A

adjacency, connectivity, containment

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23
Q

what is the spread of attributes from one area to another

A

dispersion

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24
Q

what are different types of expansion/diffusion

A

contagious expansion, hierarchical expansion, relocation diffusion

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25
Q

what is the time distance decay

A

the presence decreases as the time and distance increases

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26
Q

intersection, union, and identity are all forms of

A

overlay

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27
Q

line, point, and polygon are all types of

A

buffers

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28
Q

remotely sensed images, and digital aerial photos are types of

A

raster primary data

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29
Q

GPS points, and field survey are all types of

A

vector primary data

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30
Q

what is data gathered and organized by someone else?

A

secondary data

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31
Q

what are types of open gis?

A

OpenStreetMap, CoCoRaHS, Nature’s notebook

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32
Q

what are different types of scanning

A

flatbed, drum, line

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33
Q

what is the first step of digitizing

A

map preparation, assign unique identifiers, mark tic locations

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34
Q

what is the second step of digitizing

A

begin digitizing, registration and transformation

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35
Q

what is the third step of digitizing

A

ensure the continuity of features across map sheet boundaries

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36
Q

one of a set of ordered xy coordinate pairs that defines the shape of a line or polygon feature

A

vertex, euclidean geometry

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37
Q

point representing the beginning or ending point of an edge , topologically linked to all the edges that meet there

A

node

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38
Q

what analysis involves selecting, counting, and selective statistics

A

simple spatial analysis

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39
Q

what analysis often must link to other software and/or significant programming by user

A

advanced spatial analysis

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40
Q

what determines attributes from data (not stored in the data)

A

higher level objects

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41
Q

centroids, point patterns, landscape metrics are all types of

A

higher lever objects

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42
Q

What is essentially the center of gravity for point distributions, weighted point distributions

A

centroids

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43
Q

what are the three major types of networks

A

straight line, branching, circuit

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44
Q

what is used to measure concentration

A

hoover index

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45
Q

what does a negative hoover index mean

A

concentrated

46
Q

what does a 0 hoover index mean

A

uniform

47
Q

what does an above 0 hoover index mean

A

deconcentrated

48
Q

centroids, central features, standard distance, directional distribution, point density (kernal density) are all types of

A

higher level point objects

49
Q

What do these nearest neighbor values mean
R= 1
R=0
R>1

A

random
“perfectly” clustered
uniform/dispersed

50
Q

what is the first step of nearest neighbor analysis

A

find the nearest neighbors

51
Q

what is the second step of NN analysis

A

find the distances

52
Q

What is the third step of NN analysis

A

find the average NN distance

53
Q

what is the fourth step of NN analysis

A

find R =NND(A)/NND(R)

54
Q

What function shows how similar

A

G function

55
Q

what is the exhaustive regular or irregular partitioning of space

A

tessellation

56
Q

What is the most common tessellations

A

squares, from remote sensing: pixel, raster

57
Q

what is the map of the direction the slope is facing

A

aspect

58
Q

what is the statistical measure of how proximate objects are related

A

autocorrelation

59
Q

what are the two types of autocorrelation

A

spatial and serial

60
Q

what is the creation of a surface from point data and their attributes

A

surface interpolation

61
Q

what are types of surface interpolation

A

thiessen polygons, linear interpolation (trend surface analysis), weighted distance, kriging

62
Q

what kind of interpolation uses all known sample points to estimate a value at an unsampled location

A

global

63
Q

what kind of interpolation uses neighborhood of sample points to estimate

A

local

64
Q

what surface takes into account the sun azimuth abd sun zenith

A

hillshape

65
Q

What surface has a DEM start, then calculates the flow of accumulation

A

watershed analysis

66
Q

what are some types of statistical surfaces

A

DEM, Isolines, TINs, other rasters

67
Q

what is a set of polygons that represent the closest area to a point

A

veroni diagram

68
Q

what produces edge effects

A

extrapolation

69
Q

what tries to create a nonlinear surface that fits through every point in a dataset

A

spline

70
Q

what is the z value field in a spline

A

numerical attribute of points

71
Q

using a regularized spline, a higher weight means

A

smoother surface (W= 0-5)

72
Q

using a tension spline, a higher weight means

A

coarser surface (W>0)

73
Q

what takes a weighted local average to interpolate the points

A

inverse distance weighting

74
Q

what tells us how much near things are related, a quantitative number

A

the power in

Weight= 1/distance^power

75
Q

what measures how different point pairs are

A

semivariance cloud

76
Q

if points are similar they have a ___ semivariance

A

low

77
Q

what tells us that beyond this distance, the points do not affect the points nearer. (the distance the model first flattens out)

A

the range in a semivariance cloud

78
Q

The value that the semivariogram model attains at the range

A

the sill

79
Q

what is the partial sill

A

the sill minus the nugget

80
Q

what are the outputs of a variogram

A

prediction map. standard error, quantile map, probability map

81
Q

what type of kriging does not have a trend

A

ordinary kriging

82
Q

what type of kriging has a trend without known model parameters

A

universal kriging

83
Q

what type of kriging has a trend with known model parameters

A

simple kriging

84
Q

what type of kriging has a binary predictio surface

A

indicator kriging

85
Q

what type of kriging has multiple inputs

A

cokriging

86
Q

what type of interpolation often results in a more realistic interpolation but estimating missing data values is more complex

A

nonlinear interpolation

87
Q

which analysis requires which operations and in what order to be thought out in advance

A

multifaceted analysis

88
Q

how many commands does ArcGIS have

A

7000

89
Q

multifaceted analysis is not linear, but

A

iterative

90
Q

what aids the modeling process bu diminishing the complexity of the task, permits planning in an organized manner, provides documentation

A

flowcharting

91
Q

what type of model illustrates existing condition and isolates specific factors to clarify what is going on

A

descriptive model

92
Q

what type of model asserts a causal relationship

A

predictive model

93
Q

what type of model employs a known causal relationship to engineer a desired result in a specific instance

A

prescriptive model

94
Q

what are two types of model perspective

A

objective (streamflow modeling)

subjective (preserving farmland while allowing urban growth

95
Q

What are the four major steps in a typical GIS project

A
  1. determine objectives and design the model/design the database
  2. build the database
  3. perform the analysis
  4. present the results
96
Q

what is used to group features for separate mean center computations

A

the case field

97
Q

what is constructed from the average x and y values for the input features

A

the mean center

98
Q

in mean center computation, what is any numeric field in the input feature class

A

the dimension field

99
Q

what creates standard deviational ellipses to summarize the spatial characteristics of geographic features

A

directional distribution

100
Q

in directional distrbution and standard distance, the case field is used to

A

group features prior to analysis

101
Q

what measures the degree to which features are concentrated or dispersed around the geometric mean center

A

standard distance

102
Q

what interpolates a raster surface from points using a two dimensional minimum curvature technique

A

spline

103
Q

what spatial analyst tool results in a smooth surface that passes exactly through the input points

A

spline

104
Q

T/F IDW can extrapolate values outside of the known range

A

false

105
Q

what is the measure of how different points are

A

semivariance

106
Q

what does 0 mean on a variogram?

A

there is no difference

107
Q

what is the lag distance

A

how far apart the two points are

108
Q

what is the space between 0 and the actual semivariance of a pair with lag distance 0

A

the nugget

109
Q

what value determines how much of the population would have to be redistributed

A

hoover index

110
Q

what is the measure of whether there is a directional difference in the variogram

A

anisotropy

111
Q

what projection is best for areas of wide ranges of latitude but poor for areas with wide ranges of longitude

A

UTM

GIS (3 decks)

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