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3426final Flashcards

1
Q

identifying relevant factors and adding their appropriately weighted values

A

cartographic modeling criteria

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2
Q

can be expressed as a script, or visually as a flowchart

A

modeling data

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3
Q

.

A

modeling techniques

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4
Q

4 major steps in GIS project

A
  1. Determine objectives & design the model/design the database
  2. build the database
  3. Perform the analysis
  4. Present the results
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5
Q

types of models

A

descriptive, predictive, prescriptive.

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6
Q

“airline” distance, Eclidean or City Block

A

straight line distance

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7
Q

city block measure, aka

A

manhattan distance

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8
Q

sum of the lines that make up a certain pathway

A

route distance

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9
Q

used to determine straight line distance

A

pythagorean theorem

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10
Q

How curvy a line is, Length of Line A (the straight line from end to end) divided by the length of line B (the actual line)

A

sinuosity

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11
Q

the measurement of the perimeter of th epolygon

A

polygon circumference

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12
Q

a hole with vertices in a polygon

A

euler holes

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13
Q

the curvature of a raster surface

A

convexity

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14
Q

least cost path, a distance measurement that take impedance into account

A

functional distance

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15
Q

absolute and relative, cause some kind of friction on the path

A

impedance/barriers

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16
Q

a raster surface that clculates the cost of pathways

A

cost surface

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17
Q

shortedt path, functional distance

A

least cost path

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18
Q

examples of classification systems

A

.

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19
Q

classification vs. reclassification

A

The process of sorting or arranging entities into groups or categories; on a map, the process of representing members of a group by the same symbol, usually defined in a legend.
he process of taking input cell values and replacing them with new output cell values. Reclassification is often used to simplify or change the interpretation of raster data by changing a single value to a new value, or grouping ranges of values into single values

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20
Q

he process of taking input cell values and replacing them with new output cell values. Reclassification is often used to simplify or change the interpretation of raster data by changing a single value to a new value, or grouping ranges of values into single values

A

reclassification

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21
Q

A data classification method that distributes a set of values into 4 groups

A

quartile reclassification

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22
Q

A data classification method that distributes a set of values into groups that contain an equal number of values

A

quantile reclassification

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23
Q

A method of manual data classification that seeks to partition data into classes based on natural groups in the data distribution. Natural breaks occur in the histogram at the low points of valleys. Breaks are assigned in the order of the size of the valleys, with the largest valley being assigned the first natural break.

A

natural breaks

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24
Q

A data classification method that divides a set of attribute values into groups that contain an equal range of values.

A

equal interval

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25
using the reclass tool to manually input new values for certain ranges of values in a raster
manual reclassification
26
makes shared polygon boundaries disappear
dissolve
27
line, polygon, point, exterior polygon, interior polygon, variable,
types of buffers
28
a set of research methods developed in computer science to enable the controlled manipulation of data represented graphically to enhance readability, or to reveal or demonstrate unsuspected patters, regularities, or connections
visualization
29
.
multi-dimensional
30
user interaction and query across place and time, maps linked to other data visualization
dynamic and linked maps
31
teamwork among place-based subjects that is facilitated with and through geographic information and technologies, a field of study that is multidisciplinary in nature, incorporating theory and methods from human-computer interaction (HCI), computer science, and psychology
geocollaboration
32
surface representations: raster
tesselation
33
lattice
vector surface representation
34
TIN
vector surface representation
35
these are used in a TIN to represent slope, aspect, area
nodes, edges, triangles
36
artificially altering elevation, useful for regions of little variation, useful for features
vertical exaggeration
37
visually overlaying data on elevation surface
draping
38
.
resistance
39
.
barriers
40
a collection of data
database
41
software/programs that control the database
database management system
42
advantages of DBMS
reduces redundancy, maintenance cost decreases, multiple apps can use the same data and evolve, yser knowledge can transferred, data sharing is facilitated, security standards can be inforced, able to manage large numbers of concurrent users
43
records, rows, in a table
tuples
44
relations
tables
45
tables
relations
46
tuples
records
47
fields, columns, in the table
domains
48
domains
fields
49
one or more fields that uniquely identify each record
primary key
50
field in a table that matches the primary key field of another table
foreign key
51
a family of algebra with a well-founded semantics used for modelling the data stored in relational databases, and defining queries on it
relational algebra
52
four basic commands | select, insert, update, delete
SQL
53
.4 basic commands of SQL
select, insert, update, delete
54
1st step in a GIS project
needs analysis
55
the ability to tell a story with maps, problem solve, demonstrate technical expertise in applications, use social skills
GIS talent
56
recognize spatial pattern and/or process and contributing factors
analytical model design
57
this involves visualizing patterns, categorizing, and discovering
recognize spatial pattern/process
58
this invloves looking at causes, independent and dependent variables, and cartographic modeling
contributing factors
59
To do this, you must look at scale, resolution, level of detail, classification, projection and coordinate system, software, study area
database design
60
looks at application and education opportunities
pilot study/ feasability study
61
Primary data sources are those collected in digital format specifically for use in a GIS project. Secondary sources are digital and analog datasets that were originally captured for another purpose and need to be converted into a suitable digital format for use in a GIS project
data definition and collection
62
``` technical design (can we do it technically?) Institutional design (do they want us to do it?) ```
system design
63
system design question: can we do it technically?
technical design
64
system design question: do they want us to do it?
institutional design
65
.
GIS customization/programming
66
static map delivery, minimal user interaction, interctive mapping and query
Internet delivery
67
ex: census maps
Static
68
ex: campus map
minimal user interaction
69
ex: story maps
interactive
70
model that illustrates existing conditions, isolates specific factors to clarify what is going on
descriptive model
71
model that asserts a causal relationship
predictive
72
model that employs a known causal relationship to engineer a desired result in a specific instance
prescriptive
73
a perspective of a model, ex streamflow modeling
objective
74
a perspective of model, ex preserving farmland while allowing urban growth
subjective
75
The first step in model formulation is
designing a project | start with intended output, maximize flexibility, stepwise refinement
76
the second step in model formulation is
model verification | does your final map show what you think it is
77
which operations, and in what order, must be though-out:
in advance
78
in multifaceted analysis, the process is not linear, it is
iterative
79
this aids the modeling process by diminishing the complexity of the task, permitting planning in an organized manner, providing documentation
flowcharting
80
using pythagorean theorem, counting cells in a grid representation
euclidean distance
81
how many other cities within a certain distance of each city
point neighborhood operations
82
the first step in calculating a least cost path in raster is
to choose a starting point and search nearest neighbors for easiest route
83
how many connections can be made from each cell
8
84
what is the sum of accumulated cost surfaces
least cost surface
85
a network is a higher order
linear object
86
interconnected lines that allow movement or flow
network
87
a network has a ____ data structure, including
topologic, junctions (nodes) and edges (arcs)
88
connectivity, turns, elevation, direction are all
network charcateristics
89
three major types of networks
straight-line, branching, circuit
90
flow is subject to
resistance
91
resistance determines the
direction and speed of flow
92
a network that restricts the flow to a single direction
directed network
93
a network that allows flow in both directions
undirected network
94
network delivery or pick up points
stops
95
network allocation or catchment areas
centers
96
used for direction and flow analysis
turns
97
tree building algorithm
minimize cumulative cost path
98
path finding variations
shortest path, quickest path,vehicle routing, closest facility, service areas
99
what are some advantages to a TIN
good for representing elevation data, good for representing data with both very large and very small areas of homogeneity, can look at either the facets or the edges between them
100
what are some disadvantages to a TIN
complex, no overlay
101
costs considered in a cost benefit analysis
hardware, software, personnel, data collection, maintenance
102
benefits in a cost benefit analysis
direct, agency productivity, government, external
103
an integrated set of data on a particular subject
database
104
a software application designed to organize the efficient and effective storage and access of data
DBMS
105
what are the three main types of DBMS
relational, object, object-relational
106
a database comprised of a set of tables, each a two dimensional list or records containing attributes about the objects under study
relational database
107
a database initially designed to address weaknesses of the relational database, including the inability to store complete objects directly in the database
object database
108
a database that can handle both the data describing what an object is and the behavior that determines what an object does
object-relational database
109
relational databases are made up of
tables
110
how many methods are there for testing spatial relationships between geometric object
9
111
what are the nine methods for testing spatial relationships?
equals, disjoint, intersects, touches, crosses, within, contains, overlaps, relate
112
this returns a geometry that represents all the points whose distance from the geometry is less than or equal to a user defined distance
buffer
113
database design involves three key stages:
conceptual, logical, physical
114
the conceptual model involves
model the user's view, define objects and their relationships, select geographic representation
115
the logical model invloves
match to geographic database types, organize geo database structure
116
the physical mode involves
defining the database schema
117
what are the two main structuring techniques relevant to geographic databases
topology creation and indexing
118
this is a special representation of information about objects that improves searching
database index
119
what are some types of indexes
grid index, quadtree index, R-tree index,
120
formal descriptions of datasets that satisfy many different requirements
object-level metadata
121
combines information from the database with information from the senses
augmented reality
122
entails multiple representations of large and complex datasets, on the fly
geovisualization
123
allowas users to explore, synthesize, present, and analyze their data more thoroughly than was possible hitherto
geovisualization
124
map transformations that distort area or distance in the interests of some specific objective
cartograms
125
uses the intersection of two datasets to obtain more precise estimates of spatial distribution
dasymetric
126
the two dimensional equivalent of the mean
centers
127
the most convenient way of summarizing the locations of a set of points
the centroid
128
the path through the network between a defined origin and destination that minimizes distance, or some other measure based on distance, such as travel time
the shortest path
129
choosing a GIS involves four steps:
analysis of requirements, specification of requirements, evaluation of alternatives, implementation of system
130
T/F autocorrelation occurs when two phenomena have similar spatial patterns
false
131
a map projection that maintains correct directions is called
azimuthal
132
estimating a point value outside the geographic range of points of known values leads to
edge effects

GIS (3 decks)

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