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GIS > 3426final > Flashcards

3426final Flashcards

1
Q

identifying relevant factors and adding their appropriately weighted values

A

cartographic modeling criteria

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2
Q

can be expressed as a script, or visually as a flowchart

A

modeling data

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3
Q

.

A

modeling techniques

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4
Q

4 major steps in GIS project

A
  1. Determine objectives & design the model/design the database
  2. build the database
  3. Perform the analysis
  4. Present the results
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5
Q

types of models

A

descriptive, predictive, prescriptive.

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6
Q

“airline” distance, Eclidean or City Block

A

straight line distance

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7
Q

city block measure, aka

A

manhattan distance

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8
Q

sum of the lines that make up a certain pathway

A

route distance

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9
Q

used to determine straight line distance

A

pythagorean theorem

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10
Q

How curvy a line is, Length of Line A (the straight line from end to end) divided by the length of line B (the actual line)

A

sinuosity

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11
Q

the measurement of the perimeter of th epolygon

A

polygon circumference

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12
Q

a hole with vertices in a polygon

A

euler holes

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13
Q

the curvature of a raster surface

A

convexity

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14
Q

least cost path, a distance measurement that take impedance into account

A

functional distance

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15
Q

absolute and relative, cause some kind of friction on the path

A

impedance/barriers

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16
Q

a raster surface that clculates the cost of pathways

A

cost surface

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17
Q

shortedt path, functional distance

A

least cost path

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18
Q

examples of classification systems

A

.

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19
Q

classification vs. reclassification

A

The process of sorting or arranging entities into groups or categories; on a map, the process of representing members of a group by the same symbol, usually defined in a legend.
he process of taking input cell values and replacing them with new output cell values. Reclassification is often used to simplify or change the interpretation of raster data by changing a single value to a new value, or grouping ranges of values into single values

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20
Q

he process of taking input cell values and replacing them with new output cell values. Reclassification is often used to simplify or change the interpretation of raster data by changing a single value to a new value, or grouping ranges of values into single values

A

reclassification

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21
Q

A data classification method that distributes a set of values into 4 groups

A

quartile reclassification

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22
Q

A data classification method that distributes a set of values into groups that contain an equal number of values

A

quantile reclassification

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23
Q

A method of manual data classification that seeks to partition data into classes based on natural groups in the data distribution. Natural breaks occur in the histogram at the low points of valleys. Breaks are assigned in the order of the size of the valleys, with the largest valley being assigned the first natural break.

A

natural breaks

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24
Q

A data classification method that divides a set of attribute values into groups that contain an equal range of values.

A

equal interval

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25
Q

using the reclass tool to manually input new values for certain ranges of values in a raster

A

manual reclassification

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26
Q

makes shared polygon boundaries disappear

A

dissolve

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27
Q

line, polygon, point, exterior polygon, interior polygon, variable,

A

types of buffers

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28
Q

a set of research methods developed in computer science to enable the controlled manipulation of data represented graphically to enhance readability, or to reveal or demonstrate unsuspected patters, regularities, or connections

A

visualization

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29
Q

.

A

multi-dimensional

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30
Q

user interaction and query across place and time, maps linked to other data visualization

A

dynamic and linked maps

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31
Q

teamwork among place-based subjects that is facilitated with and through geographic information and technologies, a field of study that is multidisciplinary in
nature, incorporating theory and methods from human-computer interaction (HCI), computer science, and
psychology

A

geocollaboration

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32
Q

surface representations: raster

A

tesselation

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33
Q

lattice

A

vector surface representation

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34
Q

TIN

A

vector surface representation

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35
Q

these are used in a TIN to represent slope, aspect, area

A

nodes, edges, triangles

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36
Q

artificially altering elevation, useful for regions of little variation, useful for features

A

vertical exaggeration

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37
Q

visually overlaying data on elevation surface

A

draping

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38
Q

.

A

resistance

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39
Q

.

A

barriers

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40
Q

a collection of data

A

database

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41
Q

software/programs that control the database

A

database management system

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42
Q

advantages of DBMS

A

reduces redundancy, maintenance cost decreases, multiple apps can use the same data and evolve, yser knowledge can transferred, data sharing is facilitated, security standards can be inforced, able to manage large numbers of concurrent users

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43
Q

records, rows, in a table

A

tuples

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44
Q

relations

A

tables

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45
Q

tables

A

relations

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46
Q

tuples

A

records

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47
Q

fields, columns, in the table

A

domains

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48
Q

domains

A

fields

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49
Q

one or more fields that uniquely identify each record

A

primary key

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50
Q

field in a table that matches the primary key field of another table

A

foreign key

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51
Q

a family of algebra with a well-founded semantics used for modelling the data stored in relational databases, and defining queries on it

A

relational algebra

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52
Q

four basic commands

select, insert, update, delete

A

SQL

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53
Q

.4 basic commands of SQL

A

select, insert, update, delete

54
Q

1st step in a GIS project

A

needs analysis

55
Q

the ability to tell a story with maps, problem solve, demonstrate technical expertise in applications, use social skills

A

GIS talent

56
Q

recognize spatial pattern and/or process and contributing factors

A

analytical model design

57
Q

this involves visualizing patterns, categorizing, and discovering

A

recognize spatial pattern/process

58
Q

this invloves looking at causes, independent and dependent variables, and cartographic modeling

A

contributing factors

59
Q

To do this, you must look at scale, resolution, level of detail, classification, projection and coordinate system, software, study area

A

database design

60
Q

looks at application and education opportunities

A

pilot study/ feasability study

61
Q

Primary data sources are those collected in digital format specifically for use in a GIS project.
Secondary sources are digital and analog datasets that were originally captured for another purpose and need to be converted into a suitable digital format for use in a GIS project

A

data definition and collection

62
Q 
technical design (can we do it technically?)
Institutional design (do they want us to do it?)
A

system design

63
Q

system design question: can we do it technically?

A

technical design

64
Q

system design question: do they want us to do it?

A

institutional design

65
Q

.

A

GIS customization/programming

66
Q

static map delivery, minimal user interaction, interctive mapping and query

A

Internet delivery

67
Q

ex: census maps

A

Static

68
Q

ex: campus map

A

minimal user interaction

69
Q

ex: story maps

A

interactive

70
Q

model that illustrates existing conditions, isolates specific factors to clarify what is going on

A

descriptive model

71
Q

model that asserts a causal relationship

A

predictive

72
Q

model that employs a known causal relationship to engineer a desired result in a specific instance

A

prescriptive

73
Q

a perspective of a model, ex streamflow modeling

A

objective

74
Q

a perspective of model, ex preserving farmland while allowing urban growth

A

subjective

75
Q

The first step in model formulation is

A

designing a project

start with intended output, maximize flexibility, stepwise refinement

76
Q

the second step in model formulation is

A

model verification

does your final map show what you think it is

77
Q

which operations, and in what order, must be though-out:

A

in advance

78
Q

in multifaceted analysis, the process is not linear, it is

A

iterative

79
Q

this aids the modeling process by diminishing the complexity of the task, permitting planning in an organized manner, providing documentation

A

flowcharting

80
Q

using pythagorean theorem, counting cells in a grid representation

A

euclidean distance

81
Q

how many other cities within a certain distance of each city

A

point neighborhood operations

82
Q

the first step in calculating a least cost path in raster is

A

to choose a starting point and search nearest neighbors for easiest route

83
Q

how many connections can be made from each cell

A

8

84
Q

what is the sum of accumulated cost surfaces

A

least cost surface

85
Q

a network is a higher order

A

linear object

86
Q

interconnected lines that allow movement or flow

A

network

87
Q

a network has a ____ data structure, including

A

topologic, junctions (nodes) and edges (arcs)

88
Q

connectivity, turns, elevation, direction are all

A

network charcateristics

89
Q

three major types of networks

A

straight-line, branching, circuit

90
Q

flow is subject to

A

resistance

91
Q

resistance determines the

A

direction and speed of flow

92
Q

a network that restricts the flow to a single direction

A

directed network

93
Q

a network that allows flow in both directions

A

undirected network

94
Q

network delivery or pick up points

A

stops

95
Q

network allocation or catchment areas

A

centers

96
Q

used for direction and flow analysis

A

turns

97
Q

tree building algorithm

A

minimize cumulative cost path

98
Q

path finding variations

A

shortest path, quickest path,vehicle routing, closest facility, service areas

99
Q

what are some advantages to a TIN

A

good for representing elevation data, good for representing data with both very large and very small areas of homogeneity, can look at either the facets or the edges between them

100
Q

what are some disadvantages to a TIN

A

complex, no overlay

101
Q

costs considered in a cost benefit analysis

A

hardware, software, personnel, data collection, maintenance

102
Q

benefits in a cost benefit analysis

A

direct, agency productivity, government, external

103
Q

an integrated set of data on a particular subject

A

database

104
Q

a software application designed to organize the efficient and effective storage and access of data

A

DBMS

105
Q

what are the three main types of DBMS

A

relational, object, object-relational

106
Q

a database comprised of a set of tables, each a two dimensional list or records containing attributes about the objects under study

A

relational database

107
Q

a database initially designed to address weaknesses of the relational database, including the inability to store complete objects directly in the database

A

object database

108
Q

a database that can handle both the data describing what an object is and the behavior that determines what an object does

A

object-relational database

109
Q

relational databases are made up of

A

tables

110
Q

how many methods are there for testing spatial relationships between geometric object

A

9

111
Q

what are the nine methods for testing spatial relationships?

A

equals, disjoint, intersects, touches, crosses, within, contains, overlaps, relate

112
Q

this returns a geometry that represents all the points whose distance from the geometry is less than or equal to a user defined distance

A

buffer

113
Q

database design involves three key stages:

A

conceptual, logical, physical

114
Q

the conceptual model involves

A

model the user’s view, define objects and their relationships, select geographic representation

115
Q

the logical model invloves

A

match to geographic database types, organize geo database structure

116
Q

the physical mode involves

A

defining the database schema

117
Q

what are the two main structuring techniques relevant to geographic databases

A

topology creation and indexing

118
Q

this is a special representation of information about objects that improves searching

A

database index

119
Q

what are some types of indexes

A

grid index, quadtree index, R-tree index,

120
Q

formal descriptions of datasets that satisfy many different requirements

A

object-level metadata

121
Q

combines information from the database with information from the senses

A

augmented reality

122
Q

entails multiple representations of large and complex datasets, on the fly

A

geovisualization

123
Q

allowas users to explore, synthesize, present, and analyze their data more thoroughly than was possible hitherto

A

geovisualization

124
Q

map transformations that distort area or distance in the interests of some specific objective

A

cartograms

125
Q

uses the intersection of two datasets to obtain more precise estimates of spatial distribution

A

dasymetric

126
Q

the two dimensional equivalent of the mean

A

centers

127
Q

the most convenient way of summarizing the locations of a set of points

A

the centroid

128
Q

the path through the network between a defined origin and destination that minimizes distance, or some other measure based on distance, such as travel time

A

the shortest path

129
Q

choosing a GIS involves four steps:

A

analysis of requirements, specification of requirements, evaluation of alternatives, implementation of system

130
Q

T/F autocorrelation occurs when two phenomena have similar spatial patterns

A

false

131
Q

a map projection that maintains correct directions is called

A

azimuthal

132
Q

estimating a point value outside the geographic range of points of known values leads to

A

edge effects

GIS (3 decks)

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