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Final Flashcards

1
Q

change in position over time without regard to force

A

displacement

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2
Q

What are the two types of general motion?

A

Curvilinear/ planar

3d motion

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3
Q

Explain curvilinear motion

A
  • combo of rotation and translation
  • 2D with max 3 degree of freedoms
  • ostokniamatics
  • digrams
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4
Q

Explain 3d motion

A

-helix/ screw axis
- all three demotions
-what we really move in reality
arthrokinamatics

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5
Q

how do we move? in relations to axis and planes

A

about an axis within a plane

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6
Q

About x/ coronal/ frontal axis

A

sagital plane

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7
Q

y/ vertical axis

A

transverse/horizontal plane

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8
Q

z/ anterioposterior axis

A

coronal/ frontal plane

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9
Q

coronal/ frontal plane

A

z/ anteriopoterio axis

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10
Q

transverse/horozontal plane

A

y/ vertical axis

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11
Q

sagital plane

A

x/ coronal. frontal axis

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12
Q

Where is our center of mass anatomically?

A

anterior to S2

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13
Q

What are the maximum degrees of freedom in a constrained and unconstrained situations?

A

constrained (joints) 3

unconstrained 6

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14
Q

What are the types of motion?

A

rate and magnitute

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15
Q

What are the different types of magnitude?

A

Rotary: Degrees/ radians
translatory: meter, cm , arthrokinamatics

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16
Q

what is speed

A

displacemetn per unit time REGARDLESS OF DIRECTION

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17
Q

what is velocity?

A

displacement per unit time IN A GIVEN DIRECTION

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18
Q

What is acceleration?

A

VELOCITY OVER CHAINING TIME

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19
Q

What are the types of rate?

A

speed, velocity, acceleration

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20
Q

how is rate measured?

A

linear/ translator
angular/ rotation
for acceleration and velocity

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21
Q

What are two types of forces

A

internal and external

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22
Q

how is force measured?

A

Newtowns or pounds

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23
Q

what are external forces?

A

-air pressure/ gravity they act on everything.

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24
Q

what is weight

A

mass* gravity

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25
Q

is gravataional pull dependent on anything?

A

yes location on earth

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26
Q

Is mass dependent on anything?

What is it measured in ?

A

not dependent on gravity
has not vector or scalar lines
slugg (which is scalar) or KG

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27
Q

What are some internal forces

A

between two structures with in the body

bones, muscles, ligaments, cause friction.

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28
Q

what is the equation for force

A

f=m*a

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29
Q

What does force have that mass doesnt?

A

action lines/ vectors c

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30
Q

constraints of joints of movement about a joints is dictated by

A

joint capsule and articular surface.

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31
Q

what is a concurrent force system?

A

they sum all the force of each individual muscle fiber

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32
Q

what is the direction of pull of a muscle

A

always towards the muscle belly

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33
Q

how do sesamoid bones affect the body?

A

increase the mechanics advantage by increasing the ma and decreasing the force needed.

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34
Q

Moment arms are always

A

perpindicular to the force vector and directionally related to the angle applied

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35
Q

what are the 3 types of levers

A

ARE 123

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36
Q

resolution of forces

A 
perpindicular rotery (fy)
parallel translational same. (fx)
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37
Q

how can you increase torque?

A

applying force perpendicular to lever and farther from joint axis.

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38
Q

What is a joint

A

junction of pivot between two points

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39
Q

What are the two classifications based on joint movement?

A

Synarthorosis has no or minimal movement

Diarthrosis has lots of movement

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40
Q

What are the two types of synarthoris and examples of each?

A

-Fibrous~ dense hard connective tissue
Sutures of the skull,
Distal tibiofibular joint
Interossis membrane between radioulnar joint .

Cartilaginous~ less collagen
Symphasis pubis
Interjoints of the spine (intervertebral disk)
Manubrual sternal joint.

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41
Q

What are the types of diarthrosis joints?

A

Gleunohumeral
Apopyseal joint of the spine
tibiofemoral
talocural joint

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42
Q

What is always associated with diarthrodial joints?

A 
Synovial fluid
Articular cartlidge
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane 
Ligaments 
Blood vessels 
Sensory nerves
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43
Q

What is sometimes associated with diarthodial joints

A 
Intra-articualr disc or minscisis 
Peripheral labrum 
Fat pads
Bursa 
Synovial plicae
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44
Q

What covers the ends of bones and articular surfaces and also makes the joint capsule?

A

articular cartlidge

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45
Q

What are the two layers of the joint capsule?

A
  • Outer fibrous layer, dense connective tissue

- Inner membranous layer, synovial membrane

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46
Q

What does synovial fluid contain

A

Proteins found in blood plasma HYALURONAN AND GLYCOPROTEINS

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47
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

lubrication and nutrition

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48
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

They connect bone to one resisting excess movement

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49
Q

What are the two different types of ligaments?

a. How are they different?
b. What are some examples of each?

A
  • Capsular ligament: broader, resist movements in 2-3 planes. MCL and glenohumeral joint are.
  • Extra capsular ligaments: cord like, thinner, resist movement in 1-2 planes. LCL ligament of the knee
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50
Q

Where do the blood vessels penetrate the joint capsule?

A

As deep as the layer between the synovial membrane and outer fibrous layer.

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51
Q

What do nerves do in diarthrodial joints?

A

Pain and proprioception

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52
Q

What do interarticular disc do?

A

Increase joint congruency and force dispersion

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53
Q

What do peripheral labrum do?

Where can they be found?

A

Deepen the concave aspect of the joint and is a thicken attachment for joint capsule
-Glenohumeral joint and acetabulum.

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54
Q

Where are fat pads located?

a. What does it do?
b. What happened if it gets inflamed?

A

Between fibrous layers and synovial membrane

a. It reduces the amount of synovial fluid
b. so if it is inflamed it will reduce it more and impinge.

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55
Q

What are bursa?

a. Where are they?
b. What do they do?

A

They are extensions of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid and adjacent to fat pads. They are also in high stress areas

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56
Q

What are synovial plicae?

a. What do they do?
b. Where are they commonly found?
c. What happens if you have inflammation in the synovial plicae?

A
  • Slack plates of innermost joint capsule they shrink as you get older but you will always have them.
    a. They increase synovial fluid surface area and allow full motion.
    b. They are commonly found in the elbow and knee
    c. You will loose certain range of motion. Pain is most commonly found in medial plicae
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57
Q

Hinge joint examples

A

.

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58
Q

Pivot joint examples

A

.

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59
Q

Ellipsoid joint examples

A

.

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60
Q

Ball and Socket joint examples

A

.

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61
Q

Plane joints examples

A

.

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62
Q

Saddle joint examples

A

.

63
Q

Condyloid joint examples

A

.

64
Q

Ovoid vs. Saddle joints

A

.

65
Q

Why is the axis of rotation hard to find?

A

Because it is not fixed, it translates

66
Q

What is instantaneous axis of rotation?

A
  1. Where the axis of rotation is for that specific instant
67
Q

What is the evolute?

A

The curved line made by all of instantaneous axis of rotation.

68
Q

What is the average axis of rotation?

How do we do this?

A

An estimation we make from all the instantoos axis of rotation.

  • We use the convex part as the reference point.
  • Goneomotry
69
Q

How is the kinematic chain differ in synarthrodial and diarthrodial joints?

A
  • Synarthrodail, simple, stable little mobility (sutures of skull)
  • Diarthrodial, complex, mobility (little stability)
70
Q

What is a kinematic chain?

A

Series of links interconnected by a series of joints.

71
Q

How are stability and mobility related?

A

Stability is a prerequisite for mobility

72
Q

Describe open chain movements including where they are generally located.

A

Open chain, one joint can move independently of others and the distal end of the chain is free to move. Mostly in the upper body

73
Q

Describe closed chain movement including where they are generally located.

A

Distal and proximal ends are both fixed. Movement in one joint causes movement in one or more other joints. Weight bearing activities and lower extremity actives.

74
Q

What is range of motion?

-What determines it?

A

Amount of movement available to the joint with in the anatomiv limits limitations of the joint.

a. Shape of the joints surfaces
b. Joint capsule
c. Ligaments.
d. Muscle bulk
e. Musculotendenous structures.
f. Bony structures.

75
Q

What is an end feel?

-What are the different types?

A

Sensation at the end of passive physiological movements

a. Soft→ muscular
b. Firm→ ligaments
c. Hard→ bony

76
Q

Hypermobile vs. hypomobile

A
  1. Hyper: > normal movement, muscle weakness, instability

a. Hypo: < normal movement, boney or cartlidgeous blocks, inability to elongate ct, contracture.

77
Q

Arthrokinamatics, verses osteokinomatics.

A
  • Osteo is based on anatomical position, it is the location of the bones in space, voluntary control
  • Arthro is the location of the joints in relation to eachother. Can not be isolatied.
78
Q

What is physiological joint motion?

A

Arthokinamatics+ osteokinamatics.

79
Q

Give examples of the following.

a. Rolling joint
b. Sliding
c. Spin

A

Arthrokinamatics
a. “rocking” tibiofemoral joint.
Different contact points
b.“Gliding” metacarpophalangeal
same contact point for ball different for ground.
c. radiohumeral
same contact point for ground different for ball.

80
Q

Combination of movements occur to _____ and movement depends on ______

A

Preserve the joints integrity. Joint articulating surfaces.

81
Q

Explain the concave convex rule.

A

.

82
Q

What is the thing to remember about joint play?

A

Needs to be in open pack position.

83
Q

Describe closed packed position

A

Closed packed: usually at the end of the rom, ligaments are taught, joint surfaces are maximally congruent. Greatest stability and resistance to tensile forces little or no joint play possible

84
Q

Open packed position.

A

Open packed: most relaxed, large joint volume, maximum amount of fjoint play.

85
Q

What is in the PCT?

A
  • Fibrous proteins (type I and type II collagen fibers elastin
  • Ground substance (Glycosaminoglycans, water, solutes)
  • Cells (chondrocytes and fibroblast)
86
Q

Whats the different types of collagen?

A
  • Type One. Thick, can bend some but are good support for binding things like ligaments and tendons
  • Type two thinner, provide shape and consistency. Still some support
87
Q

What makes up fibrous proteins?

A

collagen type 1 and 2

elastin

88
Q

what makes up ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans
water
solutes

89
Q

what cells are in pct?

A

fibroblast

chondrocytes

90
Q

Explain elastin

A

net like interweving of small fibrils which resist stretch but give more when elongated
hylain or elastic cartlige in ligamentum flavum

91
Q

What charge is ground substance and what does this effect?

A

negative
repeal eachother
increase volume
hydrophilic

92
Q

What are the primary cells of ligaments, tendons and other pcts?

A

fibroblast

93
Q

What are the primary cells of hyalin articular cartilage and fibrocartlidge?

A

chondrocytes

94
Q

Both condrocytes and fibroblas make up —– and do what?

- where are imbedded how is their blood supply?

A

ground substances and fibrous proteins, conduct maintenance and repair.
- sparse and deeply embedded with limited blood supply– incomplete healing of joint tissues.

95
Q

What are the types of PCT?

A

Dense connective tissue
articular cartlidge
fibrocartlidge

96
Q

Explain dense connective cartilage.

A

-fibrous part of joint capsule, ligaments, tendons

LOW: fibroblast, PG and elastin, blood supply, and metabolism
HIGH: type 1 collogen

97
Q

What are the types of DCT?

A

regullar and irregular

98
Q

Explain Regular DCT

A

-ligaments and tendons
- restist in 1,2 directions
best streached parallel with long axis of ligament

99
Q

Explain Irregular DCT

A
  • glenohumeral and hip joint capsules (fibrous part)

- resistend in multiple directions

100
Q

Trauma to ligaments:

A

REGULAR DCT
muscle can take over but won’t be 100% stable bc muslce are not aligned for unwanted stress
- they are slower because of biomechanics delays

101
Q

Tendons

A

REGULAR DCT

  • transfer tensile loads b/t muscle & tendon
  • type 1 strenghten once fully elongated
102
Q

What are sharpey’s fibers?

A

part of tendon going into the bone

103
Q

Explain Articular cartilage

A

(specalized hyland)

  • HIGH type 2, condrocytes, GAG (therefore water)
  • tide mark, diffusion barrier
  • load bearing joints
  • NO perichandrium (+ loading - nutrition/blood)
  • avascular/ aneural
  • reduce friction
  • chondrocytes are nursed by milking in joint loading
  • disperses and dissipated force do subchondral bone
104
Q

How is articular cartilage nourished?

A

milking during loading

105
Q

What is articular cartilage flat on top?

A

so it is a parallel force

106
Q

Explain fibrocartlidge

A

mix of dct and articular cartilage
(AC: resilance, shock absorbtion. DCT: tensile strength, shear and compression forces)
-HIGH: type 1, pg, chondrocytes and fibroblast,
- aneural, avascular
outerpart has direct blood supply, milking,
-perrichondrium

107
Q

What are examples of fibrocartlidge

A 
intervertebral disc, 
labra
pubic symphsis disc
tmj
menisci
tendons
ligaments @ insertion
108
Q

Bone consist of

A

highly crossed- linked type 1 collagen cells

eg. osteoblast, and gound substance.

109
Q

What is the in ground substance of bones?

what does this do?

A

-PG they have glycoproteins (osteocalcin)–> binds to calcium and phosphorus rich mineral salts (calcium hydroxaypatie)

110
Q

What do bones do

A

provide a rigid support to body and levers for muscles

111
Q

What does the outer cortex of long bones hae/

A

shaft composed of thick compact bone

112
Q

What do the ends of long bones have?

A

thin layer of compact bone surround cancellous bone

113
Q

what surrounds cancellous bone

A

thin later of compact bone

114
Q

what is an osteion

A

organize collagen fibers and ground substance into spireles–> lamellae–> allowing cartiocobone to accept compression

115
Q

what is lacuane

A

spaces b/t lamellae where osteoblast are surrounded by their ground substance

116
Q

What are haversion canals?

A

vascularize the bone

117
Q

What is unique about the perisotium and endoostium of bone

A

vascularized and innervated

118
Q

What do osteoblast do

A

synthesize ground substance and collagen

119
Q

what do osteoclast come from

A

bone marrow

120
Q

what do fibroblast come from

A

periostium, endosteum and vascular canal

121
Q

When is the greatest strength of bone?

A

when compressed along the long axis of the shaft

122
Q

The ends of the long bones are subject to

A

multidirectional compressive forces

123
Q

Where is stress spread?

A

subchondral bone–> cancellous bone (series of struts)

124
Q

What is Woffs law?

A

amount of bone cells depends on external stress,
deposit bone in high stress aresas==> osteophytes, bone spurs
absorb bone in low stress immobilize spine==> decrease bone density ==> fracture

125
Q

What are the types of test used to determine the mechanical behaviors of the human body?

A

load and elongation
stress and strain
deformation

126
Q

What is stress

A

stress= f/a
in pascals
force per cross sectional area

127
Q

What is strain

A

L2-L1/ L1 no unit

percentage change in the length of the structure

128
Q

What is load?

A

force applied to a structures

attributes–> direction, rate, magnitudes, composition of tissue

129
Q

What is deformation

A

result of a on a structure
tensile load–> ellongation
compressive load–> compression

130
Q

What are the stages of the load defamation curve?

A

1) elastic regiona( release the force nothing happens deformation isn’t perminate
2) yeild point
3) plastic regions (deformation is perminate)
4) ultimate failure point (damage material)
Torsional loading

131
Q

What is torsional loading

A

+ bringing forces= tensile and compressive strain and stress

132
Q

what is Younges modulus

A

slope b/t elastic and plastic regions

high slope young, stiffness, and low elasticity and compliance

133
Q

What is the load deformation curve?

A
  • 0-elastic= wavy crimp of cologne
  • elastic–> plastic: strech linear to applied force
  • plastic–> ultimate: grate 1&2 strain microfalure
  • @ ultimate faulure: rapid microfailure,–> rupture, avulsion, fracture
134
Q

What does cross section do to tissue?

A

greater the cross sectional area can withstand more forces and is more stiff and strength

135
Q

What does tissue length do to strength?

A

longer tissue will deform more have less stiffness and strength.

136
Q

What is viscoelasticty?

A

combination of elasticity and viscosity

137
Q

Elasticity

A

ability to return to normal; proportional to force applied

138
Q

Viscosity

A

resistance to flow/ deformation

139
Q

time dependent properties

A

creep and stress relazation

140
Q

Creep

A

loaded by a fixed force will deform more overtime non-linearly
will return to normal

141
Q

stress relaxation

A

tissue streched to fixed length will need les force over time to maintain length

142
Q

Rate depenednt properties

A

hysteris

143
Q

hysteries

A

as you load and unload you release energy thru heat and elongation tissue: there fore the load deformation curves don’t follow the same paths

144
Q

strain- rate sensitivity

A

the faster a tissue is laded the more energy (stress force) is needed to deform it (Secondary hydraulics)

145
Q

What are the general properties of CT

A

Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demand (SAID) princioe

146
Q

CT has the ability to
can guide
adapt to

A

respond to load operations
rehabilitation intervation
forces being applied

147
Q

What are the tendons responses to compressive forces?

A

increasing amount GAG and PG–> change GAG f/ dermation sulfate–> chondrotin sulfate. i
increase tensile force increase type 1 fibers in ligaments and tendons

148
Q

Specific properties of bones

A
  • cortical bone can withstand morse stress and deform less that cancellous bone
  • loads over long time decrees stress and increase strain (creep and stress realization)
149
Q

Specific properties of tendiosn

A

creep and tensile forces
adapt well to madnitude and direction of force
professive loading is successful for dysfunctional tendons

150
Q

Specific properties of ligaments

A

response to inner mitten tension, increase thickness and strength
immobilization weekends quickly can take months to recover

151
Q

specific properties of ligaments

A

compression decrease volume increase pressure out flow of interstitial fluid.

152
Q

what are the effects of immobilization

A

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153
Q

what are the affects of aging

A

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154
Q

overview of joint pathology

A

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fsm (4 decks)

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