FINAL

Question 1

12-bar blues lyrical pattern

Answer 1

Most commonly, lyrics are in three lines, with the first two lines almost the same with slight differences in phrasing and interjections. “punch line”

Question 2

12-tone composition

Answer 2

all 12 chromatic notes have equal importance, leading to “pantonal” or “atonal” composition as championed by Schoenberg

Question 3

4’33”

Answer 3

“four minutes thirty-three seconds of silence”
John Cage American experimental composer
sounds of the environment

Question 4

Alexander Nevsky (historic figure and film character)

Answer 4

invasion of Novgorod in the 13th century by the Teutonic Knights of the Holy Roman Empire and their defeat by Prince Alexander, known popularly as Alexander Nevsky

Question 5

atonality, atonal

Answer 5

music that does not adhere to any system or key

Question 6

avant garde

Answer 6

french “advanced guard” military term

art that is innovative or experimental

Question 7

ballet d’action

Answer 7

ballet using gesture, dance, and instrumental music to tell a story

Question 8

Ballets Russes

Answer 8

famous dance company

Question 9

Beethoven’s shadow

Answer 9

Biss’ book, a meditation on the art of performing Beethoven’s piano sonatas

Question 10

blues

Answer 10

African American fold genre
self accompanying singer

blues => jazz

Question 11

call and response

Answer 11

second phase is heard as an echo of or a response to the tinitial phrase

Question 12

chance music or aleatoric music

Answer 12

music composed or performed to some degree according to chance operation or spontaneous decision; term used to describe John Cage music

Question 13

communism

Answer 13

left wing social political movement that dominated much of Eastern Europe and Asian in 20th century.

fascist principles

Question 14

decadence

Answer 14

term introduced by critic in the mid 1880’s to criticize the fin de siecle culture of the rarefied, artificial, esoteric, exacting taste and an acceptance of perversity; subsequently a favorite term of totalitarian authorities for uncooperative artist

Question 15

Emancipation of Dissonance

Answer 15

dissonance was now free as consonance, and as valid

Question 16

ethnomusicology

Answer 16

study of music outside of the Western classical tradition using fieldwork methods originally found in anthropology

Question 17

exoticism

Answer 17

genre rhythms, melodies, or instrumentation evoke non-Western European culture

Question 18

Expressionism

Answer 18

a style of art that explores the unconscious, emotional drives, and wishes of which human subject is unaware. it may explore socially unacceptable impulses, things that are repressed (Freud). Style within the broader type of Modernism. A criticism of expressionist art is that it is unintelligible.

Question 19

futurism

Answer 19

an early 20th century movement encompassing the work of Italian artist (futuristi), notably poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and painter Luigi Russolo, who called for an “art of noise” and invented devises to produce sonic representation of the flourished and almost immediately after the 1917 revolution and involved extended instrumental techniques; their approach influenced american ultra modernists such as Henry Cowell

Question 20

Grundgestalt

Answer 20

German “basic shape”

Schoenbergs term for motivic complex that is the source for everything that flows

Question 21

habanera

Answer 21

the name used outside to describe the Cuban contradance, names after Havana Cuba, all classes of society dance it.

Question 22

Impressionism (in painting and in music)

Answer 22

in Impressionistic painting, one can see the brush strokes. Artist may leave blobs of pain on the canvas. It is representational - you can still tell what the painting depicts. it aims to capture the transitory visual impressions or feelings

Question 23

inversion

Answer 23

turning the melody upside down

Question 24

jazz

Answer 24

originated in African American committees in the South.

confluence of African and European music traditions that incorporated the outline of late 19th century popular music.

improve key role

Question 25

maximalism

Answer 25

term applied to 20th century music making

implying radical intesificication of mean toward expressive ends/

Question 26

minimalism

Answer 26

post WWII style of few pitches or pitch changes. extensive use of silence.

steady pulse
consonant harmony
gradual transformation

Question 27

Modernism

Answer 27

19th/20th century

artist committed to find ways of reflection the historical present and momentum toward the future; revolt against late Romanticism and musical neutralism.

Question 28

Nadia Boulanger

Answer 28

French composer, conductor, and teacher who taught many of the leading composers and musicians of the 20th century.

Question 29

neoclassicism

Answer 29

20th century trend

composers sought out to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of “classicism”

Stravinsky and Hindemith

Question 30

orientalism

Answer 30

musical depiction and representation of non European people. The representation of a “distant” culture as exotic

Question 31

pantomime

Answer 31

acting without speaking

Question 32

Peter Pears

Answer 32

was an English tenor. His career was closely associated with the composer Benjamin Britten, his personal and professional partner for nearly forty years.

Question 33

phasing

Answer 33

minimalist technique in which two players begin together and slowly get out of sync to produce a kind of canon

Reich

Question 34

populism

Answer 34

is a political doctrine that appeals to the interests and conceptions (such as fears) of the general people, especially contrasting those interests with the interests of the elite.

Question 35

prepared piano

Answer 35

Cage altered piano to change timbre

Question 36

primitivism

Answer 36

the belief that what is least cultivated by modern society (peasants, children, “savage”, raw emotions) is closet to truth. this is another, anti romantic point of view

Question 37

propaganda

Answer 37

used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Question 38

race records

Answer 38

They primarily contained race music, comprising a variety of African American musical genres including blues, jazz, and gospel music

Question 39

retrograde

Answer 39

ordering backward of the row

Question 40

retrograde inversion

Answer 40

backward and inverted

Question 41

row

Answer 41

Twelve-tone technique orders the 12 notes of the chromatic scale

Question 42

scenarist

Question 43

Second Viennese School

Answer 43

is the group of composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils and close associates in early 20th century Vienna

Question 44

Sergey Diaghilev

Answer 44

was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes, from which many famous dancers and choreographers would arise.

Question 45

Sergey Eisenstein

Answer 45

was a Soviet Russian film director and film theorist

Alexander Nevsky (1938)

Question 46

serialism

Answer 46

s a method or technique of composition that uses a series of values to manipulate different musical elements.

Question 47

Sprechstimme

Answer 47

expressionist vocal technique between singing and speaking

Question 48

standard

Question 49

Symbolism

Answer 49

a movement in poetry. this aims to depict the world beyond the senses, a high reality. Seeing symbols in all things. raven = death

Question 50

synaesthesia (or synesthesia)

Answer 50

interchangeability of senses

Question 51

tape loops

Answer 51

used to create repetitive, rhythmic musical patterns or dense layers of sound

Question 52

the decadent elements of Strauss’s Salome (plot)

Answer 52

necrophilia girl

Question 53

The Musical Museum

Answer 53

the idea that newly written work has to be enough like the old works to fit in, but never enough to be interesting

Question 54

the occult

Answer 54

occult refers to “knowledge of the paranormal”

Question 55

the principle of developing variation

Answer 55

developing variation is a formal technique in which the concepts of development and variation are united in that variations are produced through the development of existing material

Question 56

total serialism

Answer 56

composition technique uses determined algorithms for duration, dynamics, register, pitch

WWII french avant garde

Question 57

Totalitarianism

Answer 57

describes a political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.

Question 58

Transcendentalism

Answer 58

igious and philosophical movement that was developed during the late 1820s and 1830

believe that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupt the purity of the individual.