Final!!! Flashcards
What is the study of diseases and disorders?
Pathology
What is the study of the STRUCTURE of the body or organism?
Anatomy
What is the study of the FUNCTION of a living organism?
Physiology
What is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane?
Osmosis
What is the movement of a substance into or out of a cell in a direction opposite in which it would normally flow by diffusion?
Active transport
What means outside of a cell?
Extracellular
What means within a cell?
Intracellular
What organelle that produces energy for a cell?
Mitochondria
What means between the spaces or structures in an organ?
Interstitial
What is accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces?
Edema
What process of a cell division that halves the chromosome # in the formation of reproductive cells?
Meiosis
What is an organic compound, made of amino acids that contains nitrogen, in addition to carbon, oxygen and hydrogen?
Protein
What are simple sugars or compound made from simple sugars linked together such as starch and glycogen?
Carbohydrates
What is a type of organic compound such as fat?
Lipid
What means going to a given point, such as a sensory neuron that carries nerve impulses TO the central nervous system?
Afferent
What means away from a given point, such as a motor neuron that carries nerve impulses AWAY from the central nervous system?
Efferent
What are chemical reaction needed to sustain life?
Metabolism
What is metabolic breakdown of substances into simpler substances such as digestion of food and the oxidation of nutrient molecules for energy?
Catabolism
What is metabolic building of simple compounds to more complex substances needed by the body?
Anabolism
What is the process that breaks food molecules down, releasing stored energy and requires oxygen?
Catabolism
What is the rate at which energy is released from nutrients in the cell?
Metabolic rate
What is an organic catalyst that speeds the rate of a reaction, but is not changed in the reaction?
Enzyme
What is the maintenance of the body conditions within set limits?
Homeostasis
What is a self regulating system in which a result of an action is the control over that action, that keeps the body conditions within a normal range and maintains homeostasis?
Negative feedback
What is a pathogen that normally does not cause a disease, but is able to cause illness in a weak ended host who’s resistance is down?
Opportunistic pathogen
What is present at birth?
Congenital
What is maintenance of the body environment?
Homeostasis
What is a chemical substance that prevents a sharp change in a pH of a fluid when an acid or base is added to it?
Buffer
What means nearer to the head?
Cephalad (#87 change cranial to Cephalad)
What term means. War the midline?
Medial
What suffix means to “cut into” or “surgical incision?”
-otomy
What prefix means 2?
Bi-
What suffix means “surgical removal?”
-ectomy
What are 3 meanings of the prefixes “a-, an-?”
- Absent
- Lack of
- Deficient
What are 2 root words for uterus?
- Hister
2. Hister/o
What is the best way to interpret a medical term?
Define suffix first, and continue to read backwards through the word as it is defined.
What is the plural ending of a medical term that ends in “-a”?
-ae
Vertebra = vertebrae
What structures are contained in the dorsal cavity?
Brain & spinal Chord
What is the organizational system of the body?
Cells➡️tissues️➡️organ➡️organ system➡️organism
What is the pH of a neutral substance?
7
What kind of ions acids and bases contain?
Acids= H+ Bases= OH-
What is the stoppage of blood flow?
Hemostasis
What is loss of blood?
Hemorrhage
What is blood clotting?
Coagulation
What is a localized blood clot?
Thrombus
What is another word for platelets, which is a cell fragment that participates in clotting?
Thrombocytes
What is a mature red blood cell that carries oxygen?
Erythrocyte
What is the process of I gilding large particles through the cell membrane?
Phagocytosis
What substance is produced in response to a specific antigen?
Antibody
What is the lack of blood flow?
Ischemia
What is blood minus its formed elements?
Plasma
What is PLASMA PROTEIN responsible for blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
What is formed when red pigment in RBCs unite with oxygen?
Oxyhemoglobin
What is the universal recipient?
AB+
What condition is caused by deficiency of vitamins B12?
Pernicious anemia
What are foreign substance that procures an immune response?
Antigen
What is the process by which artificial device is used to remove or separates waste from the blood?
Hemodialysis
What helps ensure the patients blood clots properly?
Vitamin K
What is responsible for making bold cells for the body?
Myeloid tissue
What is a non-granular white blood cell?
Monocyte
What is a membrane that produces mucus (mucous membrane)?
Mucosa
What is a substance produced in the liver that emulsifies fat?
Bile
What are small finger-like projections from the surface of a membrane digested food is absorbed?
Villi
What is a leaf shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing?
Epiglottis
What is a mixture of partially digested food, water, digestive juices that forms in the stomach?
Chyme
What term means swallowing?
Deglutition
(LES)-what sphincter prevents esophageal regurgitation?
Cardiac sphincter
What plays integral role in closing of the nasal passage during swallowing to prevent food from moving upward to the nasal cavity?
Uvula
Where are kupffer’s cells located?
The liver
What is another name for bicuspids?
Premolars
What is the endocrine system responsible for?
- Regulation of growth
- Metabolism
- Reproduction
What hormone is responsible for the activity of the thymus?
Thymosin
What endocrine gland, in the upper portion of the chest that stimulates the development of T-cells?
Thymus
What is produced within the beta cells of the pancreas and islets of langerhans?
Amylin
What is produced by most body tissues, perform many body functions that are not fully understood; act near site of production?
Prostaglandins
What are known as category of lipids that include the hormones of the sex glands and the adrenal cortex?
Steroids
What hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex and produced in the anterior pituitary?
ACTH
What is the posterior pituitary hormone that promotes reabsorption of water from the kidneys, there by decreasing the amount of urine excreted?
ADH
What is the secretion of milk?
Lactation
What is active in immunity, destroys foreign cells directly, and mature in the thymus?
T-cells
What is one of 4 main types of tissue that forms glands, covers surfaces, and lines cavities?
Epithelial tissue
What decreases calcium in the blood?
Calcitonin
What is the secretion of an endocrine gland that is a chemical messenger that has specific regulatory effects on certain other cells?
Hormone
What is produced in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans and lowers blood sugar?
Insulin
What gland produces sweat?
Sudoriferous gland
What region of the brain controls the pituitary and maintains homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
What is the production of too much hormone, by a diseased gland?
Hypersecretion
What are the other two names of the pituitary gland?
- Master Gland
2. Hypophysis
Where do endocrine glands secrete?
Directly into the blood
What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
Systole
What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?
Diastole
What is a cavity or chamber, such as one or two lower chambers of the heart?
Ventricle
What is rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the heart?
Fibrillation
What are the two upper chambers of the heart?
Atria
What serves as a shunt in the developing fetus, that allows most blood to bypass the immature liver, and dumps into the inferior vena cava?
Ductus Venosus
What shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium?
Foramen ovale
Where is the sino-atrial node?
RIGHT atria
Where is the bundle of his located?
Interventricular septum
What structure conducts blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
What is a substance produced in response to a certain antigen?
Antibody
What is a fever inducing substance?
Pyrogen
What refers to the attraction of an antigen to injured tissue?
Chemotaxis
What are 2 other names for adenoids?
- Pharyngeal
2. Oropharangeal
What are capillaries of the lymphatic system that drain digested fats from the villi of the s intestine?
Lacteals
What is the milky appearing fluid absorbed into the lymphatic system from the small intestine consisting of lymph and droplets of digested fats?
Chyle
What is a mass of lymphoid tissue along the pathogen a lymphatic vessels that filters lymph and harbors white blood cells active in immunity?
Lymph node
What is abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid?
Lymphedema
What is a powerful natural body agent that inhibits the symphysis of proteins that viruses require for multiplications?
Interferons
When are interferons produced?
In response to infections
What blood vessel that is between a blood vessel and an artery?
Arteriole
What decreases the diameter of a blood vessel?
Vasoconstriction
What is a fluid filled sac that surrounds and fusions the developing fetus?
Amniotic sac
What is the lining of the uterus?
Endometrium
What is another word for offspring?
Progeny
What is the male productive gland?
Testis
What is the yellow body that produces progesterone that is formed that is formed from an ovarian follicle after ovulation?
Corpus Luteum
What is a developing offspring from the 3rd month of pregnancy until birth?
Fetus
What is the tube that permits sperm to exit from The epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac upward in the abdominal cavity?
Ductus vas deferens
What is a single cell formed by the union of the sperm and ovum?
Zygote
What is it called when a baby is born with one undescended testicle?
Cryptochidism
What is formed in the walls of the seminiferous tubules and are then released into the lumen to begin their journey to exterior of the body?
Sperm
What is a dome shaped muscle under the lungs that flattered a during inhalation?
Diaphragm
What is the region between the lungs, and the organs and vessels it contains?
Mediastinum
What is the serous membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs?
Pleura
What is the exchange of gasses between the blood and alveoli by diffusion?
External respiration
What are 3, sometimes 4 scroll-like structure located in the nasal cavity?
Nasal conchae
What is the substance that helps to reduce surface tension in the alveoli?
Alveoli surfactant
What is the hormone released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
What is the substance formed in the blood by the action of the enzyme renin from the kidneys that increases blood pressure by causing constriction of the blood vessels and stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
Angiotensin
What is the long tube that conducts ursine from the kidney to the bladder?
Ureter
What is the scientific name for the act of urination or voiding of the urinary bladder?
Micturation
What is the a absence of urine?
Anuria
Where is the bladder located?
Posterior of the pubic symphysis
Where are the bulbourethral glands located?
Below the prostate
What is the waste that builds up if the kidneys fail to function properly as a result of protein breakdown?
Nitrogenous
What is the structure through which blood flow re-enters the circulatory system after it leaves the kidney?
Renal vein
