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PERS1500 > Final 19-24 > Flashcards

Final 19-24 Flashcards

1
Q

blood pressure

A
  • important measure of cardiac function

- 2 components

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2
Q

what are the 2 components of blood pressure

A
  1. systolic BP

2. Diastolic BP

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3
Q

Systolic BP (blood pressure)

A
  • during ventricular contraction (systole)
  • how hard heart works
  • strain against arterial walls during contraction
  • normal: 120 mm Hg
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4
Q

Diastolic BP (blood pressure)

A
  • during heart relaxation (diastole)
  • indicates peripheral BP (outside of heart)
  • normal: 70-80 mm Hg
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5
Q

cardiac output

A
  • the amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute
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6
Q

stroke volume

A
  • amount of blood (ml) pumped out of left ventricle per heartbeat
  • resting: 70 ml
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7
Q

heart rate

A
  • rhythmical contraction of the heart walls (beats per minute, bp)
  • resting: 40-70 bpm
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8
Q

intensity of work (heart)

A
  • estimated by measuring heart rate via carotid or radial pulse
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9
Q

Peripheral circulatory system

A
  • consists of blood vessels made up of layers of tissue
  • smooth muscle cell layer allow vessels to contract
  • regulates blood flow throughout body
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10
Q

venules

A

small vessels that branch from veins

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11
Q

valves

A

open with blood flowing towards the heart, close with blood flowing away to prevent back flow

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12
Q

plasma

A

transport fluid

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13
Q

platelets

A

clot-forming component

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14
Q

hematocrit

A

% of blood made up of RBC’s

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15
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein and iron molecule inside RBC’s that binds to up to 4 O2

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16
Q

arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v O2)

A
  • difference between O2 level in blood leaving and returning to the lungs
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17
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • produced by kidneys

- controls reticulocytes

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18
Q

reticulocytes

A
  • new RBC’s with more hemoglobin

- produced in bone marrow

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19
Q

transport of CO2

A
  • tissues > blood > lungs > air
  • helps regulate body: ionic equilibrium, pH balance
  • CO2 transport to the lungs occurs in one of 3 ways
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20
Q

O2 uptake

A
  • measured as VO2 - volume of oxygen consumed in a given amount of time
  • limit of O2 that can me consumed; maximal aerobic power (VO2max)
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21
Q

factors affecting O2 delivery

A
  • cardiac output, hematocrit
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22
Q

factors affecting O2 uptake

A

O2 extraction, capillarization

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23
Q

respiratory system

A
  • delivers oxygenated air to blood
  • removes CO2 from blood
  • regulates acid-base balance
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24
Q

conduction zone

A

filters, humidifies and adjusts air to body’s temperature

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25
Q

respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

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26
Q

respiration (3 aspects)

A
  1. ventilation- inspiration,expiration
  2. gas exchange (via diffusion)- between air and blood, between blood and other tissue
  3. Oxygen utilization- at the tissues, cellular respiration
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27
Q

exercise effects on cardiorespiratory system (4)

A

cardiac output- larger stria and ventricles size, walls thickness
capillary supply- increased number muscle capillaries and their blood flow, increased surface area and decreased distance between blood and tissues
blood volume- increased number of rbc’s, increased total blood volume ventilation- exercise, training

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28
Q

altitude

A
  • thin air
  • hyperventilation
  • acute mountain sickness
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29
Q

temperature

A

at rest: body heat radiates tot he surrounding air

during exercise: body heat must be released by additional means, 80% of energy released as heat

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30
Q

exercise in the heat

A
  • cardiorespiratory system works harder at a given intensity
  • increased sweating (hyperthermia/heat stroke)
  • increased heart rate (peripheral vasodilation)
  • decreased stroke volume
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31
Q

exercise in the cold

A
  • influenced by ambient temperature, wind conditions, and wetness
  • hypothermia, peripheral vasoconstriction
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32
Q

heart layers

A
  1. endocardium (innermost)
  2. myocardium (middle)
  3. epicardium (outer)
    - pericardium - protective sac containing pericardial fluid
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33
Q

the science of biomechanics

A

the science that examines the forces acting upon and within a biological structure and the effects produced by such forces

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34
Q

quantitive vs. qualitative analysis

A

depends on environment, availability of high-tech equipment

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35
Q

quantitive analysis

A
  • using high-tech instrumentation
  • usual intended for researchers
    measuring variables to optimize athletic performance
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36
Q

qualitative analysis

A
  • using sight and hearing
  • usual done by coaches and teachers
  • “observe, analyze, and correct”
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37
Q

kinematic vs. kinestics

A

two ways to describe human motion

  1. without reference to forces causing motion
  2. describing motion in terms of forces that cause it
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38
Q

kinematics

A
  • describing human motion without its forces
  • focusing on motion’s spatial and timing characteristics
    measurements: position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, measured with respect to time
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39
Q

kinetics

A
  • describing forces leading to motion
  • internal forces: muscles pulling on bones
  • external forces: without contact (gravity), from contact with ground, opponent, or equipment
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40
Q

models of human motion

A

particle model- dot represents centre of mass
stick figure model- body segments= sticks
rigid body segment model- body segments = irregular 3D volume

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41
Q

mass

A
  • quantity of matter in an object

- a measure of linear inertia

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42
Q

moment of inertia

A
  • reluctance of rotating object to change state of angular motion (rotation)
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43
Q

gravity

A
  • force of attraction between 2 bodies
44
Q

types of motion

A
  • linear motion/translation
  • angular motion/rotation
  • ^ ^ = general motion
45
Q

causes of motion

A
  • application of internal or external forces
46
Q

linear motion

A

force acting on centre of mass/pivot point

47
Q

angular motion

A

force not acting on centre of mass/pivot point and result in torque (movement of force)

48
Q

lever system

A

mechanical device performing angular motion

49
Q

how do levers work

A
  • force is applied and if greater then resistance

- torque = force arm x force

50
Q

types of levers

A
  • first class, second class, third class

- differ based on mechanics & position of axis, resistance, force

51
Q

first class levers

A

applied force and resistance on opposite side of axis, at un/equal distance from one another (crowbar, head flexion)

52
Q

second class levers

A

applied force and resistance on same side of axis (wheel barrow, toe raise)

53
Q

third class levers

A

applied force and resistance on same side of axis; force closer to the axis (fishing, forearm flexion)

54
Q

law of inertia

A

1st law

objects will not change their state of motion unless acted o by an unbalanced external force

55
Q

law of acceleration

A

2nd law

objects will experience a change in velocity or acceleration proportional to the unbalanced external force

56
Q

law of action-reaction

A

3rd law
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; forces act in pairs that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

57
Q

fluid dynamics

A

knowledge of the forces generated by a fluid environment such as water, air
(gymnastics and dance unaffected)

58
Q

drag

A

type of fluid force

59
Q

profile drag

A

caused by objects size and shape

  • characterized by turbulent flow
  • main form of drag in fast moving sports
60
Q

surface drag

A

caused by objects roughness

- boundary layer, laminar flow, turbulent flow

61
Q

magnus effect

A
  • a rotating body carries a boundary layer that interacts with surrounding air
    (net difference in pressure on opposite sides of rotating object)
62
Q

equilibrium

A

a state of a system not experiencing a change in direction and speed
- static equilibrium: body’s at rest
dynamic equilibrium: body’s moving at constant velocity

63
Q

balance

A

process where body’s equilibrium is controlled for a purpose
affected by: 1. base of support
2. location of line of gravity

64
Q

stability

A

a measure of the difficulty with which equilibrium can be disturbed

65
Q

elasticity

A

capacity of a tissue to return to its original shape after removal of a load

66
Q

area

A

strength of material

67
Q

slope

A

stiffness (or resistance to deformation) of the material

68
Q

rehabilitation

A
  • therapists restoration of injured tissue + patients participation
69
Q

Inflammatory response phase

A
  • 2-4 days

- begins at time of injury

70
Q

fibroblastic repair phase

A
  • hours-6 weeks
  • repair and scar formation
    granulation tissue fills the gap
71
Q

maturation- remodelling phase

A
  • 3 weeks-years
  • remodeling or realigning of scar tissue
  • morre agressive stretching and strengthening
72
Q

contusions

A
  • bruise

- compressing force crushes tissue

73
Q

myositis ossificans

A

abnormal bone formation in a severe contusion (bruise)

74
Q

strain

A

tendon or muscle tissue is stretched or torn

75
Q

sprain

A

ligament or joint capsule is stretched or torn

76
Q

grades of sprains and strains

A

grade 1
- slightly stretched or torn; few muscle fibres
grade 2
- moderately stretched or torn, more muscle fibres
grade 3
- complete rupture
- surgery required

77
Q

hamstring strains

A

emphasize hamstrings and quadriceps work equally

  • most frequently strained muscles
  • mechanism: - rapid contraction in a lengthened position (sprinting, runnign)
  • due to strength imbalance
78
Q

ankle sprains

A
  • most common = lateral ankle sprain (inversion)
79
Q

dislocations

A
  • high enough forces push the joint beyond its normal anatomical limits
  • joint surfaces come apart
  • subluxation
80
Q

dislocation of the shoulder

A
  • most mobile, most unstable joint
  • categories of dislocation: partial dislocation or subluxation, complete
  • most common: head of humerus slips anteriorly, falling backwards on extended arm
81
Q

simple fracture

A

stays within the surrounding soft tissue

82
Q

compound fracture

A

protrudes from the skin

83
Q

stress fracture

A

result from repeated low magnitude loads

84
Q

avulsion fracture

A

involves tendon or ligament pulling small chip of bone (more common in kids)

85
Q

concussuions

A

injury to the brain

86
Q

overuse injuries

A

due to: non-sufficient recovery, repeated and accumulated microtrauma
results from: poor technique, poor equipment, too much training, type of training

87
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon as a result of a small tear in the tendon

88
Q

tennis elbow

A
  • lateral epicondylitis

- affects forearm extensors

89
Q

golfers and little league elbow

A
  • medial epicondylitis
  • affects tendons of forearm flexors
  • may result in collateral ligament and ulnar nerve injury
  • may affect medial humeral growth plate in young children
90
Q

jumpers knee

A
  • patellar tendonitis
  • affects infrapatellar ligament
  • caused by: repetitive eccentric knee actions, eccentric load during jump preparation&raquo_space;> body weight
91
Q

bursitis

A
  • inflammation of the bursae (tiny fluid filled sacs, lubricate and cushion pressure points between bone and tendons)
  • results from overuse and stress, also age
  • most common: shoulder, elbow, hip
92
Q

shoulder impingement

A
  • excess movement of the humeral head + lack of space

- inflammation of bursa and/or rotor cuff tendons

93
Q

shin splints

A
  • pain alongside tibial surface
  • involves pain and inflammation
  • NO distribution of cortical bone
94
Q

injury prevention

A
  • protective equipment
  • warm up and cool down
  • keeping fit & flexible “use it or lose it”
  • eating and resting “in order to function effectively, body must receive proper nutrient & adequate rest)
95
Q

cephalocaudal

A

head to foot

96
Q

proximodistal

A

centre to outward

97
Q

physical literacy

A
  • integrading a wide range of movement capacities with other important aspects and applying them to long term lifestyle
  • important for: participating in sports, being fit, overall health and well being
98
Q

ectomorph

A

linear sape, delicate bone structure, little fat, long limbs

99
Q

mesomorph

A

well muscled, little fat, broad shoulders, narrow waist

100
Q

endomorph

A

rounded appearance, heavy bone structure, little bone and muscle definition

101
Q

stature

A

standing height, genders similar at birth

102
Q

motor development

A

how movement performance changes over time

103
Q

physical proficiency abilities

A
  • a set of underlying traits utilized during motor performance- balance, coordination, agility, speed
104
Q

fundamental skillz

A
  1. stability
  2. locomotor
  3. manipulative
105
Q

factors affecting growth

A

heredity, nutrition, socioeconomic status, exercise

106
Q

socioeconomic status

A

children from higher socioeconomic status tend to have larger average body sizes at all ages

107
Q

psychological factors: cognition

A
  • involves thinking and learning and is highly dependent on knowledge stored in memory

PERS1500 (4 decks)

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