Final 19-24 Flashcards
1
Q
blood pressure
A
- important measure of cardiac function
- 2 components
2
Q
what are the 2 components of blood pressure
A
- systolic BP
2. Diastolic BP
3
Q
Systolic BP (blood pressure)
A
- during ventricular contraction (systole)
- how hard heart works
- strain against arterial walls during contraction
- normal: 120 mm Hg
4
Q
Diastolic BP (blood pressure)
A
- during heart relaxation (diastole)
- indicates peripheral BP (outside of heart)
- normal: 70-80 mm Hg
5
Q
cardiac output
A
- the amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute
6
Q
stroke volume
A
- amount of blood (ml) pumped out of left ventricle per heartbeat
- resting: 70 ml
7
Q
heart rate
A
- rhythmical contraction of the heart walls (beats per minute, bp)
- resting: 40-70 bpm
8
Q
intensity of work (heart)
A
- estimated by measuring heart rate via carotid or radial pulse
9
Q
Peripheral circulatory system
A
- consists of blood vessels made up of layers of tissue
- smooth muscle cell layer allow vessels to contract
- regulates blood flow throughout body
10
Q
venules
A
small vessels that branch from veins
11
Q
valves
A
open with blood flowing towards the heart, close with blood flowing away to prevent back flow
12
Q
plasma
A
transport fluid
13
Q
platelets
A
clot-forming component
14
Q
hematocrit
A
% of blood made up of RBC’s
15
Q
hemoglobin
A
protein and iron molecule inside RBC’s that binds to up to 4 O2
16
Q
arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v O2)
A
- difference between O2 level in blood leaving and returning to the lungs
17
Q
erythropoietin
A
- produced by kidneys
- controls reticulocytes
18
Q
reticulocytes
A
- new RBC’s with more hemoglobin
- produced in bone marrow
19
Q
transport of CO2
A
- tissues > blood > lungs > air
- helps regulate body: ionic equilibrium, pH balance
- CO2 transport to the lungs occurs in one of 3 ways
20
Q
O2 uptake
A
- measured as VO2 - volume of oxygen consumed in a given amount of time
- limit of O2 that can me consumed; maximal aerobic power (VO2max)
21
Q
factors affecting O2 delivery
A
- cardiac output, hematocrit
22
Q
factors affecting O2 uptake
A
O2 extraction, capillarization
23
Q
respiratory system
A
- delivers oxygenated air to blood
- removes CO2 from blood
- regulates acid-base balance
24
Q
conduction zone
A
filters, humidifies and adjusts air to body’s temperature
25
respiratory zone
gas exchange
26
respiration (3 aspects)
1. ventilation- inspiration,expiration
2. gas exchange (via diffusion)- between air and blood, between blood and other tissue
3. Oxygen utilization- at the tissues, cellular respiration
27
exercise effects on cardiorespiratory system (4)
cardiac output- larger stria and ventricles size, walls thickness
capillary supply- increased number muscle capillaries and their blood flow, increased surface area and decreased distance between blood and tissues
blood volume- increased number of rbc's, increased total blood volume ventilation- exercise, training
28
altitude
- thin air
- hyperventilation
- acute mountain sickness
29
temperature
at rest: body heat radiates tot he surrounding air
| during exercise: body heat must be released by additional means, 80% of energy released as heat
30
exercise in the heat
- cardiorespiratory system works harder at a given intensity
- increased sweating (hyperthermia/heat stroke)
- increased heart rate (peripheral vasodilation)
- decreased stroke volume
31
exercise in the cold
- influenced by ambient temperature, wind conditions, and wetness
- hypothermia, peripheral vasoconstriction
32
heart layers
1. endocardium (innermost)
2. myocardium (middle)
3. epicardium (outer)
- pericardium - protective sac containing pericardial fluid
33
the science of biomechanics
the science that examines the forces acting upon and within a biological structure and the effects produced by such forces
34
quantitive vs. qualitative analysis
depends on environment, availability of high-tech equipment
35
quantitive analysis
- using high-tech instrumentation
- usual intended for researchers
measuring variables to optimize athletic performance
36
qualitative analysis
- using sight and hearing
- usual done by coaches and teachers
- "observe, analyze, and correct"
37
kinematic vs. kinestics
two ways to describe human motion
1. without reference to forces causing motion
2. describing motion in terms of forces that cause it
38
kinematics
- describing human motion without its forces
- focusing on motion's spatial and timing characteristics
measurements: position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, measured with respect to time
39
kinetics
- describing forces leading to motion
- internal forces: muscles pulling on bones
- external forces: without contact (gravity), from contact with ground, opponent, or equipment
40
models of human motion
particle model- dot represents centre of mass
stick figure model- body segments= sticks
rigid body segment model- body segments = irregular 3D volume
41
mass
- quantity of matter in an object
| - a measure of linear inertia
42
moment of inertia
- reluctance of rotating object to change state of angular motion (rotation)
43
gravity
- force of attraction between 2 bodies
44
types of motion
- linear motion/translation
- angular motion/rotation
- ^ ^ = general motion
45
causes of motion
- application of internal or external forces
46
linear motion
force acting on centre of mass/pivot point
47
angular motion
force not acting on centre of mass/pivot point and result in torque (movement of force)
48
lever system
mechanical device performing angular motion
49
how do levers work
- force is applied and if greater then resistance
| - torque = force arm x force
50
types of levers
- first class, second class, third class
| - differ based on mechanics & position of axis, resistance, force
51
first class levers
applied force and resistance on opposite side of axis, at un/equal distance from one another (crowbar, head flexion)
52
second class levers
applied force and resistance on same side of axis (wheel barrow, toe raise)
53
third class levers
applied force and resistance on same side of axis; force closer to the axis (fishing, forearm flexion)
54
law of inertia
1st law
| objects will not change their state of motion unless acted o by an unbalanced external force
55
law of acceleration
2nd law
| objects will experience a change in velocity or acceleration proportional to the unbalanced external force
56
law of action-reaction
3rd law
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; forces act in pairs that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
57
fluid dynamics
knowledge of the forces generated by a fluid environment such as water, air
(gymnastics and dance unaffected)
58
drag
type of fluid force
59
profile drag
caused by objects size and shape
- characterized by turbulent flow
- main form of drag in fast moving sports
60
surface drag
caused by objects roughness
| - boundary layer, laminar flow, turbulent flow
61
magnus effect
- a rotating body carries a boundary layer that interacts with surrounding air
(net difference in pressure on opposite sides of rotating object)
62
equilibrium
a state of a system not experiencing a change in direction and speed
- static equilibrium: body's at rest
dynamic equilibrium: body's moving at constant velocity
63
balance
process where body's equilibrium is controlled for a purpose
affected by: 1. base of support
2. location of line of gravity
64
stability
a measure of the difficulty with which equilibrium can be disturbed
65
elasticity
capacity of a tissue to return to its original shape after removal of a load
66
area
strength of material
67
slope
stiffness (or resistance to deformation) of the material
68
rehabilitation
- therapists restoration of injured tissue + patients participation
69
Inflammatory response phase
- 2-4 days
| - begins at time of injury
70
fibroblastic repair phase
- hours-6 weeks
- repair and scar formation
granulation tissue fills the gap
71
maturation- remodelling phase
- 3 weeks-years
- remodeling or realigning of scar tissue
- morre agressive stretching and strengthening
72
contusions
- bruise
| - compressing force crushes tissue
73
myositis ossificans
abnormal bone formation in a severe contusion (bruise)
74
strain
tendon or muscle tissue is stretched or torn
75
sprain
ligament or joint capsule is stretched or torn
76
grades of sprains and strains
grade 1
- slightly stretched or torn; few muscle fibres
grade 2
- moderately stretched or torn, more muscle fibres
grade 3
- complete rupture
- surgery required
77
hamstring strains
emphasize hamstrings and quadriceps work equally
- most frequently strained muscles
- mechanism: - rapid contraction in a lengthened position (sprinting, runnign)
- due to strength imbalance
78
ankle sprains
- most common = lateral ankle sprain (inversion)
79
dislocations
- high enough forces push the joint beyond its normal anatomical limits
- joint surfaces come apart
- subluxation
80
dislocation of the shoulder
- most mobile, most unstable joint
- categories of dislocation: partial dislocation or subluxation, complete
- most common: head of humerus slips anteriorly, falling backwards on extended arm
81
simple fracture
stays within the surrounding soft tissue
82
compound fracture
protrudes from the skin
83
stress fracture
result from repeated low magnitude loads
84
avulsion fracture
involves tendon or ligament pulling small chip of bone (more common in kids)
85
concussuions
injury to the brain
86
overuse injuries
due to: non-sufficient recovery, repeated and accumulated microtrauma
results from: poor technique, poor equipment, too much training, type of training
87
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon as a result of a small tear in the tendon
88
tennis elbow
- lateral epicondylitis
| - affects forearm extensors
89
golfers and little league elbow
- medial epicondylitis
- affects tendons of forearm flexors
- may result in collateral ligament and ulnar nerve injury
- may affect medial humeral growth plate in young children
90
jumpers knee
- patellar tendonitis
- affects infrapatellar ligament
- caused by: repetitive eccentric knee actions, eccentric load during jump preparation >>> body weight
91
bursitis
- inflammation of the bursae (tiny fluid filled sacs, lubricate and cushion pressure points between bone and tendons)
- results from overuse and stress, also age
- most common: shoulder, elbow, hip
92
shoulder impingement
- excess movement of the humeral head + lack of space
| - inflammation of bursa and/or rotor cuff tendons
93
shin splints
- pain alongside tibial surface
- involves pain and inflammation
- NO distribution of cortical bone
94
injury prevention
- protective equipment
- warm up and cool down
- keeping fit & flexible "use it or lose it"
- eating and resting "in order to function effectively, body must receive proper nutrient & adequate rest)
95
cephalocaudal
head to foot
96
proximodistal
centre to outward
97
physical literacy
- integrading a wide range of movement capacities with other important aspects and applying them to long term lifestyle
- important for: participating in sports, being fit, overall health and well being
98
ectomorph
linear sape, delicate bone structure, little fat, long limbs
99
mesomorph
well muscled, little fat, broad shoulders, narrow waist
100
endomorph
rounded appearance, heavy bone structure, little bone and muscle definition
101
stature
standing height, genders similar at birth
102
motor development
how movement performance changes over time
103
physical proficiency abilities
- a set of underlying traits utilized during motor performance- balance, coordination, agility, speed
104
fundamental skillz
1. stability
2. locomotor
3. manipulative
105
factors affecting growth
heredity, nutrition, socioeconomic status, exercise
106
socioeconomic status
children from higher socioeconomic status tend to have larger average body sizes at all ages
107
psychological factors: cognition
- involves thinking and learning and is highly dependent on knowledge stored in memory
