Final 13-18 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the structures that make up the human body and how those structures relate to each other
2
Q
distal
A
further from some specified region
3
Q
proximal
A
closer to some specified region
4
Q
posterior
A
behind or back of your body
5
Q
inferior
A
below
6
Q
supine
A
lying on the back
7
Q
prone
A
lying face down
8
Q
midsagittal/median plane
A
divides body into right and left halves
9
Q
transverse plane
A
divides body into superior and inferior sections
10
Q
centre of gravity
A
where median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect (also called the Centre of Mass)
11
Q
dorsiflexion
A
bringing the top of the foot toward toward the lower leg or shin
12
Q
Plantar flexion
A
pointing your foot/toes
13
Q
inversion
A
when the sole is turned inward (as when you ‘go over’ on your ankle)
14
Q
eversion
A
when the sole is turned outward or away from the median plane
15
Q
circumduction
A
a cone of movement that does not include any rotation (e.g.. tracing an imaginary circle in the air)
16
Q
axial skeleton
A
- 80 bones
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column - head and neck region
17
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
- 126 bones
pectoral girdle, arms, legs, pelvic girdle
18
Q
irregular bones
A
include bones of your face and vertebrae
19
Q
sesamoid bones
A
patella, found in tendons
20
Q
bone composition
A
calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, collagen protein, water
21
Q
wolf’s law of functional adaptation
A
bone adapts to applied loads
22
Q
3 types of muscle
A
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
23
Q
cardiac muscle
A
- heart contraction
- very fatigue resistant
- has own intrinsic beat
- automatic nerve control/ involuntary
24
Q
skeletal muscle
A
- attached to bone by collagen fibres
- contraction = body movement
- motor nerve control/ voluntary
- formed by muscle fibres (cells called myocytes) bound together by CT
25
smooth muscle
- blood vessels & organs
- slow and uniform contractions
- fatigue resistant
- autonomic nerve control/ involuntary
26
whats a joint?
- connection between two or more bones
- strands of connective tissue
- classified by the degree of movement
27
fibrous joints
no movement, absorb shock, skull sutures
28
cartilaginous joints
limited movement, absorb shock, invertebrate discs
29
synovial joints
greatest degree of movement, allow movement, most common, hip joint
30
skull: Calvaria
- formed by 5 curved flat bones
| - protect brain and brain stem
31
what is the most fragile part of the skull?
Temporal bone (partly due to its flat structure)
32
skull: facial bones
- formed by 5 irregular bones
33
facial muscles
allow us to: change expression, display emotion, form words, close eyes to keep them moist and prevent discomfort, close mouth to chew
34
axial skeleton: Thoracic Region
vertebral column, ribs and sternum, neck and back muscles, abdominal muscles
35
how many ribs? total. true, false, floating
12, 1-7, 8-10, 11 & 12
36
parts of sternum
manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process
37
most important pair of anterior neck & back muscles
sternocleidomastoids
38
large muscle mass of posterior neck & back muscles
erector spinae
39
abdominal muscles
- plywood-like muscular wall
- 3 layers
- attaches anteriorly at linea alba
40
3 abdominal muscle layers
```
layer 1: external oblique
layer 2: internal oblique
top 2 for Lateral Bending and Rotation
layer 3: rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis
Last layer for flexion/extension
```
41
pectoral girdle
- suspends the upper limb away from the chest wall
| - enables a great range of movement
42
anterior chest-area muscles
pectorals major, pectorals minor, serrates anterior
43
posterior back muscles
trapezius, latissmus dorsi, theres major, elevator scapulae, rhomboid muscles
44
subscapularis
- from axillary border of scapula
- To lesser tubercle of humerus
- Adducts and medially rotates upper limb
45
Rotator cuff muscles on shoulder
```
SSIT
S- subscapularis
S- supraspinatus
I- infraspinatus
T- teres minor
```
46
human muscle
- 660 muscles
- half of body weight
- numerous functions: ventilation, digestion, pumping of blood, movement
47
myofilaments
- thin filaments with actin proteins
| - thick filaments with myosin proteins
48
Z line
proteins anchoring thin filaments
49
H zone
space between thin filaments
50
M line
proteins anchoring thick filaments
51
I band
actin filaments
52
A band
myosin filaments
53
sliding filament theory
muscle contraction occurs due to actin sliding over myosin
54
Fast twitch muscle fibre
- FT or type 2
- appear white
- fast contraction
- anaerobic
- fatigue fast
- large fibres
55
Slow twitch muscle fibre
- ST or type 1
- appear red
- slow contraction
- aerobic
- fatigue resistant
- small fibres
56
muscle biopsy
bio (life) + opsis (sight)
| - a tiny piece of muscle is removed and analyzed under a microscope
57
motor unit
- group of fibres activated via the same nerve
| - basic functional entity of muscular activity
58
all-or-none principle
- an impulse of a certain magnitude is required to cause fibres to contract
- all muscle fibres that make up a single motor unit will contract maximally if the magnitude is reached
- an impulse of smaller magnitude will not cause a muscle contraction
59
intramuscle coordination
capacity to activate different motor units simultaneously (impossible to simultaneously activate all motor units of a muscle)
60
types of muscle action
- static action
| - dynamic action
61
static muscle action
- isometric (iso = same, metric = length)
- no visible change in muscle length
- load > muscle force
62
dynamic muscle action (4)
concentric, eccentric, isokinetic, plyometric
63
dynamic: Concentric action
- muscle overcomes a load
- shortens
- ex. flexion of biceps
64
dynamic: Eccentric action
- muscle is overcome by load
- lengthens
- ex. extension of biceps
65
dynamic: Isokinetic action
- ise = same, kinetic = motion
- neuromuscular system works > at a constant speed > during each movement phase > against a preset high resistance > independent of muscle force generated
- effective for strengthening muscles uniformly at all angles of motion ex. biceps curl
66
dynamic: Plyometric action
- a rapid eccentric loading and muscle stretching followed by a strong concentric contraction
- elicits the Golgi tendon organ reflex
67
joint angle
- muscle force production depends on joint angle
| - optimal muscle length
68
muscle cross sectional area
- increased cross-sectional area = more sarcomeres generating force
- generally, strength is determined by lean body mass volume
69
maximal/absolute strength
- increased active muscle mass = increased maximal/absolute strength
- Qualification: inter- and intramuscle coordination, anatomical structure, and muscle elasticity = increased maximal/absolute strength
70
absolute strength
the maximum amount of force a person can produce in a single effort
71
relative strength
- proportion of maximal strength relative to body mass
| - maximal strength/ body mass = relative strength
72
speed of movement
- linked to the main component of strength:
| maximal strangth, power, muscular endurance
73
maximal strength
- ability to preform maximal voluntary muscular contraction in order to overcome powerful external resistance
- highest load lifted in one muscle contraction > 1 repetition maximum (RM)
74
power
- or speed-strangth (force * velocity)
| - ability to overcome external resistance by developing a high rate of muscular contraction
75
muscular endurance
- ability to resist fatigue in strength performance of longer duration
76
maximal strength & power
- increased strength = increased acceleration > more strength left to accelerate weight after overcoming gravity
- maximal strength important when overcoming medium to high resistance
77
maximal strength & endurance
- increased force required = decreased repetitions possible
78
strength & endurance issues
- strength development can hinder endurance and vice versus:
> cardiorespiratory training = decreased FT diameter & muscle volume = decreased strength
- maximal strength training = increased FT diameter & muscle volume = decreased cardiorespiratory endurance
79
age
- increased age = decreased FT number > selective loss of FT fibres - cell death (apoptosis) "use it or lose it"
- sacropenia
80
sex
- men and women are more similar than different
| - average woman = 70% of mans strength (at equal body mass)
81
testosterone
- anabolic hormone
- responsible for muscle growth
- women 20-30%
82
all energy in the human body is derived from what 3 nutrients:
- carbohydrates, proteins, fats
- breakdown of these substances allows for the production of various amounts of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
83
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- fuel all biochemical processes
| - body's energy currency
84
Hydrolysis
- energy liberated for muscle contraction
| - ATP ---> adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + free phosphate (P)
85
ATP resynthesis
- energy from breakdown of carbohydrates, protein and fat
| - ADP + P ---> ATP
86
Immediate energy: phosphagen system
- ANaerobic Alactic System
- Creatine Phosphate (CP)
- Short duration, very high intensity activities
87
Phosphagen system, immediate energy characteristics
- large amounts of energy produced in a short time
| - fast recovery
88
short-term energy: glycolytic system
- ANaerobic Lactic System
- Glycolysis
1. Low rate: pyruvic acid --> pyruvate
2. High rate: pyretic acid --> lactic acid
- carbohydrates
89
Glycolytic system, short-term energy characteristics
- supports high intensity activities
| - lactic acid = painful and fatiguing by-product > converts to lactate and hydrogen ions
90
effects of training (short-term)
- endurance training:
| - increased anaerobic threshold
91
long-term energy: oxidative system
- Aerobic system ~ for activities below the anaerobic threshold
- oxidative phosphorylation (Kreb's cycle and the electric transport chain)
- oxygen transport
- maximal aerobic power (VO2max)
92
oxidative system, long-term energy characteristics
- efficient lactic acid removal after intense activity
| - efficient breakdown of fuels to produce high ATP yields
93
effects of training (long-term)
- endurance training:
- sustained and repetitive efforts (40 min at 130-140 BPM HR) of long duration several times a week
- increased VO2max)
94
interaction on the 3 energy systems
- depends on activity duration and intensity
1. short-term, high intensity activities > mainly phosphagen and glycolytic system (jumping, throwing, sprinting)
2. long-lasting, low to moderate intensity activities > mainly oxidative system (marathon, triathlon)
95
3 energy systems
phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative
96
which is the most important energy system
oxidative, supports a broad range of activities
