Final Flashcards

Question

What is the most effective way to soothe a crying baby?

Answer 1

1) lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking 2) swaddling (wrapping baby in a blanket)

Answer 2

Low birth weight

Answer 3

Nonorganic failure to thrive (NFTT) is a condition typically seen in infants and young children where a child does not gain weight or grow at a normal rate, despite there being no obvious medical or organic cause, such as a disease or physical disorder. Instead, the cause is often related to environmental, social, or psychological factors.

Answer 4

1) provides the correct balance of fat and protein 2) Ensures nutritional completeness 3) Helps ensure healthy physical growth 4) Protects against many diseases WHO recommends until age two with solid foods added at 6 months

Answer 5

There is no difference in the aspect of adjust Cosleeping my actually safeguard babies at risk for SIDS

Answer 6

Book def: organized ways of making sense of experience They are mental representations of knowledge that allow people to make sense of the world and guide their thinking, behavior, and perception. Can be just about anything: objects, events, ppl, situations

Answer 7

1) Sensorimotor (birth to 2yrs) - Infants “think” by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth. As a result, they invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems, such as pulling a lever to hear the sound of a music box, finding hidden toys, and putting objects into and taking them out of containers. 2) Preopperational (2-7yrs) - Preschool children use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries. Development of language and make-believe play takes place. However, thinking lacks the logic of the two remaining stages 3) Concrete Operational (7-11) - Children’s reasoning becomes logical and better organized. School-age children understand that a certain amount of lemonade or play dough remains the same even after its appearance changes. They also organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. However, children think in a logical, organized fashion only when dealing with concrete information they can perceive directly. 4) Formal Operational (11+yrs) - The capacity for abstract, systematic thinking enables adolescents, when faced with a problem, to start with a hypothesis, deduce testable inferences, and isolate and combine variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Adolescents can also evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances

Answer 8

secure attachment - 60% (mom is a secure base, child always checks in on mom, child may/may not cry when separated, when mom comes back they return to mom/shownpleasure, crying is reduced immediately) Insecure Avoidant - 15% (little to no interaction with mom, no response from child when mom leaves/comes back *unresponsive to parent when parent is present*, no distress, react to strangers the same way as parent, fail to cling) Insecure Resistant - 10% (seek closeness to parent and fail to explore, distress upon separation, when mom comes back they show ambivalence and sometimes anger, continues to cry) Disorganized/disoriented - 15% (reflects the greatest insecurity, confused when mom leaves, approaches parent with flat/depressed emotion, scared when mom returns)

Answer 9

By age 10 children shift between problem-centered coping and emotion-centered coping PCC: involves appraising the situation as changeable, identifying the difficulty, and deciding what to do about it If problem solving does not work they engage in … ECC: managing emotion that is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome

Answer 10

Internal working mode - a set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support in times of stress. It becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships * with age, children revise and expand their internal working model as their cognitive, emotional, and social capacities increase and as they interact with parents and form close bonds with adults/siblings/friends

Answer 11

* When employed mothers remain committed to parenting, children develop favorably, displaying higher self-esteem and less gender-stereotyped beliefs * stable maternal employment begun in early childhood is linked to higher achievement and fewer behavior problems (especially for children of low-income mothers) * Employed mothers who feel economically more secure are more likely to engage in warm, involved parenting * maternal employment often leads fathers to take on greater child-rearing responsibilities

Answer 12

Temperament: Early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity (quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity) and self-regulation (strategies that modify that reactivity). GOF: model proposed by Thomas and Chess to explain how favorable adjustment depends on an effective match, or good fit, between a child’s temperament and the child-rearing environment. Example: If a child’s disposition interferes with learning or getting along with others, adults must gently but consistently counteract the child’s maladaptive style.

Answer 13

1) the easy child - (40%) quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences 2) difficult child - (10%) is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely 3) slow-to-warm-up child - (15%) is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences

Answer 14

* repeated, unpressured exposure to new foods promotes acceptance * eating new food themselves so children can imitate the behavior * do not bribe

Answer 15

Tests that evaluate conservation of a child. Conservation: the understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes Example: the child is shown two identical tall glasses of water and asked if they contain equal amounts. Once the child agrees, the water in one glass is poured into a short, wide container. Then the child is asked whether the amount of water has changed. Preoperational children think the quantity has changed

Answer 16

Authoritarian: * is cold and rejecting and frequently degrades the child * engage in psychological control * engages in coercive behavioral control: makes excessive demands for mature behavior, uses force and punishment * often uses psychological control, withdrawing live and intruding on child’s individuality and attachment to parents * makes decisions for child * rarely listens to child’s pov Characteristics of child: anxious, unhappy, low self-esteem and self-reliance, react with hostility and force, act out, boys show high rates of anger, do poorly in school, Authoritative: * is warm, responsive, attentive, and sensitive to the child’s needs * engages in adaptive behavioral control, makes reasonable demands for mature behavior and consistently enforces and explains them * permits the child to make decisions in accordance with with readiness * encourages the child to express thoughts, feelings, and desires * when parent and child disagree, engages in joint decision making Characteristics of children: upbeat mood, self-control, task persistence, cooperativeness, high self esteem, social and moral maturity, and favorable school performance

Answer 17

Gender stereotyping: widely held beliefs or expectations about how males and females should behave, look, and think based on their gender

Answer 18

… conscience, or superego, that causes children to feel too much guilt because they have been threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults.

Answer 19

1) Basic Trust VS Mistrust (birth-1yr/infancy) 2) Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt (1-3yrs/toddlerhood) 3) Initiative VS Guilt (3-6yrs/early childhood) 4) Industry VS Inferiority (6-12yrs/middle childhood) 5) Identity VS Role Confusion (12-18yrs/adolescence) 6) Intimacy VS Isolation (18-40yrs/young adulthood) 7) Generativity VS Stagnation (40-65yrs/middle adulthood) 8) Integrity VS Despair (65+/late adulthood)

Answer 20

* infancy Basic trust versus mistrust: From warm, responsive care, infants gain a sense of trust, or confidence, that the world is good. Mistrust occurs if infants are neglected or handled harshly, baby will b protect themselves by withdrawing from people and things around her

Answer 21

* toddlerhood parents can foster autonomy by permitting reasonable free choice and not forcing or shaming the child. Success leads to feelings of autonomy and independence, while failure leads to feelings of shame & doubt, this can happen if parents are too under/over controlling or set the bar too high

Answer 22

* early childhood Initiative — a sense of ambition and responsibility — develops when parents support their child’s sense of purpose. If parents demand too much self-control, children experience excessive guilt

Answer 23

* Middle Childhood At school, children learn to work and cooperate with others. Inferiority develops when negative experiences at home, at school, or with peers lead to feelings of incompetence

Answer 24

* adolescence By exploring values and vocational goals, young people form a personal identity. The negative outcome is confusion about future adult roles.

Answer 25

* early adulthood Young adults establish intimate relationships. Because of earlier disappointments, some individuals cannot form close bonds and remain isolated.

Answer 26

* middle adulthood Generativity means giving to the next generation through child rearing, caring for others, or productive work. The person who fails in these ways feels an absence of meaningful accomplishment (stagnation)

Answer 27

* old age/late adulthood Integrity results from feeling that life was worth living as it happened. Older people who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death.

Answer 28

Empathy: The ability to understand another’s emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way Prosocial/altruistic behavior: Actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self When individuals feel empathy for others, they are more likely to engage in behaviors that benefit them. For instance, if you feel empathy for a friend who is upset, you might offer comfort, listen to their concerns, or help in any way you can without expecting anything back

Answer 29

Actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation * infants engage in social referencing beginning at 8-10 months

Answer 30

Popular-prosocial: are well liked and admired combine academic and social confidence ***Popular-antisocial: are socially adept but are belligerent ignore or spread rumors about others as children grow older, they begin to like popular-antisocial individuals less and less Rejected-aggressive : high rates of physical conflict and relational aggression Rejected-withdrawn: passive and socially awkward worry a lot about being scorned or attacked Popular, rejected, controversial, and neglected

Answer 31

Imaginary audience: Adolescents’ belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern. Personal fable: Adolescents’ inflated opinion of their own importance—a feeling that they are special and unique.

Answer 32

Both are serious eating disorders Bulimia Nervosa: An eating disorder in which individuals, mainly females, engage in binge eating, followed by compensatory efforts to avoid weight gain, such as deliberate vomiting, purging with laxatives, excessive exercise, or fasting. Anorexia Nervosa: An eating disorder in which young people, mainly females, starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat and an extremely distorted body image * even after gaining weight, see themselves as too heavy

Answer 33

1) identity achievement 2) identity moratorium 3) identity foreclosure 4) identity diffusion

Answer 34

Having explored alternatives, identity-achieved individuals are committed to clearly formulated self-chosen values and goals. They feel a sense of psychological well-being, of sameness through time, and of knowing where they are going. Example: When asked about her willingness to give up pursuing her chosen occupation if something better came along, Lauren responded, “Well, I might, but I doubt it. I’ve thought long and hard about law as a career. I’m pretty certain it’s for me.”

Answer 35

Moratorium means “delay or holding pattern.” These individuals have not yet made definite commitments. They are in the process of exploring—gathering information and trying out activities, with the desire to find values and goals to guide their lives Example: When asked whether he had ever had doubts about his religious beliefs, Ramón said, “Yes, I guess I’m going through that right now. I just don’t see how there can be a God and yet so much evil in the world.”

Answer 36

Identity-foreclosed individuals have committed themselves to values and goals without exploring alternatives. They accept a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority figures—usually parents but sometimes teachers, religious leaders, or romantic partners. Example: When asked if she had ever reconsidered her political beliefs, Emily answered, “No, not really, our family is pretty much in agreement on these things.”

Answer 37

Identity-diffused individuals lack clear direction. They are not committed to values and goals, nor are they actively trying to reach them. They may never have explored alternatives or may have found the task too threatening and overwhelming. Example: When asked about his attitude toward nontraditional gender roles, Justin responded, “Oh, I don’t know. It doesn’t make much difference to me. I can take it or leave it.”

Answer 38

The strongest evidence for this view comes from research showing that human cells allowed to divide in the laboratory have a lifespan of 50 divisions, plus or minus 10 (Hayflick, 1998). With each, a special type of DNA called telomeres—located at the ends of chromosomes, serving as a “cap” to protect the ends from destruction—shortens. Eventually, so little remains that the cells no longer duplicate at all. Telomere shortening acts as a brake against somatic mutations (such as those involved in cancer), which become more likely as cells duplicate. But an increase in the number of senescent cells (ones with short telomeres) also contributes to age-related disease, loss of function, and earlier mortality

Answer 39

Traditional * Clear division of roles * Women: cares for husband, children, home * Man: head of house; responsible for economic well-being Egalitarian: * Partners are equal * Share power and authority * Balance in attention to jobs, children, home * enhance men and women marital satisfaction

Answer 40

childbearing motivation warm, affectionate relationship and opportunities for care and teaching that children provide carry on legacy sense of accomplishment

Answer 41

The believe that inanimate objects have life like qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions Egocentric during the pre-operational stage is responsible for antimistic thinking

Answer 42

Middle Adulthood: Cancer and cardiovascular disease (cancer is number one) Early Adulthood: heart disease

Answer 43

Gender roles become more traditional

Answer 44

Infancy: Birth - 1 Toddlerhood: 1 - 3 Early Childhood: 3 - 6 Middle Childhood: 6 - 11 Adolescence: 11 - 18 Early Adulthood: 18 - 40 Middle Adulthood : 40 - 65 Late Adulthood: 65+

Answer 45

(late adulthood) DSC - A predictable pattern of interaction in which caregivers attend to older adults’ dependent behaviors immediately, thereby reinforcing those behaviors, while ignoring independent behaviors IIS - A predictable pattern of interaction in which older adults’ independent behaviors are mostly ignored and, as a result, occur less often Both reinforce dependent behavior at the expense of independent behavior, regardless of the older person’s competencies Both are revealed by observations of people interacting with older adults in private homes and institutions

Answer 46

Social theories of aging offer explanations for changes in aging adult’s social activity social Continuity theory: A social theory of aging that states that most aging adults, in their choice of everyday activities and social relationships, strive to maintain a personal system—an identity and a set of personality dispositions, interests, roles, and skills—that promotes life satisfaction by ensuring consistency between their past and anticipated future. Dumbed down: proposes that older adults strive to maintain a sense of consistency in their lives by preserving their habits, relationships, and social roles as much as possible. People age best when they can continue to do what they have always done, even as they adapt to physical or social changes. Example: An elderly person who enjoyed socializing might continue to attend gatherings, even if they now require a bit more assistance Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: A social theory of aging that states that social interaction in late adulthood extends lifelong selection processes. Aging leads to an increased emphasis on the emotion-regulating function of social interaction, causing older adults to prefer familiar social partners with whom they have developed pleasurable relationships. Dumbed Down: Suggests that as people age, their social goals and priorities change. Specifically, older adults tend to focus more on emotionally meaningful relationships and experiences Example: A person in their 60s might decide to spend more time with close family and lifelong friends, focusing on enjoying the present moment, rather than trying to make new acquaintances or expand their social circle

Answer 47

A form of reminiscence, —calling up past experiences with the goal of achieving greater self-understanding. Usually for the purpose of increasing self-esteem, greater sense of purpose in life, and reduced depression.

Answer 48

According to Joan Erikson, a psychosocial stage representing development beyond ego integrity, characterized by a cosmic and transcendent perspective directed beyond the self to affinity with past and future generations and oneness with the universe. A shift in how older people see the world and themselves as they age. As people grow older, they might start to focus less on material things or day-to-day struggles and more on deeper, spiritual, or meaningful aspects of life

Answer 49

Late adulthood??? Could also be during early adulthood before having children Could also be after the “empty nest “ during middle adulthood