Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CFS > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the assumptions of the lifespan perspective?

A
  1. Development is lifelong
    - cognitive physical, social, emotional events affect development in all periods of life
  2. Development is multidimensional and multi-directional
    - multidimensional - challenges of development are affected by physical/social/emotional factors
    - multidirectional - development can be linear but not always (can incline and decline)
  3. Development is plastic
    - performance remain flexible even with advancing age
    - development finds ways around limitation
  4. Development is influenced by multiple factors
    - age graded, history graded, and non normative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sociocultural theory

A

A theory that explores how society and culture influence an individual’s development.
Lev Vygotsky believed in the importance of social interaction between children and adults
- is both continuous and—discontinuous
- impacted by transmission of culture to new generation
- socialism is necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bronfenbreners ecological systems theory

A
  1. Microsystem; immediate environment
  2. Mesosystem; childcare, school, neighborhood
  3. Exosystem; friends, family, local gov
  4. Macrosystem; culture, social conditions
  5. Chronosystems; changes in life like divorces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Research methods; systematic observation

A
  1. Naturalistic observation; in the natural environment where the behavior happens
    - reflects participants everyday lives
    - can not control conditions under which participants are observed
  2. Structured observation; is controlled, in a lab where situation is set up to evoke behavior of interest
    - may not yield observations typical of participants behavior in everyday life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Research Method: Clinical / case study

A
  • brings together a wide range of info on one person
  • interviews, observations, test scores
  • provides rich descriptive insights into factors that affect development
  • may be biased
  • can only be applied to participant in study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ethnography

A

Participant observation
* goal is to understand culture or social group
* descriptive and qualitative technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

General research designs

A
  1. Correlational
    * reveals relationships between variables
    * does not reveal cause and affect
  2. Experimental
    * allows cause and effect statements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe longitudinal and cross sectional studies (developmental research designs)

A
  1. Longitudinal - participants studies repeatedly at different ages
  2. Cross sectional - participants at differing ages studies at the same point in time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define developmental science

A

Studying change and constancy through lifespan. Its an attempt to find universal patterns of how and why people change overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is developmental science scientific, applied, and interdisciplinary?

A
  • scientific because it uses rigorous research methods to study human development across the lifespan, drawing from various disciplines like psychology, biology, and sociology to understand the complex interactions influencing development
  • applied as the knowledge gained can be used to inform interventions and policies to promote healthy development in different life stages
  • interdisciplinary because it integrates perspectives and findings from multiple fields like neuroscience, genetics, anthropology, and education to gain a holistic view of development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does continuous or discontinuous development refer to?

A

Continuous - A process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with
* Trees have a continuous development process
Discontinuous - A process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at different times
* Caterpillars have a discontinuous development process, it happens in stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the age-old nature–nurture controversy refer to?

A

The nature versus nurture debate is a long-standing argument about how much of a person’s characteristics are due to genetics (nature) versus environmental factors (nurture). Are genetic or environmental factors more important in development?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

History graded influences

A

significant events or societal trends that occur within a specific historical period and impact the development of a large portion of the population during that time, essentially shaping their lives based on the broader historical context they grew up in
Example: economical depression, covid 19 pandemic, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nonnormative influences

A

Events that are irregular, they happen to just one person or few people and do not follow a predictable timetable
Example: cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Age-graded influences

A

Events that are strongly related to age and therefore are predictable in when they occur and how long they last
Example: puberty, menopause, when babies walk, when teens get drivers license, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that store and transmit information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Synapses

A

the gaps between neurons, across which chemical messages are sent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

A process in which neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their synapses and are returned to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic description of an individual, complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influence unique characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phenotype

A

how the genes are expressed, directly observable characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four daughter cells that each have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Mitosis is important for growth and replacing damaged or dead cells, while meiosis is required for sexual reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What determines the sex of the baby?

A

The 23rd pair of chromosomes determine the sex of a baby
Egg: All eggs have an X chromosome.
Sperm: Sperm can have either an X or Y chromosome.
Sex of the baby: If the sperm that fertilizes the egg has an X chromosome, the baby will be female (XX). If the sperm has a Y chromosome, the baby will be male (XY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

X-linked inheritance

A

a way a genetic trait or condition can be passed down from parent to child through mutations (changes) in a gene on the X chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Range of Reaction

A

the extent to which genetically determined limits on IQ may increase or decrease due to environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Three types of genetic-environmental correlations
- Passive correlation: child has no control over environment (example: a parent who is a musician might influence a child to play an instrument - Evocative correlation - refers to how the social environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics. (example; Angela who is cooperative and attentive will receive a more patient relationship from her parents than her brother who is hyper) - Active correlation - occurs when an individual selects environments based on genetically influenced traits. For example, students with greater intellectual abilities may select classes that are more challenging, which further increases their knowledge
26
What does genetic-environment correlation mean?
The idea that individuals genes influence the environment to which they are exposed
27
What services do genetic counselors provide?
Helps couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals
28
How are dizygotic twins different from monozygotic twins?
Identical/monozygotic - result when a single zygote separates to form two individuals Fraternal/Dizygotic - result from the release and fertilization of two ova
29
Conception
Conception happens when sperm swims up through the vagina and fertilizes an egg in the fallopian tube.
30
Period of the zygote
Germinal Period: First 14 Days (OCCURS IN FIRST TRIMESTER) Zygote begins duplication and division with hours of conception * Develop development of placenta * Implantation (about 10 days after conception) * Organism grows rapidly * It can be known as “the most dangerous journey” because in the first 10 days after conception, the organism does not increase in size because it is not yet nourished by the mother. (Implantation occurs after the 10 days)
31
Period of the embryo
Embryonic Period: Weeks 3 - 8 (OCCURS IN FIRST TRIMESTER) Embryo * Primitive streak becomes the neural tube and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS * Head takes shape * Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form * Heart begins to pulsate * Extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate * Growth occurs in a cephalocaudal matter from head to toe * Growth occurs in a proximal distal pattern
32
Period of the fetus
The Fetus: From Ninth Week Until Birth * rapid growth with considerable variation Average: three months; 3 ounces; 3 inches * 9th week: SRY triggers development of sex organs * 3rd month: Neurological sex differences begin
33
Age of viability
age at which a preterm may survive outside the mothers uterus if medical care is available (about 22 weeks after conception)
34
Teratogen
an environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period (heredity is important, not all teratogens will affect everyone the same way)
35
What factors influence impact of teratogens:
* dose * Genetic makeup (heredity) * Cumulative effect (other negative influences) * Age at time of exposure
36
When are teratogens most harmful?
During embryonic period
37
Apgar scale? Why is it used? What do the ratings mean?
The Apgar scale assesses the newborn's physical condition after birth. Stands for appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration. Done at minute 1 and then minute 5. A combined rating of 7 means child is in good physical condition (each category is rated 0-2)
38
What are three stages of birth?
* Dilation and effacement of the cervix (longest stage) * Delivery of baby * Delivery of placenta
39
Preterm VS small-for-date infants
Preterm: at be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy Small-for-date: below expected weight for length of pregnancy
40
Kangaroo care
Child is carried around skin to skin
41
What do we know about the infant’s senses at birth? How well developed are each?
Touch: sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, and genttals. Highly sensitive to pain Taste and smell: prefer sweet tastes, quickly learn to like new tastes, can identify mother by smell Hearing: can hear variety of sounds before and after birth, sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn new languages Vision: least developed sense, unable to see long distance, unable to focus clearly, prefers bright over gray
42
Mirror neurons
Specialized cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex in primates that may underlie early imitative capacities by firing identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out the action on its own.
43
Skeletal age
Skeletal age, also known as bone age, is a measure of a person's skeletal maturity. It's determined by taking an X-ray of the hand and wrist and comparing it to a standard atlas of bone development
44
Reflexes of a newborn
rooting (stroking head) Sucking Moro ( falling) Palmar grasp Stepping
45
Ulnar grasp
Fingers close against the palm
46
Pincer grasp
Thumb to index finger
47
Be familiar with the habituation technique. What does habituation mean?
gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.
48
What is intermodal perception? What do amodal sensory properties refer to?
The process of making sense of simultaneous input from more than one modality, or sensory system, perceiving these separate streams of information as an integrated whole
49
What is depth perception?
the ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves (plexiglass example)
50
What do we know about brain plasticity? What does brain plasticity mean?
the capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and ultimately its function over a lifetime
51
What is the largest, most complex brain structure?
Cerebral cortex
52
Distinguish between experience expectant and experience dependent growth patterns.
Expectant: The young brain’s rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences—opportunities to explore the environment, interact with people, and hear language and other sounds. Distinguished from experience-dependent brain growth. Dependent: Growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures. Distinguished from experience-expectant brain growth.
53
What is the difference between cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth patterns?
Cephalocaudal; Growth pattern that proceeds from the upper to the lower part of the brain Proximodistal; growth that occurs near to far or center of the body to outward
54
Advantages of breastfeeding
* provides the correct balance of fat and protein * Ensures nutritional completeness * Helps ensure healthy physical growth * Protects against many diseases
55
How long does WHO recommend breastfeeding?
Until age two with solid foods added at 6 months
56
What is underextension? Can you think of a couple of examples? What about overextension?
Underextension: An early vocabulary error in which toddlers apply a word too narrowly, to a smaller number of objects and events than is appropriate. Overextension: An early vocabulary error in which young children apply a word too broadly, to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate. Example: calling trucks, cars, and trains “buses”
57
What is telegraphic speech? When does it emerge?
Toddlers’ two-word utterances that, like a telegram, focus on high-content words while omitting smaller, less important words. Emerges when toddlers produce 200 to 250 words.
58
What are the characteristics of good quality child care?
Physical setting Toys and equipment Caregiver - child ratio Daily activities Interaction among adults and children Caregiver qualifications Relationships with parents Licensing and accreditation
59
What should parents do to support children’s early language development?
With infants: respond to coos/babbles, establish joint attention, use infant directed speech, play social games With toddlers: engage in joint make-believe, engage in frequent conversation, read often and talk about books
60
What does the violation-of-expectation method tell us?
infants have a greater understanding of objects than Piaget thought
61
Know the difference between accommodation and assimilation
Accommodation; we create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely Assimilation: we use our current schemes to interpret the external world
62
Know the six substages of the sensorimotor period
* Reflexive schemes: birth-1 month, newborn reflexes * Primary circular reactions: 1-4 months, simple motor habits centered around own body * Secondary circular reactions: 4-8 months, repetition of interesting effects; imitation of familiar behaviors * Coordination of secondary circular reactions: 8-12 months, intentional goal directed behavior, beginning object permanence * Tertiary circular reactions: 12-18 months, exploration of object properties through novel actions * Mental representations; 18 - 2 yrs, internal depictions of objects and events, advanced object permanence
63
What is the core knowledge perspective?
A perspective that states that infants are born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought, each of which permits a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development of cognition
64
What does information processing theory have to say about cognitive development during the early years?
development is continuous rather than stage-like

CFS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions