Final Flashcards
What are prescriptive norms?
Norms saying what we should be/do.
Ex: Women should be nurturing
What are prospective norms?
Norms saying what we should not be/do
Ex: Women are not meant to work in STEM fields
What is agentic?
Competence traits like independence, strong, and self confident and typically associated with men
What is communal?
Warmth traits like emotional, helpfulness and kindness typically associated with women
What is essentialism?
Gender is a basic, unchangeable characteristic that stems from biological differences and resides in the individual
(sex and gender are linked and can’t be changed)
What is discrimination?
Treating people differently than others based primarily on membership in a group
Actions
What is prejudice?
Attitude directed towards people because they are members of a group based on emotions
Attitudes
What are stereotypes?
Beliefs and opinions about characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of a group
Beliefs
What are the stages of gender development?
- Gender identity
- Gender stability
- Gender consistency
What is gender identity?
Children label and identify their gender and the gender of others
What is gender stability?
Understanding that gender is stable over time
What is gender consistency?
Understanding that gender remains consistent despite superficial changes in gender
(If I cut my hair short I am still a girl)
What is cisgender?
When your identity matches the gender assigned at birth
What is transgender?
When your identity differs from the gender assigned at birth
What is gender typing?
How children go through the stages of gender development and learn their identities
What are the stages of sex differentiation?
- Chromosomal differentiation
- Gonad development
- Hormone development
- Internal reproductive tract
- External genitalia
What is chromosomal differentiation?
46 in each cell of body; chromosomes start to specialize
What is gonad development?
Sex gland and two internal ducts develop as well as endocrine glands that release sex hormones
What is hormone development
Gonads secrete sex hormones that influence sexual and aggressive behavior
What is the internal reproductive tract for female and male?
Women: Fallopian tube, uterus, vagina
Man: Vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicle, urethra, and prostate
When does the external genitalia develop?
In the 8th to 12th week
What is liberal feminism?
Wants to make change socially and politcally; sees us all the same
What is cultural feminism?
Focuses on gender differences that favor women; we are not all the same but actually women are better
What is radical feminism?
Oppression of women is pervasive at all levels and massive social change is necessary
What is women of color feminism?
Focuses on intersectionality between gender and other categories; change is needed from multiple perspectives
What is blatant discrimination?
Unequal and harmful treatment that is intentional and visible
What is subtle discrimination?
Less visible and obvious discrimination
What is covert discrimination?
Hidden and purposeful discrimination
What are microaggressions?
Small scall everyday behaviors that demean social groups
What is stereotype threat?
Psychological mechanism that can activate things like self doubt, physiological arousal, stress arousal, and other thing that can interfere with attention and working memory
What is stereotype lift?
The group not being stereotypes against does better
What is rumination?
Thinking repetitively about mood and involves reflection and brooding
What is co-rumination?
Two people rumination together?
Women tend to do this
What is unmitigated communion?
Focusing on others and excluding oneself
A female gender role and a key reason to have depression
What is postpartum depression?
Persistent sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest and pleasure in previously enjoyed activities after having a baby
What is postpartum anxiety?
Excessive worry, restlessness, and intrusive thoughts about baby’s safety
What is postpartum psychosis?
Rare and severe disorder with hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking
What is the visual dominance ratio?
The ratio of percentage of time looking into someone’s eyes while speaking vs looking into someone’s eyes while listening
Men have higher expect for times when women have power
What is social distance?
A scale regarding how closely connected you are to people (husband, brother, neighbor…)
What are the two alterations at the chromosomal level of sex differentiation?
Klinefelters and Turners
What is Klinefelters syndrome?
2 or more x and one y chromosome
Boys develop more feminised body in puberty and may be infertile
What is Turners Syndrome?
Single x chromosome that gives women no functioning ovaries and no estrogen
What are the two alterations at the hormone production level of sex differentiation?
Androgen sensitivity
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
What is androgen sensitivity?
Body doesn’t respond normal to androgens
What is Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Genetic female festus exposed to high levels of androgen prenatally resulting in intersex genitals
What is channeling?
Parents create a gendered world for their child through toys purchased, activities chosen, decoration of bedroom
What is modeling?
Demonstrating gendered behavior for children
What are the temperament differences by infant gender
Boys have slightly higher physical activity than girls
Girls have slightly better inhibitory control, attention focus, and perceptual sensitivity than boys
No gender differences in sociability, shyness, soothability, adaptability, emotional intensity and ease of care
What is the hypothalamus for?
Where gedner differences exist in brain because it regulates sex hormone production; signals to pituitary gland which leads menstrual cycle
What is the hippocampus for?
Spatial orientation and memory
What is the frontal lobe for?
Concentrating, language structure, motor cortex
What is the amygdala for?
Emotion processing
What is the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)?
Small section of the hypothalamus that tends to be larger in men
What are the conditions that activate stereotype threat?
- when skills are being evaulated
- when there is competition
- when you are the only woman in the room
- when you write your name and gender on a test
What are some stereotype threat invention models?
- providing role models
- emphasizing effort over innate ability
- reducing cues that trigger the stereotype
Are men or women higher in general intelligence?
No IQ difference
Are men or women higher in verbal ability?
Women
Are men or women higher in spatial ability?
Men
Are men or women higher in memory of facial recognition?
Women
Are men or women higher in reading ability?
Girls better than boys
Are men or women higher in math ability?
Girls slightly underpreform boys and then the differences get better with age
Are men or women higher in multiple choice format test?
Men
Are men or women higher in short and long answer questions?
Women
