Exam 3

Question 1

What is impostor syndrome?

Answer 1

Persistent feelings of self-doubt, inadequacy, and a fear of being exposed as a fraud.

Question 2

What are the findings regarding hiring bias?

Answer 2

Resumes with female names are less likely to receive callbacks for interviews compared to those with male names, particularly in male-dominated fields like STEM and finance.

Question 3

True or False? Women are more often asked about their personal lives including marital status and children.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

True or False? Employers may implicitly be less likely to hire a woman who expresses wanting to start a family due to the possibility of maternity leave.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

By what percentage did male names receive more callbacks than identical resumes with female names?

Answer 5

30%

Question 6

What does ‘agentic’ refer to?

Answer 6

A competence cluster of characteristics: independent, strong, and self-confident (mostly associated with men, but increased agency in women over the past 20 years).

Question 7

What does ‘communal’ refer to?

Answer 7

A warmth-expressive cluster of characteristics: emotional, helpful, and kind (mostly associated with women).

Question 8

What is the glass ceiling?

Answer 8

An invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching the highest levels.

Question 9

What is the sticky floor?

Answer 9

A metaphor used to describe a discriminatory employment pattern that prevents advancements in women’s careers.

Question 10

What is tokenism?

Answer 10

The practice of doing something (such as hiring a person who belongs to a minority group) only to prevent criticism and give the appearance that people are being treated fairly.

Question 11

What is blatant discrimination?

Answer 11

Unequal and harmful treatment that is typically intentional and quite visible.

Question 12

What is subtle discrimination?

Answer 12

Unequal and harmful treatment that is typically less visible and obvious.

Question 13

What are microaggressions?

Answer 13

Small-scale, everyday behaviors that demean other social groups or members of those groups: behavior can be verbal or nonverbal.

Question 14

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 14

In the workplace, occurs when individuals feel at risk of confirming negative stereotypes associated with their social group.

Question 15

What is stereotype lift?

Answer 15

People perform better when they are aware of positive stereotypes about their group.

Question 16

What is rumination?

Answer 16

Compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

Question 17

What is problem-focused coping?

Answer 17

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Question 18

What is emotion-focused coping?

Answer 18

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.

Question 19

What is instrumental behavior?

Answer 19

Actions that are performed with the goal of achieving a specific outcome or goal.

Question 20

What is co-rumination?

Answer 20

When two or more people repeatedly talk about their personal problems, focusing a lot on negative emotions without solving anything.

Question 21

What is unmitigated communication?

Answer 21

Focus on others to the exclusion of the self.

Question 22

What does matrescence refer to?

Answer 22

Motherhood, or the cultural process of becoming a mother.

Question 23

What is postpartum depression?

Answer 23

Persistent sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities. It often manifests within the first few weeks after childbirth but can emerge up to a year later. Physical symptoms such as changes in appetite and sleep patterns might accompany emotional distress.

Question 24

What is postpartum anxiety?

Answer 24

Encompasses a range of anxiety-related conditions, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). New mothers with this disorder may experience excessive worry, restlessness, and intrusive thoughts about their baby’s safety.

Question 25

What is postpartum psychosis?

Answer 25

A severe disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. It typically emerges within the first few weeks after childbirth and requires immediate medical intervention.

Question 26

What are baby blues?

Answer 26

Common, short-lived mood fluctuations affecting up to 80% of new mothers and generally resolve independently within a couple of weeks.

Question 27

What is depression?

Answer 27

A mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in daily activities. It can affect one's thoughts, emotions, behavior, and physical well-being.

Question 28

What is dysthymia?

Answer 28

Now known as persistent depressive disorder, is a chronic form of depression characterized by a low mood lasting for at least two years, with symptoms that are less severe but more enduring than major depression.

Question 29

What is intersectionality?

Answer 29

Considers how overlapping identities- such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status- create unique and compound barriers.

Question 30

What is the workplace impact of intersectionality?

Answer 30

Women from marginalized groups often face additional biases beyond gender, influencing access to resources, advancement, workplace inclusion.

Question 31

What are compound stereotypes and discrimination in intersectionality?

Answer 31

Women of color may experience both racial and gender stereotypes, which can lead to greater scrutiny and fewer opportunities for leadership. Studies indicate that Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous women face higher unemployment rates and earn significantly less than both white women and men of all racial backgrounds.

Question 32

What are representation gaps in intersectionality?

Answer 32

Women of color are underrepresented in leadership roles and high-earning fields, often due to hiring and evaluation biases that limit advancement opportunities. Women of color hold less than 5% of senior management roles in US corporations.

Question 33

What was the aim of Moss-Racusin et al. (2012)?

Answer 33

To investigate gender disparities in academic science.

Question 34

What was the method of Moss-Racusin et al. (2012)?

Answer 34

The researchers recruited 127 science faculty members (in biology, chemistry, and physics) from research-intensive universities in the USA, and had them read and rate an application for a laboratory position at the university. The application itself was randomly assigned either a man's (John) or a woman's (Jennifer) name. The science faculty participants included both men and women as participants. The participants were asked to rate the applicant on three main criteria: competence, hireability, willingness to mentor. The participants were also asked to offer a starting salary for the applicant.

Question 35

What were the results of Moss-Racusin et al. (2012)?

Answer 35

Although the applications were identical, the faculty participants rated the applicant with the man's name as more competent and hireable than the candidate with the woman's name, and also offered a higher starting salary and more potentials for mentoring. Further, this discrimination was evident in the science faculty participants regardless of their own gender - both men and women discriminated against the woman applicant.

Question 36

What were the results of the recommendation letter studies?

Answer 36

Letters for Men: longer, more references to - CV, publications, patients, and colleagues. Letters for Women: shorter, more references to personal life, more 'doubt raisers.'

Question 37

What were the stereotype threat studies on Black and White students?

Answer 37

Black students underperform compared to their white peers when the negative stereotype/expectation is activated. Black and white students perform the same when negative stereotypes/expectations aren't activated.

Question 38

What is the threat in stereotype threat studies?

Answer 38

Being told if the test was a 'test of intelligence' or not.

Question 39

What were the stereotype threat studies on men and women?

Answer 39

Women perform more poorly on stereotype-relevant tests when they performed a test following body objectification (wearing swimsuit) compared to men.

Question 40

True or False? Information about group performance can provide a performance boost for members of non-stereotyped groups.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

When does stereotype threat occur: Evaluation?

Answer 41

This test is diagnostic of your ability.

Question 42

When does stereotype threat occur: Competition?

Answer 42

Your grade is based on how you compare to your classmates.

Question 43

When does stereotype threat occur: Numeric Representation?

Answer 43

You're the only woman in the room.

Question 44

When does stereotype threat occur: Numeric Identity Salience?

Answer 44

Write your name, gender on test.

Question 45

How can stereotype threat manifest?

Answer 45

Performance anxiety in stereotype-associated tasks, self-doubt and underrepresentation in leadership roles, avoidance of high-risk opportunities, increased feelings of imposter syndrome.

Question 46

Why does stereotype threat occur?

Answer 46

Negative stereotypes are activated, leading to physiological stress response and a negative cycle of thoughts and emotions.

Question 47

What are interventions for stereotype threat?

Answer 47

Creating a supportive and inclusive environment, providing positive role models, utilizing value affirmation exercises, promoting a growth mindset, removing situational cues that trigger negative stereotypes.

Question 48

What are the skill comparisons by gender in intelligence?

Answer 48

No gender difference in IQ scores, women are better than men at racial recognition and verbal abilities, girls are better at reading difficult texts than boys.

Question 49

What are the skill comparisons by gender in spatial ability?

Answer 49

Men better than women at spatial visualization, spatial perception, and mental rotation.

Question 50

What are the skill comparisons by gender in math ability?

Answer 50

No innate gender difference, men are better than women at problem solving in high school.

Question 51

What are the skill comparisons by gender in SAT scores?

Answer 51

Men did better overall compared to women, boys performed better on multiple-choice questions, girls performed better on short-long answer format questions.

Question 52

What is the expectancy-value theory - Eccles model?

Answer 52

Explains motivation by suggesting that people are motivated to engage in tasks based on two factors: expectancy (how likely they think they are to succeed in the task) and value (how much they care about the outcome or goal).

Question 53

What is the motive to avoid success?

Answer 53

A hypothesized fear of success that leads people to avoid being successful.

Question 54

What are gender disparities in mental health?

Answer 54

Women are 2x more likely to be depressed compared to men, men have an earlier onset of schizophrenia, women exhibit more severe symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Question 55

What are the symptoms of depression?

Answer 55

Depressed, sad, empty or hopeless mood, loss of interest or pleasure in all or nearly all activities, significant increase or decrease in appetite and/or weight, sleeping too much or too little, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, thinking about death, suicidal ideation, or even attempting suicide.

Question 56

True or False? The lifetime prevalence of depression is higher for men than women.

Answer 56

False. Women have a higher prevalence at 15.9%.

Question 57

What are the symptoms of antenatal and postnatal depression?

Answer 57

Anxiety, panic attacks, difficulty sleeping, crying, lack of interest in new child.

Question 58

What are the descriptions of antenatal and postnatal depression?

Answer 58

Begins within four weeks of giving birth. Hormonal changes during pregnancy + marital disharmony + inadequate social support + financial difficulties = increased risk.

Question 59

What is the rate of antenatal and postnatal depression?

Answer 59

10% of mothers.

Question 60

What is the vulnerability-stress model?

Answer 60

Approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce specific mental disorders, such as depression.

Question 61

What is affective vulnerability in depression?

Answer 61

Temperament: negative emotionality.

Question 62

What is biological vulnerability in depression?

Answer 62

Genetics - 5-HTTLPR gene, s/s genotype, pubertal timing (early puberty for girls causes a higher risk for depression).

Question 63

What is cognitive vulnerability in depression?

Answer 63

Negative cognitive style: a tendency to respond to negative events with the belief that negative events are: not changing, have broad negative consequences, attributable to aspects of oneself.

Question 64

What does the ABC model focus on?

Answer 64

The cognitive process of how beliefs about events lead to emotional and behavioral outcomes.

Question 65

What does the BAC model emphasize?

Answer 65

The cyclical relationship between behavior, emotion, and cognition, often used to analyze how each of these elements affects the others.

Question 66

What are the consequences of matrescence for health?

Answer 66

Can cause mental health challenges such as postpartum depression, anxiety, and stress as motherhood can be an overwhelming transition. Sleep deprivation can impair cognitive function, memory, and focus in the short term, and grey matter decreases.

Question 67

Who are those at highest risk for maternal death?

Answer 67

Non-Hispanic black women are at highest risk of pregnancy-related death, 40+ year old women are at highest risk of maternal death, black women with only a high school diploma are at highest risk.

Question 68

What are the leading causes of pregnancy-related death by race, age, and education level?

Answer 68

Mental health conditions (including deaths to suicide and overdose/SUD) (23%), excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) (14%), cardiac and coronary conditions (13%), infection (9%), thrombotic embolism (blood clot) (9%), cardiomyopathy (9%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (7%).

Question 69

What is the scarcity hypothesis?

Answer 69

Excessive role responsibilities deplete the individual's limited supply of time and energy and, consequently, can lead to stress.

Question 70

What is the expansionist hypothesis?

Answer 70

Multiple roles are good for mental health because they provide more opportunities for stimulation, self-esteem, etc.