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PSY of Women > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is impostor syndrome?

A

Persistent feelings of self-doubt, inadequacy, and a fear of being exposed as a fraud.

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2
Q

What are the findings regarding hiring bias?

A

Resumes with female names are less likely to receive callbacks for interviews compared to those with male names, particularly in male-dominated fields like STEM and finance.

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3
Q

True or False? Women are more often asked about their personal lives including marital status and children.

A

True

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4
Q

True or False? Employers may implicitly be less likely to hire a woman who expresses wanting to start a family due to the possibility of maternity leave.

A

True

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5
Q

By what percentage did male names receive more callbacks than identical resumes with female names?

A

30%

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6
Q

What does ‘agentic’ refer to?

A

A competence cluster of characteristics: independent, strong, and self-confident (mostly associated with men, but increased agency in women over the past 20 years).

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7
Q

What does ‘communal’ refer to?

A

A warmth-expressive cluster of characteristics: emotional, helpful, and kind (mostly associated with women).

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8
Q

What is the glass ceiling?

A

An invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching the highest levels.

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9
Q

What is the sticky floor?

A

A metaphor used to describe a discriminatory employment pattern that prevents advancements in women’s careers.

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10
Q

What is tokenism?

A

The practice of doing something (such as hiring a person who belongs to a minority group) only to prevent criticism and give the appearance that people are being treated fairly.

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11
Q

What is blatant discrimination?

A

Unequal and harmful treatment that is typically intentional and quite visible.

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12
Q

What is subtle discrimination?

A

Unequal and harmful treatment that is typically less visible and obvious.

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13
Q

What are microaggressions?

A

Small-scale, everyday behaviors that demean other social groups or members of those groups: behavior can be verbal or nonverbal.

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14
Q

What is stereotype threat?

A

In the workplace, occurs when individuals feel at risk of confirming negative stereotypes associated with their social group.

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15
Q

What is stereotype lift?

A

People perform better when they are aware of positive stereotypes about their group.

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16
Q

What is rumination?

A

Compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

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17
Q

What is problem-focused coping?

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

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18
Q

What is emotion-focused coping?

A

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.

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19
Q

What is instrumental behavior?

A

Actions that are performed with the goal of achieving a specific outcome or goal.

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20
Q

What is co-rumination?

A

When two or more people repeatedly talk about their personal problems, focusing a lot on negative emotions without solving anything.

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21
Q

What is unmitigated communication?

A

Focus on others to the exclusion of the self.

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22
Q

What does matrescence refer to?

A

Motherhood, or the cultural process of becoming a mother.

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23
Q

What is postpartum depression?

A

Persistent sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities. It often manifests within the first few weeks after childbirth but can emerge up to a year later. Physical symptoms such as changes in appetite and sleep patterns might accompany emotional distress.

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24
Q

What is postpartum anxiety?

A

Encompasses a range of anxiety-related conditions, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). New mothers with this disorder may experience excessive worry, restlessness, and intrusive thoughts about their baby’s safety.

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25
Q

What is postpartum psychosis?

A

A severe disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. It typically emerges within the first few weeks after childbirth and requires immediate medical intervention.

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26
Q

What are baby blues?

A

Common, short-lived mood fluctuations affecting up to 80% of new mothers and generally resolve independently within a couple of weeks.

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27
Q

What is depression?

A

A mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in daily activities. It can affect one’s thoughts, emotions, behavior, and physical well-being.

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28
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

Now known as persistent depressive disorder, is a chronic form of depression characterized by a low mood lasting for at least two years, with symptoms that are less severe but more enduring than major depression.

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29
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

Considers how overlapping identities- such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status- create unique and compound barriers.

30
Q

What is the workplace impact of intersectionality?

A

Women from marginalized groups often face additional biases beyond gender, influencing access to resources, advancement, workplace inclusion.

31
Q

What are compound stereotypes and discrimination in intersectionality?

A

Women of color may experience both racial and gender stereotypes, which can lead to greater scrutiny and fewer opportunities for leadership. Studies indicate that Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous women face higher unemployment rates and earn significantly less than both white women and men of all racial backgrounds.

32
Q

What are representation gaps in intersectionality?

A

Women of color are underrepresented in leadership roles and high-earning fields, often due to hiring and evaluation biases that limit advancement opportunities. Women of color hold less than 5% of senior management roles in US corporations.

33
Q

What was the aim of Moss-Racusin et al. (2012)?

A

To investigate gender disparities in academic science.

34
Q

What was the method of Moss-Racusin et al. (2012)?

A

The researchers recruited 127 science faculty members (in biology, chemistry, and physics) from research-intensive universities in the USA, and had them read and rate an application for a laboratory position at the university. The application itself was randomly assigned either a man’s (John) or a woman’s (Jennifer) name. The science faculty participants included both men and women as participants. The participants were asked to rate the applicant on three main criteria: competence, hireability, willingness to mentor. The participants were also asked to offer a starting salary for the applicant.

35
Q

What were the results of Moss-Racusin et al. (2012)?

A

Although the applications were identical, the faculty participants rated the applicant with the man’s name as more competent and hireable than the candidate with the woman’s name, and also offered a higher starting salary and more potentials for mentoring. Further, this discrimination was evident in the science faculty participants regardless of their own gender - both men and women discriminated against the woman applicant.

36
Q

What were the results of the recommendation letter studies?

A

Letters for Men: longer, more references to - CV, publications, patients, and colleagues. Letters for Women: shorter, more references to personal life, more ‘doubt raisers.’

37
Q

What were the stereotype threat studies on Black and White students?

A

Black students underperform compared to their white peers when the negative stereotype/expectation is activated. Black and white students perform the same when negative stereotypes/expectations aren’t activated.

38
Q

What is the threat in stereotype threat studies?

A

Being told if the test was a ‘test of intelligence’ or not.

39
Q

What were the stereotype threat studies on men and women?

A

Women perform more poorly on stereotype-relevant tests when they performed a test following body objectification (wearing swimsuit) compared to men.

40
Q

True or False? Information about group performance can provide a performance boost for members of non-stereotyped groups.

A

True

41
Q

When does stereotype threat occur: Evaluation?

A

This test is diagnostic of your ability.

42
Q

When does stereotype threat occur: Competition?

A

Your grade is based on how you compare to your classmates.

43
Q

When does stereotype threat occur: Numeric Representation?

A

You’re the only woman in the room.

44
Q

When does stereotype threat occur: Numeric Identity Salience?

A

Write your name, gender on test.

45
Q

How can stereotype threat manifest?

A

Performance anxiety in stereotype-associated tasks, self-doubt and underrepresentation in leadership roles, avoidance of high-risk opportunities, increased feelings of imposter syndrome.

46
Q

Why does stereotype threat occur?

A

Negative stereotypes are activated, leading to physiological stress response and a negative cycle of thoughts and emotions.

47
Q

What are interventions for stereotype threat?

A

Creating a supportive and inclusive environment, providing positive role models, utilizing value affirmation exercises, promoting a growth mindset, removing situational cues that trigger negative stereotypes.

48
Q

What are the skill comparisons by gender in intelligence?

A

No gender difference in IQ scores, women are better than men at racial recognition and verbal abilities, girls are better at reading difficult texts than boys.

49
Q

What are the skill comparisons by gender in spatial ability?

A

Men better than women at spatial visualization, spatial perception, and mental rotation.

50
Q

What are the skill comparisons by gender in math ability?

A

No innate gender difference, men are better than women at problem solving in high school.

51
Q

What are the skill comparisons by gender in SAT scores?

A

Men did better overall compared to women, boys performed better on multiple-choice questions, girls performed better on short-long answer format questions.

52
Q

What is the expectancy-value theory - Eccles model?

A

Explains motivation by suggesting that people are motivated to engage in tasks based on two factors: expectancy (how likely they think they are to succeed in the task) and value (how much they care about the outcome or goal).

53
Q

What is the motive to avoid success?

A

A hypothesized fear of success that leads people to avoid being successful.

54
Q

What are gender disparities in mental health?

A

Women are 2x more likely to be depressed compared to men, men have an earlier onset of schizophrenia, women exhibit more severe symptoms of bipolar disorder.

55
Q

What are the symptoms of depression?

A

Depressed, sad, empty or hopeless mood, loss of interest or pleasure in all or nearly all activities, significant increase or decrease in appetite and/or weight, sleeping too much or too little, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, thinking about death, suicidal ideation, or even attempting suicide.

56
Q

True or False? The lifetime prevalence of depression is higher for men than women.

A

False. Women have a higher prevalence at 15.9%.

57
Q

What are the symptoms of antenatal and postnatal depression?

A

Anxiety, panic attacks, difficulty sleeping, crying, lack of interest in new child.

58
Q

What are the descriptions of antenatal and postnatal depression?

A

Begins within four weeks of giving birth. Hormonal changes during pregnancy + marital disharmony + inadequate social support + financial difficulties = increased risk.

59
Q

What is the rate of antenatal and postnatal depression?

A

10% of mothers.

60
Q

What is the vulnerability-stress model?

A

Approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce specific mental disorders, such as depression.

61
Q

What is affective vulnerability in depression?

A

Temperament: negative emotionality.

62
Q

What is biological vulnerability in depression?

A

Genetics - 5-HTTLPR gene, s/s genotype, pubertal timing (early puberty for girls causes a higher risk for depression).

63
Q

What is cognitive vulnerability in depression?

A

Negative cognitive style: a tendency to respond to negative events with the belief that negative events are: not changing, have broad negative consequences, attributable to aspects of oneself.

64
Q

What does the ABC model focus on?

A

The cognitive process of how beliefs about events lead to emotional and behavioral outcomes.

65
Q

What does the BAC model emphasize?

A

The cyclical relationship between behavior, emotion, and cognition, often used to analyze how each of these elements affects the others.

66
Q

What are the consequences of matrescence for health?

A

Can cause mental health challenges such as postpartum depression, anxiety, and stress as motherhood can be an overwhelming transition. Sleep deprivation can impair cognitive function, memory, and focus in the short term, and grey matter decreases.

67
Q

Who are those at highest risk for maternal death?

A

Non-Hispanic black women are at highest risk of pregnancy-related death, 40+ year old women are at highest risk of maternal death, black women with only a high school diploma are at highest risk.

68
Q

What are the leading causes of pregnancy-related death by race, age, and education level?

A

Mental health conditions (including deaths to suicide and overdose/SUD) (23%), excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) (14%), cardiac and coronary conditions (13%), infection (9%), thrombotic embolism (blood clot) (9%), cardiomyopathy (9%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (7%).

69
Q

What is the scarcity hypothesis?

A

Excessive role responsibilities deplete the individual’s limited supply of time and energy and, consequently, can lead to stress.

70
Q

What is the expansionist hypothesis?

A

Multiple roles are good for mental health because they provide more opportunities for stimulation, self-esteem, etc.

PSY of Women (4 decks)

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