Exam 2 Flashcards
How many modes of communication are there?
There are four
What are the 4 modes of communication?
- language
- facial expression
- body language
- voice
What is included in the voice mode of communication?
Pitch and hesitation
What is psycholinguistics?
The study of the factors that allow people to acquire, use, and understand language; communicate information
What did the linguist Deborah Tannen (1991) contribute to the gender differences in language use?
- Different cultures hypothesis - men and women communicated as if they were from two different cultures
- Different goals in communication
What were the different goals in communication between women and men?
Women: conversation maintenance (affiliation)
- affiliated goals
Men: conversation dominance
- dominate goals
What are tag questions?
A short phrase is added to a sentence, which turns it into a question
- “It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it?”
What is an example of disclaimers?
“I may be wrong, but…”
What is an example of hedges?
And what is the d value?
Weakens or softens a statement
- “sort of”
- “This is kind of like…”
d= -015
What is an example of intensifers?
And what is the d value?
“Very”, “really”
d= -0.38
What is tentativeness?
Using language such as “sort of” to soften their language
Who did the meta-analysis for tentativeness?
Leaper and Robnett
2011
What did the meta-analysis by Leaper and Robnett for tentativeness say?
That they are context moderates gender differences in tentativeness
- seeing how people act while communicating in public
- Lab studies: d= -0.28
- Naturalistic studies: d= -0.09
What is a form of interruption in language use?
Interjecting
True or False: Women interrupt men more than men interrupt women
False.
Men interrupt women more than women interrupt men
What are the meaning of interruptions?
- Express power, control
- Express disagreement
- Change the subject
- Request clarification
- Express agreement or support
What are the dominating forms of interrupting?
- Express power, control
- Express disagreement
- Change the subject
What are the gender differences in language use in terms of children’s speech?
Girls use more affiliative speech (e.g., praise or agreement) (adopting extreme versions of stereotype) than boys
d= 0.26
Boys use more assertive speech (e.g., criticisms) than girls
d= 0.10
Do gender differences in language use shrink in adulthood?
Yes gender differences do shrink in adulthood
d= -0.12
What are the applications of verbal communication?
Persuade, solve problems, and connect with people
Communicate therapy
What are female-linked topics?
- More references to relationships (e.g., sister, friend, boyfriend)
- More references to emotions (e.g., use of terms and use of emotions)
What are male-linked topics?
- More swearing, references to sports and occupations
- Lacked reference to emotions or positive social relationships
What is the gender stereotype about emotionality?
Cross-culturally, women are stereotyped as the emotional sex
What is the gender stereotype about specific emotions?
Some emotions are stereotyped as “female”, others as “male”