final

Question 1

The major components of
connective tissues are

Answer 1

1. Cells
2. Protein fibers
3. Ground substance

Question 2

Blast cells – (blast means “_____”)

Answer 2

‘maker’
a) Fibroblast – major cell of connective tissue
b) Chondroblast – found in connective tissue, esp. cartilages
c) Osteoblast – found in bone

Question 3

Protein fibers

Answer 3

a) Collagen fibers
b) Elastin fibers
c) Reticular fibers

Question 4

Blast cells are builders or makers.
Their cellular arch-nemesis are the _____ cells,
which are destroyers

Answer 4

clast

Question 5

Collagen

Answer 5

STRENGTH- major protein fiber in the body.
It provides strength and resistance to stress (tensile
strength) to tissue. The more collagen in a tissue, the
stronger it is.

Question 6

Elastin

Answer 6

FLEXABILITY- thin fiber that is like a thin piece of
elastic. The more elastin in a tissue, the better the tissue can elongate and then return to the original length.

Question 7

Reticular Fibers

Answer 7

STRUCTURE- framework or lattice
to support blood vessels and nerves. Sort of nature’s trellis.

Question 8

What Connective Tissue Needs

Answer 8

strength (collagen) , flexibility (elastin), structure (reticular fibers)

Question 9

Ground substance

Answer 9

jelly-like fluid that the cells and fibers are sitting
in; allows movement

Question 10

Stretch

Answer 10

ability to stretch to some
degree without being damaged or torn

Question 11

Plasticity

Answer 11

quality of being plastic, refers to the
tissue’s ability to alter it’s shape/length

More collagen = more plasticity

Question 12

Creep

Answer 12

Connective tissues that are
exposed to steady forces for a
long time will change shape

responsible for postural changes

Question 13

Elasticity

Answer 13

return to their previous length after
stretching, more or less

More elastin = more elasticity

Question 14

Tensile strength

Answer 14

Tensile strength refers
to the ability to withstand stresses in two opposing
directions.

Question 15

Thixotrophy

Answer 15

ground substance changes from a firm gel to a liquid when it’s heated or warmed

ex) honey

Question 16

Piezoelectric

Answer 16

electricity that is caused from pressure.
Soft tissues exhibit the generation of a slight electric charge when they are squeezed or compressed.

Question 17

Colloidal

Answer 17

property of resisting compression yet being malleable. The nature of colloids is that they don’t resist movement if you move SLOWLY through the substance. However, if you attempt to move quickly, the material takes on the property of a solid.

ex) cornstarch and water

Question 18

Wolf’s Law

Answer 18

Bone will change it’s structure to adapt to stress.

Question 19

Foramen,fossa, groove, meatus, sinus

Answer 19

Depressions or openings

Question 20

Condyle, eminence, facet, head

Answer 20

projections that fit into joints

Question 21

Crest, epicondyle, line, spine, trochanter, tubercle,
tuberosity

Answer 21

projects for tendons and ligaments

Question 22

Fibrocartilage

Answer 22

Toughest type

Question 23

Elastic cartilage

Answer 23

Stretchy type

Question 24

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 24

common type

Question 25

Ligaments

Answer 25

BONE TO BONE
Purpose is generally to stabilize a joint.
Ligaments are composed of connective tissue that is
arranged in a cross hatched alignment to provide tensile
strength.

Question 26

Tendons

Answer 26

MUSCLE TO BONE
Purpose is to provide a method of attachment of a muscle
belly to the bone in order to move the bone.
Tendons are composed of connective tissue that is arranged
in a parallel alignment to resist stress in one direction.

Question 27

Flexion/extension

Answer 27

• flexion- angle of a joint becomes smaller;
  occurs in sagittal plane
• extension – opposite
  movement

Question 28

Hyperextension

Answer 28

usually elbows and knees
“Genu recurvatum”

Question 29

Abduction/ Adduction

Answer 29

Abduction – movement
away from the center of
the body in a frontal plane

Adduction – opposite
movement

Question 30

Internal Rotation/External Rotation

Answer 30

Internal rotation – also called
Medial Rotation. Two points on
anterior surface come closer
together.

External rotation – also called
Lateral Rotation. Two points on
posterior surface come closer
together.

Question 31

Pronation-Supination

Answer 31

Foot and hand do this. In the
foot, this term involves
movement in all three planes.

Pronation – turning of foot
or hand so that palmar
surface is toward posterior.

Supination – turning of foot
or hand so that palmar
surface is toward anterior.

Question 32

Dorsiflexion-Plantarflexion

Answer 32

The ankle does this.
Dorsiflexion – top of foot
comes closer to front of shin.
Plantarflexion – bottom of foot
comes closer to back of leg.

Question 33

Horizontal Abduction and Adduction

Answer 33

Horizontal abduction –
The movement away from the
body in a horizontal
plane.
Horizontal adduction –
Movement toward the
body in a horizontal plane

Question 34

Inversion-Eversion

Answer 34

Feet do this.

Inversion – turning of
the sole of the foot inward
at the ankle.

Eversion – opposite
movement. Sole of the
foot moves outward.

Question 35

Protraction-Retraction

Answer 35

These terms are used for scapula and
head movements.

Protraction – arm (and with it the
scapula) or head move forward away
from body in the transverse plane.

Retraction – opposite movement.

Question 36

Spinal Movements

Answer 36

Flexion/extension
Lateral bending or side bending
Rotation

Question 37

Sagittal Plane

Answer 37

flexion/extension

Question 38

Frontal Plane

Answer 38

abduction/adduction

Question 39

Transverse Plane

Answer 39

rotation

Question 40

how can you classify joint

Answer 40

structure and function

Question 41

Synarthrosis (classifying joints by function)

Answer 41

allowing little or no movement

Question 42

Amphiarthrosis (classifying joints by function)

Answer 42

allowing limited movement

Question 43

Diarthrosis (classifying joints by function)

Answer 43

freely moveable

Question 44

Fibrous (classifying joints by structure)

Answer 44

no space, dense tissue holds together

Question 45

Cartilaginous (classifying joints by structure)

Answer 45

no space, held together by cartilage

Question 46

Synovial (classifying joints by structure)

Answer 46

space, held together by a joint capsule

Question 47

Synarthrosis

Answer 47

*A synarthrosis joint is always a fibrous joint,
but fibrous joints may not always be a
synarthrosis joint.
*Allows little/no movement
*Firmly binds bones together

Question 48

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 48

*All cartilaginous joints are
amphiarthrosis, but amphiarthrosis joints
may be either fibrous or cartilaginous.
*Formed by fibrocartilage and hyaline
cartilage
*Limited motion occurs here

Question 49

Diarthrosis

Answer 49

*Fluid-filled cavity between two bones
*Large amounts of movement occur here

Question 50

Nonaxial – carpals –

Answer 50

0 degrees of freedom

Question 51

Uniaxial –elbow –

Answer 51

1 degree of freedom

Question 52

Biaxial – wrist, knee –

Answer 52

2 degrees of freedom

Question 53

Triaxial – hip, shoulder –

Answer 53

3 degrees of freedom

Question 54

7 joint classifications based on joint SHAPE:

Answer 54

1. HINGE
2. PIVOT
3. ELLIPSOID
4. BALL AND SOCKET
5. PLANE
6. SADDLE
7. CONDYLOID

Question 55

Hinge Joint

Answer 55

o Shaped like a door hinge
o One degree of freedom
o Joint between the humerus and ulna
is an example

Question 56

Pivot Joint

Answer 56

o Allows rotation around long axis of bone
o Allows one degree of freedom
o Proximal radio-ulnar joint is an example
o Book uses analogy of doorknob

Question 57

Ellipsoid Joint

Answer 57

o Elongated convex and concave surfaces
o Allows two degrees of freedom
o Radiocarpal joint is example
o Book uses analogy of an egg in your palm

Question 58

Ball and Socket Joint

Answer 58

o Ball and matching cup-like socket
o Allows for three degrees of freedom
o Shoulder and hip are examples

Question 59

Plane Joint

Answer 59

o Articulation between two flat surfaces
of bone.
o Joints slide on each other
o Zero degrees of freedom – nonaxial.
o Joints between the carpals are an
example.
o Book uses the analogy of sliding a book
on a table.

Question 60

Saddle Joint

Answer 60

o Joint surface is concave in one
direction, and convex in the other. Has
an articulating surface that matches
o Allows for two degrees of freedom
o CMC joints are example

Question 61

Condyloid Joint

Answer 61

o Articulation between large rounded
convex end of bone with relatively flat
surface.
o Allows for two degrees of freedom
o Knee joint is an example.
o This one is not described in your book