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Biomechanics > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is a dynamic fluid force

A

a force caused by movement through a fluid

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2
Q

what are the two kinds of dynamic fluid force

A

Drag force and lift force

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3
Q

What is Drag force?

A

The part of dynamic fluid force that acts in the direction opposite to the movement of the object through the fluid

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4
Q

What are the two components of drag force

A

Form drag and surface drag

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5
Q

what is form drag?

A

the portion of drag force that is due to the molecules of the fluid hitting the object

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6
Q

What is surface drag

A

The portion of drag force that is due to the friction between the object and the fluid moving past it

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7
Q

How do you find terminal velocity

A

When the force of gravity is equal to the drag force

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8
Q

What is lift force

A

it’s the force applied on the object that is perpendicular to the direction of travel

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9
Q

How is lift force caused

A

the object hits the fluid down at a certain angle and the fluid pushes back in the same direction.

It is also caused by bernoulli’s principle

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10
Q

What is bernoullis principle

A

Faster moving fluids exert less pressure than slower moving fluids.
So when molecules on one side of an object move faster than the molecules on the other side the object feels the lift force to the side with the faster moving molecules

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11
Q

What is the magnus affect

A

It talks about lift force that occurs with a spinning object. If an object is rotating, one side will be spinning against the direction of fluid flow and the other side will be spinning with the fluid flow. the side that spins against the fluid flow will have greater pressure than the side spinning with the fluid flow. So the object will move toward the low pressure side

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12
Q

What are the four facts about buoyant force

A
  1. It results from immersion in a fluid
  2. Acts upward on the object
  3. Acts at the center of volume
    4, Magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
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13
Q

What is the specific gravity

A

The ratio between an objects weight, and the weight of the same volume of water

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14
Q

What does the C, p, A, and v stand for in the drag force equation

A 
C = coefficient of drag
p = density of the fliud
A = area of the object
v = relative velocity
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15
Q

What are the densities of Water and Air

A 
Air = 1 Kg per meter cubed
Water = 1000 Kg per meter cubed
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16
Q

What is the most important variable in the drag force equation

A

Relative velocity

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17
Q

What determines the coefficient of drag

A

surface (smooth or rough ( rough increases it))

Shape of the object

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18
Q

What is laminar flow

A

Flow that travels in parallel lines, this is what people try to get for better velocity

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19
Q

What is turbulent flow

A

Flow that is all kind of messed up. This can be created behind an unaerodynamic object, creating low pressure behind the object which pulls it backward.

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20
Q

how do you find the force of GraPlastvity

A

Mass * Gravity * sin angle

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21
Q

Understand how a tail wind and a head wind matter

A

it its a head wind you take if off of the total force, if it is a tailwind you add it to the total force

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22
Q

What are the specific gravities of bone water muscle and fat

A 
Bone = 1.15
Water = 1
Muscle = 1.05
Fat = .9
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23
Q

What does laminar and turbulent flow impact

A

form drag

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24
Q

What are the three primary functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Leverage
  2. Support
  3. Protection
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25
Q

What is the purpose of the load deformation curve

A

It shows how much an object deforms with an increasing load

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26
Q

What are the important parts of the load deformation curve

A

Elastic Region
Yield point
Plastic region
Failure point

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27
Q

What is the elastic region of the load deformation curve

A

its the area in the graph during which if the load is removed the object will return back to its original shape without any deformation

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28
Q

What is the yield point of the load deformation curve

A

its the point at which the load is too high and the object becomes to deformed to return to its original shape

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29
Q

What is the plastic region of the load deformation curve

A

The area in the graph for which any increased load leads to deformation that can’t be undone

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30
Q

What is the failure point

A

the point at which the load is too great and the object can’t bear any more load

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31
Q

What does the slope of the slope deformation curve represent

A

the stifness of the object

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32
Q

What is compliance

A

the opposite of stiffness

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33
Q

What is the integral of the load deformation curve

A

Change in energy

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34
Q

What is stress

A

the normalized version of load (normalized to cross sectional area)

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35
Q

What is strain

A

The normalized version of deformation ( normalized to original length)

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36
Q

How is stifness measured

A

stress over strain

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37
Q

What is strentgh

A

the peak load a structure can bear

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38
Q

what is anisotropic character of bone

A

The fact that certain structures respond differently to loads in different directions

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39
Q

What are the three principle stresses

A

Tension
Compression
Shear

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40
Q

What is tension

A

A stress that acts on the long axis of the bone, tends to elongate the bone

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41
Q

What is compression

A

a stress that acts on the long axis of the bone, tends to shorten the bone

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42
Q

What is Shear

A

a stress that is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

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43
Q

What is the viscoelastic property of bone

A

The fact that bone responds to loads of equal magnitude of different rates.

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44
Q

Were humans built for high loading rates or low loading rates

A

high

45
Q

what kind of loads do we bear best and worst

A

Compression best

shear worst

46
Q

What is the approximate composition of bone and what does it do

A

50% minerals - provides compressive strength and stiffness (Mostly calcium)
25% collagen - provides tensile strength and stiffness
25% water - compressive strength and help it heal

47
Q

What are the two types of bone

A

cortical (hard)

cancellus (soft)

48
Q

What are the types of bone cells and what do they do

A

osteocyte - Bone cell
osteoblast - Bone builder
osteoclast - Bone destroyer

49
Q

What is the normal balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

They equally work under normal condition. They are always going. bone Growth = bone resorption

50
Q

What is wolffs law

A

Bone mass will replace itself in the direction and magnitude of the forces on the bone

51
Q

What kinds of exercises help build strong bones

A

workouts with high loads and high frequency

52
Q

What is osteopenia

A

Reduces bone mineral density (less severe)

53
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Reduced bone mineral density (more severe)

54
Q

Who is more likely to suffer from osteoporosis

A

Women

55
Q

What is muscle force

A

The amount of force a muscle contraction creates

56
Q

What is human strength

A

The ability to produce torque

57
Q

What influences a muscles ability to produce muscle force

A
  1. Cross Sectional Area
  2. Muscle design
  3. Fiber length
  4. Contraction velocity
  5. Fiber type
  6. Neural factors
58
Q

What is hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A

Hypertrophy is muscle fibers get bigger

Hyperplasia is getting more muscle fibers (humans don’t do this)

59
Q

how can muscle design affect force

A
  1. In series or parralel
    - Series - greater ROM , less force
    - Parallel - Less Range of motion , greater force
  2. Pennation angle
    - the greater the pennation angle, the greater the force and the less ROM.
60
Q

What is Excursion

A

how much motion the muscle gets

61
Q

Why does pennation increase force

A

you can fit more muscle fibers in,

62
Q

How does fiber length affect force

A

The right amount of myosin actin overlap gives more force than too far stretched or too compressed

63
Q

At what length does tension usually peak out

A

resting length or 120% of resting length

64
Q

How does contraction velocity affect muscle strength

A

faster eccentric contractions produce the greatest force

65
Q

How does fiber type affect muscle strength

A

fast twitch fibers lead to more force

66
Q

How do neural factors affect muscle strength

A

higher firing rate = higher force

more muscle fibers recruited = more force

67
Q

What can EMG do for us

A
  1. Help us understand when muscles are active
  2. help us determine how active muscles are
  3. can help us determine contraction type (eccentric or concentric)
  4. can help us learn about muscle fatigue
68
Q

what is passive muscle tension

A

the tension caused by the strecthing of connective tissue

69
Q

what are the two EMG types

A

surface

indwelling

70
Q

What are the two types of gait analysis

A

Qualitative and quantitative

71
Q

What are the advantages to the different types of gait analysis

A 
Qualitative
- Easy, Fast, cheap
- Easier to interpret
Quantitative
- Very precise
- Easier to compare
72
Q

What makes up a gait cycle

A

Heel strike to the next heel strike of the same foot

73
Q

What are the phases of the gait cycle

A

Stance phase - From heel strike to toe off (60%)
Swing phase - From toe off to heel strike (40%)

Wait acceptace = 0-10%
Single limb support = 10-50%
Double limb support = 50-60%
Swing = 60 - 100%

74
Q

What is a stride

A

left heel strike to left heel strike

75
Q

What is a step

A

left heel strike to right heel strike

76
Q

What are the four parts of a qualitative biomechanical analysis

A
  1. Description
  2. Observation
  3. Evaluation
  4. Instruction
77
Q

What do we need to be able to do to do a qualitative biomechanical analysis

A
  1. Choose a skill
  2. Describe the purpose using everyday terms
    3, Describe the purpose using biomechanical terms
  3. List what must be done to perform most effectively
78
Q

From what angle is it generally best to observe from

A

perpendicular to the plane of motion

79
Q

What needs to be considered when observing

A
  1. level of athelete to observe
  2. competition or practice
  3. what to look for
80
Q

What needs to be considered when evaluating

A
  1. Does the error lead to injury
  2. how correctable is the error
  3. is the error the result of another error
  4. how impactful is the error
  5. is the error due to the equipment
  6. is the error due to inadequate strength
81
Q

What needs to be considered when instructing

A
  1. Be positive, simple, and specific
  2. focus on one error at a time
  3. Recognize that a decrease in performance will occur
82
Q

What is the principle of specificity

A

The best way to improve an action is by doing it

83
Q

How can one best improve a specific action

A

by doing it, and chosing exercises that mimic the activity

  1. angular displacement
  2. angular velocity
  3. muscle action type
  4. external force magnitude
84
Q

Be able to identify whether a skill is more technical or physical

A

Because that helps know how to train for it

85
Q

how do you train for a technical skill

A

practice good technique

break the skill down (small toss)

86
Q

How do you train for a physical skill

A

Improve your physical condition

  • identify what anatomy to work on
  • do the skill (long distance running)
87
Q

What are the steps for a qualitative anatomic analysis

A
  1. Temporal phases
  2. Joint motions during each phase
  3. Muscle action types for each phase
  4. High accelerations for each phase
  5. Extreme range of motion for each phase

Then design a training program

88
Q

How do you create a training program after having done the qualitative anatomic analysis

A
  1. List the physical and technical requirements
  2. Decide which requirement gets priority
  3. How to address each requirement
  4. Include the actual activity in your training
89
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of force that can influence injury

A
  1. MAGNITUDE
  2. Area of force application (pressure)
  3. Load rate
  4. Force direction
  5. Force application location
  6. Force frequency
90
Q

What is a good way to cause injury

A

high stress high frequency activities

91
Q

What is the difference between stress and distress

A

Stress is when the damaging of the tissue is going slower than the remodeling of that tissue

Distress is when the damaging of the tissue is going faster than the remodeling of that tissue

Distress is bad (you can work someone too hard)

92
Q

What are intrinsic factors that can influence injury risk

A
  1. Body Mass
  2. Skeletal (density, alignment, asymmetry)
  3. Muscular (strength, endurance, firing patterns)
  4. Previous history of injury
  5. psychological (motivation and tolerance)
93
Q

What are extrinsic factors that can influence injury risk

A
  1. nature of task (frequency, speed, intensity)
  2. Level of participation
  3. equipment
  4. environment
94
Q

Can you describe some ways to decrease injuries for a sport

A

manipulate the intrinsic and extrinsic factors

95
Q

What is the kinematics for the hip during a gait cycle

A

20 degree flexion at heel strike
20 degree hyperextension and toe off
20 degree flexion at heel strike

96
Q

What are the kinetics for the hip during the gait cycle

A

extension torque during the stance phase

flexion during the swing phase

97
Q

What are the kinematics for the knee during the gait cycle

A

Extended at heel strike
flexed slightly throughout stance phase
increase in flexion during first half of swing phase, then it decreases until it is fully extended at heel strike

98
Q

What are the kinetics for the knee during the gait cycle

A

Extension torque throughout stance phase

neutral during swing phase

99
Q

What are the kinematics for the ankle during the gait cycle

A

Neutral at heel strike
Plantar flexes slightly after
transitions to max dorsi flexion slightly before toe off begins
Lots of plantar flexion at toe off

100
Q

What are the kinetics for the ankle during the gait cycle

A

Dorsiflexion from heel strike to 50% of stance

plantar flexion from 50% to toe off

101
Q

What are the muscle actions for the hip during the gait cycle

A

hamstrings and glutes are working concentrically during stance pahse
Quads are working concentrically during swing phase

102
Q

What are the muscle action for the knee during the gait cycle

A

Quads are working eccentrically from heel strike to just before toe off where it transfers to concentric activity
Muscles are quiet during swing phase

103
Q

What are the muscle actions for the ankle during the gait cycle

A

Dorsiflexors work eccentrically at heel strike until your foot hits flat, then they work concentrically until 50% of stance, then plantar flexors work eccentrically until your heel leaves the ground just before toe off. then they work concentrically until toe off

104
Q

Rundown of reading 1

A

Infused hypertonic saline into knee to see how it runners ran when they had knee pain.
They found that it did mimic knee pain and that runners do run different with knee pain.
It’s important because running with knee pain may lead to further injury

105
Q

Rundown of reading 2

A

A cats terminal velocity is much less than a humans because of the way they fall, it increases their surface area for more drag force
I can use this info by creating more surface area if I want to slow down, or decrease it if I want to speed up

106
Q

Rundown of reading 3

A

There is a push to optimize peak bone mass when you are young because at a certain age (30ish) it will begin to steadily decline. People who just begin to do weight bearing exercise can get more bone growth because it’s new for them, and they haven’t amassed as much yet.

107
Q

Rundown of Reading 4

A

cocontraction of the quads and hamstrings were the dependent variables.
The study was done to see the differences in cocontraction between men and women because woman are far more proned to tearing thier ACL than men.

108
Q

What does the big E stand for

A

Stiffness

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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