Final Flashcards
(e.g., immunizations) removing
risk factors, so disease does not occur
Primary prevention
(e.g., Pap smears) detecting
disease when still curable
Secondary prevention
(e.g., antibiotic use) preventing
further deterioration or reducing complications of disease
Tertiary prevention
Relatively severe, but self limiting
Acute
Continuous, long term process
Chronic
Defects at birth, although may manifest later in life or never. Caused by genetics or environmental factors
Congenital conditions
designation as to the nature or cause of a health
problem
Diagnosis
the extent to which an observation, when
repeated, gives the same result
Reliability
the extent to which a measurement tool measures
what it is intended to measure
Validity
determining the likelihood or how
well the test or observation identifies people with or without a disease
Sensitivity and specificity
the extent to which an observation or test
result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition
Predictive value
Cause if disease/ can trigger (can be biological, physical, chemical, or nutritional)
Etiology
How disease manifests itself (ex: s&s)
Clinical manifestations
A manifestation that is noted by an observer. (Ex: red rash, high temp, swollen)
Sign
Subjective complaint by the patient. (Ex: pain , difficulty breathing, & dizziness)
Symptom
Probable outcome of recovery from a disease
Prognosis
the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making
decisions about the care of individual patients
Evidence-based practice
Clinical practice guidelines (check lists) for evidence based practice
o Algorithms
o Written directives
o Combination of algorithms and written directives
4 stages of inflammation:
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Lasts min. to days, exudation of fluid and plasma components. Emigration of leukocytes
Acute inflammation
Lasts days to years, presence of lymphocytes and macrophages
Chronic inflammation
May extend to lymphatic system—-> reaction in lymph nodes that drain affected area
Localized inflammation
Include acute phase response, altering wbc count and fever. Also lead to lymph nodes and drain. Cytokines
Systemic inflammation
Tumor like mass caused by excess scar tissue. More common in African Americans
Keloids
A high white blood cell count ( due to bacterial infections and tissue injury). Sign of inflammation response. Normal range 4000—> 10,000 cells
Leukocytosis
A decrease in wbc. Caused by an infection or inability to produce wbc
Lauekopenia
Clear to yellow fluid that leaks from wounds
Serous drainage
Contains blood, may be present in healing
Serosanguineous drainage
Consists of primarily blood
Sanguineous drainage
Thick, white pus. (Indication of infection)
Purulent drainage
Occurs in wounds with dermal edges that are close together. Sutures, staples, etc. closing a wound w/ low risk of infection and little concern for wound edges separating
Primary intention
Occurs when the sides of the wound are not opposed, therefore healing must occur from the bottom of the wound upwards. Open surg. wounds that are left to heal from the base up. Slow and prone to infection
Secondary intention
Formation of scar tissue. Occurs in fibroblasts (synthesizing collagen and stroma) occurs intracellularly and extracellulary
Colllagen synthesis
Stages of infection:
Incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline,convalescence (&resolution)
Pathogen begins active replication w out symptoms
Incubation period
Initial appearance of symptoms
Prodromal stage
Host experiences max impact of pathogen
Acute stage
Containment of infection, elimination of pathogen
Convalescent stage
Total elimination from the body
Reolution
Direct contact, ingestion/inhalation. (Most commonly through the mucus membranes)
Portal of entry
Gram pos: stains purple
Gram neg: stains red
2 types:
- spirochetes- gram neg rods
-microplasms- unicellular prokaryotes—-> a single celled organism that can reproduce
Bacterial infectioj
Smallest pathogen. Have no cellular structure.
Has a protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid core of dna or rna.
Are incapable of replication outside a living cell
Viral infection
Protozoa- unicellular
Helminiths- worm like
Arthropods - vectors
Animal transported disease
Parasite
A bacterial infection in the tummy. Is a common cause of peptic ulcers
H. Pylori
Humoral or antibody mediated immunity
B lymphocytes
Cell mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
Production of ______ depends on depends on:
-diff stem cells to mature b lymphocytes
-the generation of xxx
Immunoglobulins
A substance that prompts the body to trigger an immune response against it. This includes bacteria and viruses
antigens
Proteins that the body produces when it detects antigens. Produced by immune cells called B cells
Antobodies
A chem. found in some body cells - causes many symptoms of allergies
Histamine
