Exam 2 Flashcards
PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide)
35-45 mm Hg
HCO3 (bicarbonate)
22-26 mEq/L
PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)
80-100 mm Hg
Commonly used for measuring blood gases. Venous blood is not used because Venus levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide reflect the metabolic demands of the tissues rather than the gas exchange function of the lungs. Normally ____ are the same or nearly the same as the partial pressure of the gas is in the alveoli.
ABGs
Refers to a reduction in arterial blood Oxygen levels, which is considered a PaO2 less than 96 mmHg.
In other terms: medical condition characterized by lower-than-normal levels of oxygen in the blood.
Hypoxemia
In this scenario, there is adequate airflow to the alveoli, but blood flow to these areas is reduced or absent. This can occur in conditions such as pulmonary embolism, where a clot obstructs blood flow to a portion of the lung.
( hypoxemia) Ventilation Without Perfusion:
Here, blood flow is directed to areas of the lung that are not receiving adequate airflow. This can happen in conditions like pneumonia, where alveoli are filled with fluid and do not participate in gas exchange effectively or could occur in atelectasis where there is incomplete expansion of a lung or portion of a lung.
Perfusion without ventilation (Hypoxemia)
when the body’s tissues don’t get enough oxygen. To cope with this lack of oxygen, the body activates certain processes to try to maintain a normal oxygen supply. These compensatory mechanisms include things like breathing faster, increasing heart rate, and redirecting blood flow to vital organs to adapt to the reduced oxygen levels.
Hypoxia
Simply labored breathing; it is not necessarily pathological in nature.
Dyspnea
Dyspnea is Commonly seen in at least three major cardiopulmonary disease:
Primary lung diseases, heart diseases, neuromuscular disorders 
pneumonia, asthma, and emphysema
Primary long disease is caused by dyspnea 
o conditions where the heart has trouble pumping blood efficiently. This can lead to fluid back-up in the lungs, causing pulmonary congestion. Some common heart-related conditions that can result in pulmonary congestion include: heart failure, mitral valve, regurgitation, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease
Heart diseases that are characterized by pulmonary congestion.
myasthenia gravis and muscular dystrophy, that affect respiratory muscles.
Neuromuscular disorders in Dyspnea
Normal blood potassium levels
3.5 - 5 mEq/L
Most common cause of hypokalemia 
Diuretic therapy 
THE MOST SEVERE EFFECTS OF HYPOKALEMIA ARE ON
Cardiovascular function
Increase K in blood = >5 mEq/L.
Seldom occurs in healthy people
Etiology
Hyperkalemia
Decreased renal elimination, excessively rapid administration, and Movement of potassium from the ICF to ECF.
Three major causes of hyperkalemia
The most common cause of hyperkalemia
Decreased renal elimination
Part of RAAS
- This is a hormone released by the adrenal gland, particularly adrenal cortex that instructs the kidneys to retain sodium and water.
- Decreased urination
- Excretes potassium in the ECF.
- Increased aldosterone levels, makes the urine acidic and the blood basic
- Too much aldosterone could cause metabolic alkalosis
Akdosterone
Disorder of lung inflation
Incomplete expansion of a lung or portion of a lung.
Can be caused by:
- Airway obstruction
- Lung compression (pneumothorax or pleural effusion)
- Increased recoil of the lung due to loss of pulmonary surfactant
- May be present at birth (primary) or develop during the neonatal period or later in life (acquired or secondary).
atelectasis
Chronic disorders of the airways that causes episodes of airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and in some, airway remodeling.
o Chronic airway disorders involve repeated instances where the breathing tubes in the lungs become narrowed, overly sensitive, swollen, and sometimes undergo long-term changes. This can make it hard to breathe and may cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Asthma
Strongest risk factor of asthma?
Genetic predisposition for the development of an IgE-mediated response to common allergens.
AVOIDANCE OF ASPIRIN AND ALL NSAIDS IS A NECESSARY PART OF THE TREATMENT PROGRAM FOR WHAT DISEASE
Asthma
