FINAL Flashcards
3 stages of memory
encoding
storage
retrieval
encoding
register info and put it into your memory
storage
hold onto the info
retrieval
“taking out” the info
stage theory
we have at least two stages of memory
Long-term memory and short-term memory
duration
LTM- relatively permanent (>1min)
STM- seconds to minutes (<1min)
capacity
LTM- infinite (no limit to what’s remembered)
STM- 7 chunks
chunks
organized packets of info
Psychological code
LTM- semantic (meaning based)
STM- phonological (sound based)
neural code
LTM-structural: pattern of connections within a group of cells
STM-dynamic: pattern of activity among a group of cells
Forgetting
LTM- misplacement and/or retrieval failure
STM- displacement and/or decay of info
Two kinds of misplacement
proactive interference- old info affects the new info
retroactive interference- new info affects the old info
Flow of info in memory
stimulus>STM>rehersal>LTM
two types of rehersal
maintenance- holds info in STM
elaborative- moves info into LTM
primacy affect
early part of list is recalled better than the middle
recalled from LTM
how two reduce primacy effect
present the words faster
recency effect
last part of list is recalled better than the middle
recalled from STM
how to reduce recency effect
delay between last word and when asked to recall
STM as “working memory”
cognitive workbench not a storage box
used in all processing of info
depth of processing
deeper (more meaningful) processing leads to better memory
connected to notion of elaborative rehersal
Episodic/generic memory
episodic- episodes, events with time and place
your life/timeling
generic- (semantics) facts, concepts, meanings
explicit/implicit memory
explicit- reference to prior learning experiences
implicit- no conscious awareness of remembering
priming
read list then do a task
- stem completion
- word fragment completion
most of our memory is…
implicit
declarative/procedural memory
declarative- knowing that (statements); mainly explicit
procedural- knowing how (skills); mainly implicit
Henry Molaison (HM)
had an operation to remove hippocampus and amygdala in hopes to alleviate epilepsy
left him with anterograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
forgetting events AFTER trauma
retention without awareness
amnesia patients performed poorly on explicit memory
amnesia patient’s performance on implicit memory was like normal
Encoding specificity principles
compatibility principles
any memory for an item has the item’s context wrapped up in it too
context at retrieval should be like context at encoding
retrieval cues
current stimulus that aids retrieval
reconstructive processes in memory
at least in part memory involves reconstruction of remembered info
memory can be distorted by other info
Loftus and Palmer experiments
had patients looked at slideshow of car accident pictures
asked either how fast when they hit or how fast when they smashes
week later asked if they saw ant glass
those with smash question said yes
sensation
basic, primitive mental state corresponding to energies in environment
EXPERIENCE of world
perception
mental state corresponding to properties of objects and events in environment based on sensation
KNOWLEDGE of world
doctrine of specific nerve energies
quality of sensation depends on which nerve fibers are stimulated, not the stimulus
any sensory experience must have a corresponding set of nerve fibers
light
electromagnetic radiation
intensity corresponds with brightness
wavelength corresponds with color
photoreceptors
light-sensitive neurons in retina of eye that produce action potentials when stimulated by light
two types
- rods
- cones
rods
low light conditions; nighttime; black white only
very sensitive; mostly in periphery
cones
bright light conditions; daytime; colored vision
less sensitive; mostly in fovea
three types one cone cells
short wavelength- blue light
medium wavelength- green light
long wavelength- red light
cone cells send action potentials to…
opponent process cells
three types of opponent processing cells
white/black
red/green
blue/yellow
(either excited or inhibited)
opponent processing theory
there are three cone cells but they are most likely violet, green and yellow
colors come in opponent pairs
activation of short, medium, or long wavelength cones may excite or inhibit opponent process cels
this is how we see color
optic nerve
bundle of axons on ganglion cells, leading out back of brain
no rods or cones here
leaves a blind spot in vision
fovea
central depression in retina where cones are most densely packed
most acute vision
lateral inhibition
neighboring receptor cells tend to inhibit each other by using inhibitory interneurons that connect them
result- exaggeration of contrasts
brightness contrast
neighboring regions of different brightness have their boundaries sharpened as their brightness/darkness difference increases
retinal image
stimulation of receptors produces sensation of brightness and colors
then light sensation must be interpreted as objects
poverty of stimulus
proximal stimulus is inadequate for knowing about distal stimulus
conclusion- perception doesn’t happen in eye, it happens in the brain
problems with proximal stimulus
inverted- image is upside-down on retina
ambiguous- close up objects appear same size as larger further objects
2-dimension- image is flattened but object is in 3-D
depth perception-empiricist view
Herman Von Helmholtz
retinal image and clues along with knowledge/inferences learned from experiences result in the precept
Helmholtzan program
monocular depth cues
unconscious inference
monocular depth cues
linear convergence- convergence point is far away
interposition- nearer objects block further objects
relative size- nearer objects cast larger retinal images than further objects
unconscious inference
the best guess at what distal stimulus probably caused the proximal stimulus
maximum likelihood
perception is always in the direction of the best inference
form perception- nativist view
gestalt psychologists
retinal image and innate laws of organization result in the precept
principles of perceptual organization
grouping by proximity
grouping by similarity
good continuation
closure
Phi-phenomenon
apparent motion
stimulus present in two locations within a short time interval is seen as one moving stimulus
no sensation of movement present
Craik and Tulving
elaborative rehersal experiment
subjects shown a list of words and asked to use one of three strategies
- visual
- acoustin
- semantic
Johannes Muller
doctrine of specific nerve endings
Thomas yong
trichromatic theory with Helmholtz
all colors are mixtures of blue, green, red based on response to those cone types
