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PSYC 1100 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

3 stages of memory

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

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2
Q

encoding

A

register info and put it into your memory

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3
Q

storage

A

hold onto the info

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4
Q

retrieval

A

“taking out” the info

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5
Q

stage theory

A

we have at least two stages of memory
Long-term memory and short-term memory

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6
Q

duration

A

LTM- relatively permanent (>1min)
STM- seconds to minutes (<1min)

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7
Q

capacity

A

LTM- infinite (no limit to what’s remembered)
STM- 7 chunks

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8
Q

chunks

A

organized packets of info

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9
Q

Psychological code

A

LTM- semantic (meaning based)
STM- phonological (sound based)

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10
Q

neural code

A

LTM-structural: pattern of connections within a group of cells
STM-dynamic: pattern of activity among a group of cells

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11
Q

Forgetting

A

LTM- misplacement and/or retrieval failure
STM- displacement and/or decay of info

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12
Q

Two kinds of misplacement

A

proactive interference- old info affects the new info
retroactive interference- new info affects the old info

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13
Q

Flow of info in memory

A

stimulus>STM>rehersal>LTM

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14
Q

two types of rehersal

A

maintenance- holds info in STM
elaborative- moves info into LTM

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15
Q

primacy affect

A

early part of list is recalled better than the middle
recalled from LTM

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16
Q

how two reduce primacy effect

A

present the words faster

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17
Q

recency effect

A

last part of list is recalled better than the middle
recalled from STM

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18
Q

how to reduce recency effect

A

delay between last word and when asked to recall

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19
Q

STM as “working memory”

A

cognitive workbench not a storage box
used in all processing of info

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20
Q

depth of processing

A

deeper (more meaningful) processing leads to better memory
connected to notion of elaborative rehersal

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21
Q

Episodic/generic memory

A

episodic- episodes, events with time and place
your life/timeling
generic- (semantics) facts, concepts, meanings

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22
Q

explicit/implicit memory

A

explicit- reference to prior learning experiences
implicit- no conscious awareness of remembering

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23
Q

priming

A

read list then do a task
- stem completion
- word fragment completion

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24
Q

most of our memory is…

A

implicit

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25
Q

declarative/procedural memory

A

declarative- knowing that (statements); mainly explicit
procedural- knowing how (skills); mainly implicit

26
Q

Henry Molaison (HM)

A

had an operation to remove hippocampus and amygdala in hopes to alleviate epilepsy
left him with anterograde amnesia

27
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

forgetting events AFTER trauma

28
Q

retention without awareness

A

amnesia patients performed poorly on explicit memory
amnesia patient’s performance on implicit memory was like normal

29
Q

Encoding specificity principles

A

compatibility principles
any memory for an item has the item’s context wrapped up in it too
context at retrieval should be like context at encoding

30
Q

retrieval cues

A

current stimulus that aids retrieval

31
Q

reconstructive processes in memory

A

at least in part memory involves reconstruction of remembered info
memory can be distorted by other info

32
Q

Loftus and Palmer experiments

A

had patients looked at slideshow of car accident pictures
asked either how fast when they hit or how fast when they smashes
week later asked if they saw ant glass
those with smash question said yes

33
Q

sensation

A

basic, primitive mental state corresponding to energies in environment
EXPERIENCE of world

34
Q

perception

A

mental state corresponding to properties of objects and events in environment based on sensation
KNOWLEDGE of world

35
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

quality of sensation depends on which nerve fibers are stimulated, not the stimulus
any sensory experience must have a corresponding set of nerve fibers

36
Q

light

A

electromagnetic radiation
intensity corresponds with brightness
wavelength corresponds with color

37
Q

photoreceptors

A

light-sensitive neurons in retina of eye that produce action potentials when stimulated by light
two types
- rods
- cones

38
Q

rods

A

low light conditions; nighttime; black white only
very sensitive; mostly in periphery

39
Q

cones

A

bright light conditions; daytime; colored vision
less sensitive; mostly in fovea

40
Q

three types one cone cells

A

short wavelength- blue light
medium wavelength- green light
long wavelength- red light

41
Q

cone cells send action potentials to…

A

opponent process cells

42
Q

three types of opponent processing cells

A

white/black
red/green
blue/yellow
(either excited or inhibited)

43
Q

opponent processing theory

A

there are three cone cells but they are most likely violet, green and yellow
colors come in opponent pairs
activation of short, medium, or long wavelength cones may excite or inhibit opponent process cels
this is how we see color

44
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of axons on ganglion cells, leading out back of brain
no rods or cones here
leaves a blind spot in vision

45
Q

fovea

A

central depression in retina where cones are most densely packed
most acute vision

46
Q

lateral inhibition

A

neighboring receptor cells tend to inhibit each other by using inhibitory interneurons that connect them
result- exaggeration of contrasts

47
Q

brightness contrast

A

neighboring regions of different brightness have their boundaries sharpened as their brightness/darkness difference increases

48
Q

retinal image

A

stimulation of receptors produces sensation of brightness and colors
then light sensation must be interpreted as objects

49
Q

poverty of stimulus

A

proximal stimulus is inadequate for knowing about distal stimulus
conclusion- perception doesn’t happen in eye, it happens in the brain

50
Q

problems with proximal stimulus

A

inverted- image is upside-down on retina
ambiguous- close up objects appear same size as larger further objects
2-dimension- image is flattened but object is in 3-D

51
Q

depth perception-empiricist view

A

Herman Von Helmholtz
retinal image and clues along with knowledge/inferences learned from experiences result in the precept

52
Q

Helmholtzan program

A

monocular depth cues
unconscious inference

53
Q

monocular depth cues

A

linear convergence- convergence point is far away
interposition- nearer objects block further objects
relative size- nearer objects cast larger retinal images than further objects

54
Q

unconscious inference

A

the best guess at what distal stimulus probably caused the proximal stimulus

55
Q

maximum likelihood

A

perception is always in the direction of the best inference

56
Q

form perception- nativist view

A

gestalt psychologists
retinal image and innate laws of organization result in the precept

57
Q

principles of perceptual organization

A

grouping by proximity
grouping by similarity
good continuation
closure

58
Q

Phi-phenomenon

A

apparent motion
stimulus present in two locations within a short time interval is seen as one moving stimulus
no sensation of movement present

59
Q

Craik and Tulving

A

elaborative rehersal experiment
subjects shown a list of words and asked to use one of three strategies
- visual
- acoustin
- semantic

60
Q

Johannes Muller

A

doctrine of specific nerve endings

61
Q

Thomas yong

A

trichromatic theory with Helmholtz
all colors are mixtures of blue, green, red based on response to those cone types

62
Q
A

PSYC 1100 (4 decks)

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