Exam 2 Flashcards
US
unconditioned stimulus
input to reflex
UR
unconditioned response
output to reflex
CS
conditioned stimulus
initially results in investigatory response, then habituation after conditioning results in CR
CR
conditioned response
response to CS
Extinction
CR declines and disappears over trials without US due to a buildup in inhibition
Spontaneous recovery
after rest interval extinguished CR reappears at almost previous strength and extinguishes faster next time
inhibition
restraining of behavior either consciously or unconsciously
higher order conditioning
conditioning a CS to act as a US
US is a secondary reinforcer
Three steps for Higher order conditioning
- establish a CS (bell>saliva)
- new CS paired with old CS without the US (tone>bell>saliva)
- New Cs is established without the US (tone>saliva)
generalization
similar stimuli produce similar responses
discrimination
different stimuli produce different responses
can result from overtraining, overtraining a high tone, dogs will not react to low tone
CR as a predatory response
CR will compensate for UR response
UR= fast heart rate and breathing
CR= slow heart rate and breathing
CS as a signal for US
CS provides information about US
CS-US association
contiguity
closeness in time is basis of acquisition of conditioned response
Puzzle box experiment
Thornedike
cats in a puzzle box
trial and error, incremental learning
Law of effect
response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement and automatically weakened when followed by punishment
Operant conditioning
reinforcement depends on response
response is emitted and voluntary
a behavior is learned
mechanism= law and effect= consequences
Classical conditioning
reinforcement (US) comes regardless
response is elicited and involuntary
a signal is learned
mechanism= contiguity
emitted
spontaneously produced by animal
elicited
humans make animas response happen
skinner box
many responses requiring little time and effort
easily recorded
response rate as the measured dependent variable
reinforcement
increases the rate of responding
positive reinforcement
delivered appetitive stimulus
Ex. food
negative reinforcement
removal of aversive stimulus
takes something away
Ex. shock
punishment
decreases rate of responding
delay of reinforcement
with no reinforcement extinction and spontaneous recovery happen just as in classical conditioning
discriminative stimulus
indicates under what circumstances an animal response will be reinforced
sets the occasion for reinforcement
conditioned reinforcer
stimulus paired with reinforcer acquires reinforcing properties
how does something become a conditioned reinforcer
through classical conditioning
partial reinforcement effect
reinforcing only some trials produces even stronger response than reinforcing all trials
Four schedules of reinforcement
fixed interval
variable interval
fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
time is fixed
rat gets pellet every 30 sec
Ex. checking mail- comes daily
variable interval
time is average
rat gets pellet on intervals that average to 30 sec
Ex. checking email- comes whenever
fixed ratio
ratio is fixed
rat gets food pellet every 10th bar press
variable ratio
ratio is average
rat gets pellet after variable bar press that average to 10 bar presses
shaping
differential reinforcement of successive approximations to desired response
getting an animal to produce a response that it wouldn’t spontaneously produce on its own
chaining
linking responses into long sequences allows training of very complex behaviors
shaping and chaining is only for
operant conditioning
Rescorla’s experiment
experiment on what it takes to make a signal work
3 groups of rats
result of Rescorla’s experiment
group 1 shows no fear conditioning to tone
group 2 shows some fear but less than group 3
group 3 shows strong conditioned fear of tone
contingency
how the US depends on the CS
probability of US in presence of CS relative to probability of US in absence of CS
Belongingness
biological preparedness to make certain associations
The Garcia Effect
special facility for learning taste aversion
Garcia Effect is difficult for classical conditioning because…
association established in 1 trial
up to 24 hours between CS and US
very resistant to extinction
Challenge to Pavlov’s arbitrariness and contiguity assumptions
Garcia and Koelling’s experiment
encoding
register information and put it into our memory
storage
hold onto the information
retrieval
“taking out” the information
LTM VS STM: duration
LTM- relatively permanent
STM- seconds to minutes
childhood amnesia
dont have memories before age two because hippocampus isn’t fully formed and we don’t have language or strategies for remembering
LTM VS STM: Capacity
LTM- infinite
STM- about 7 chunks/things
chunks
organized packets of information
LTM VS STM: psychological code
LTM- semantic; based on meaning
STM-phonological; based on speech sounds
Flow of information in memory
stimulus>STM>rehersal>LTM
Two kinds of rehersal
maintenance: holds info in STM
Elaborative: moves info into LTM
Primacy
early part of list is recalled better than middle
recalled from LTM
recency
last part of list is recalled better than middle
recalled from STM
corpus callosum
connects hemispheres
abilities of each hemisphere
left=language
right=spatial abilities
contralateral connections from visual field
left side of each eye sends info to left hemisphere
right side of each eye sends info to right hemisphere
result: left visual field goes to right hemisphere, right visual field goes to left hemisphere
contralateral control of hands
opposite hemisphere controls opposite hand
steps to interpret split brain experiments
- which side of visual field is the info shown to
- which hemisphere gets to info (opposite)
- what abilities does that hemisphere have
- which hand does it control (opposite)
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov’s dogs
Edward Thorndike
cats in a puzzle box
B.F. Skinner
skinner’s box
many responses that can be easily recorded with little time or effort
Robert Rescorla
contingency not contiguity
experiment on what it takes to make a signal work
3 groups of rats
John Garcia
Experiment used 4 groups to test diff US/CS
The Garcia Effect
