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PSYC 1100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

US

A

unconditioned stimulus
input to reflex

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2
Q

UR

A

unconditioned response
output to reflex

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3
Q

CS

A

conditioned stimulus
initially results in investigatory response, then habituation after conditioning results in CR

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4
Q

CR

A

conditioned response
response to CS

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5
Q

Extinction

A

CR declines and disappears over trials without US due to a buildup in inhibition

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6
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

after rest interval extinguished CR reappears at almost previous strength and extinguishes faster next time

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7
Q

inhibition

A

restraining of behavior either consciously or unconsciously

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8
Q

higher order conditioning

A

conditioning a CS to act as a US
US is a secondary reinforcer

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9
Q

Three steps for Higher order conditioning

A
  1. establish a CS (bell>saliva)
  2. new CS paired with old CS without the US (tone>bell>saliva)
  3. New Cs is established without the US (tone>saliva)
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10
Q

generalization

A

similar stimuli produce similar responses

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11
Q

discrimination

A

different stimuli produce different responses
can result from overtraining, overtraining a high tone, dogs will not react to low tone

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12
Q

CR as a predatory response

A

CR will compensate for UR response
UR= fast heart rate and breathing
CR= slow heart rate and breathing

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13
Q

CS as a signal for US

A

CS provides information about US
CS-US association

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14
Q

contiguity

A

closeness in time is basis of acquisition of conditioned response

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15
Q

Puzzle box experiment

A

Thornedike
cats in a puzzle box
trial and error, incremental learning

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16
Q

Law of effect

A

response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement and automatically weakened when followed by punishment

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

reinforcement depends on response
response is emitted and voluntary
a behavior is learned
mechanism= law and effect= consequences

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18
Q

Classical conditioning

A

reinforcement (US) comes regardless
response is elicited and involuntary
a signal is learned
mechanism= contiguity

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19
Q

emitted

A

spontaneously produced by animal

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20
Q

elicited

A

humans make animas response happen

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21
Q

skinner box

A

many responses requiring little time and effort
easily recorded
response rate as the measured dependent variable

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22
Q

reinforcement

A

increases the rate of responding

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23
Q

positive reinforcement

A

delivered appetitive stimulus
Ex. food

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24
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of aversive stimulus
takes something away
Ex. shock

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25
Q

punishment

A

decreases rate of responding

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26
Q

delay of reinforcement

A

with no reinforcement extinction and spontaneous recovery happen just as in classical conditioning

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27
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

indicates under what circumstances an animal response will be reinforced
sets the occasion for reinforcement

28
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

stimulus paired with reinforcer acquires reinforcing properties

29
Q

how does something become a conditioned reinforcer

A

through classical conditioning

30
Q

partial reinforcement effect

A

reinforcing only some trials produces even stronger response than reinforcing all trials

31
Q

Four schedules of reinforcement

A

fixed interval
variable interval
fixed ratio
variable ratio

32
Q

fixed interval

A

time is fixed
rat gets pellet every 30 sec
Ex. checking mail- comes daily

33
Q

variable interval

A

time is average
rat gets pellet on intervals that average to 30 sec
Ex. checking email- comes whenever

34
Q

fixed ratio

A

ratio is fixed
rat gets food pellet every 10th bar press

35
Q

variable ratio

A

ratio is average
rat gets pellet after variable bar press that average to 10 bar presses

36
Q

shaping

A

differential reinforcement of successive approximations to desired response
getting an animal to produce a response that it wouldn’t spontaneously produce on its own

37
Q

chaining

A

linking responses into long sequences allows training of very complex behaviors

38
Q

shaping and chaining is only for

A

operant conditioning

39
Q

Rescorla’s experiment

A

experiment on what it takes to make a signal work
3 groups of rats

40
Q

result of Rescorla’s experiment

A

group 1 shows no fear conditioning to tone
group 2 shows some fear but less than group 3
group 3 shows strong conditioned fear of tone

41
Q

contingency

A

how the US depends on the CS
probability of US in presence of CS relative to probability of US in absence of CS

42
Q

Belongingness

A

biological preparedness to make certain associations

43
Q

The Garcia Effect

A

special facility for learning taste aversion

44
Q

Garcia Effect is difficult for classical conditioning because…

A

association established in 1 trial
up to 24 hours between CS and US
very resistant to extinction

45
Q

Challenge to Pavlov’s arbitrariness and contiguity assumptions

A

Garcia and Koelling’s experiment

46
Q

encoding

A

register information and put it into our memory

47
Q

storage

A

hold onto the information

48
Q

retrieval

A

“taking out” the information

49
Q

LTM VS STM: duration

A

LTM- relatively permanent
STM- seconds to minutes

50
Q

childhood amnesia

A

dont have memories before age two because hippocampus isn’t fully formed and we don’t have language or strategies for remembering

51
Q

LTM VS STM: Capacity

A

LTM- infinite
STM- about 7 chunks/things

52
Q

chunks

A

organized packets of information

53
Q

LTM VS STM: psychological code

A

LTM- semantic; based on meaning
STM-phonological; based on speech sounds

54
Q

Flow of information in memory

A

stimulus>STM>rehersal>LTM

55
Q

Two kinds of rehersal

A

maintenance: holds info in STM
Elaborative: moves info into LTM

56
Q

Primacy

A

early part of list is recalled better than middle
recalled from LTM

57
Q

recency

A

last part of list is recalled better than middle
recalled from STM

58
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects hemispheres

59
Q

abilities of each hemisphere

A

left=language
right=spatial abilities

60
Q

contralateral connections from visual field

A

left side of each eye sends info to left hemisphere
right side of each eye sends info to right hemisphere
result: left visual field goes to right hemisphere, right visual field goes to left hemisphere

61
Q

contralateral control of hands

A

opposite hemisphere controls opposite hand

62
Q

steps to interpret split brain experiments

A
  1. which side of visual field is the info shown to
  2. which hemisphere gets to info (opposite)
  3. what abilities does that hemisphere have
  4. which hand does it control (opposite)
63
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Pavlov’s dogs

64
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

cats in a puzzle box

65
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

skinner’s box
many responses that can be easily recorded with little time or effort

66
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

contingency not contiguity
experiment on what it takes to make a signal work
3 groups of rats

67
Q

John Garcia

A

Experiment used 4 groups to test diff US/CS
The Garcia Effect

PSYC 1100 (4 decks)

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