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PSYC 1100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

US

A

unconditioned stimulus
input to reflex

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2
Q

UR

A

unconditioned response
output to reflex

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3
Q

CS

A

conditioned stimulus
initially results in investigatory response, then habituation after conditioning results in CR

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4
Q

CR

A

conditioned response
response to CS

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5
Q

Extinction

A

CR declines and disappears over trials without US due to a buildup in inhibition

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6
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

after rest interval extinguished CR reappears at almost previous strength and extinguishes faster next time

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7
Q

inhibition

A

restraining of behavior either consciously or unconsciously

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8
Q

higher order conditioning

A

conditioning a CS to act as a US
US is a secondary reinforcer

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9
Q

Three steps for Higher order conditioning

A
  1. establish a CS (bell>saliva)
  2. new CS paired with old CS without the US (tone>bell>saliva)
  3. New Cs is established without the US (tone>saliva)
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10
Q

generalization

A

similar stimuli produce similar responses

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11
Q

discrimination

A

different stimuli produce different responses
can result from overtraining, overtraining a high tone, dogs will not react to low tone

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12
Q

CR as a predatory response

A

CR will compensate for UR response
UR= fast heart rate and breathing
CR= slow heart rate and breathing

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13
Q

CS as a signal for US

A

CS provides information about US
CS-US association

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14
Q

contiguity

A

closeness in time is basis of acquisition of conditioned response

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15
Q

Puzzle box experiment

A

Thornedike
cats in a puzzle box
trial and error, incremental learning

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16
Q

Law of effect

A

response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement and automatically weakened when followed by punishment

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

reinforcement depends on response
response is emitted and voluntary
a behavior is learned
mechanism= law and effect= consequences

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18
Q

Classical conditioning

A

reinforcement (US) comes regardless
response is elicited and involuntary
a signal is learned
mechanism= contiguity

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19
Q

emitted

A

spontaneously produced by animal

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20
Q

elicited

A

humans make animas response happen

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21
Q

skinner box

A

many responses requiring little time and effort
easily recorded
response rate as the measured dependent variable

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22
Q

reinforcement

A

increases the rate of responding

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23
Q

positive reinforcement

A

delivered appetitive stimulus
Ex. food

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24
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of aversive stimulus
takes something away
Ex. shock

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25
punishment
decreases rate of responding
26
delay of reinforcement
with no reinforcement extinction and spontaneous recovery happen just as in classical conditioning
27
discriminative stimulus
indicates under what circumstances an animal response will be reinforced sets the occasion for reinforcement
28
conditioned reinforcer
stimulus paired with reinforcer acquires reinforcing properties
29
how does something become a conditioned reinforcer
through classical conditioning
30
partial reinforcement effect
reinforcing only some trials produces even stronger response than reinforcing all trials
31
Four schedules of reinforcement
fixed interval variable interval fixed ratio variable ratio
32
fixed interval
time is fixed rat gets pellet every 30 sec Ex. checking mail- comes daily
33
variable interval
time is average rat gets pellet on intervals that average to 30 sec Ex. checking email- comes whenever
34
fixed ratio
ratio is fixed rat gets food pellet every 10th bar press
35
variable ratio
ratio is average rat gets pellet after variable bar press that average to 10 bar presses
36
shaping
differential reinforcement of successive approximations to desired response getting an animal to produce a response that it wouldn't spontaneously produce on its own
37
chaining
linking responses into long sequences allows training of very complex behaviors
38
shaping and chaining is only for
operant conditioning
39
Rescorla's experiment
experiment on what it takes to make a signal work 3 groups of rats
40
result of Rescorla's experiment
group 1 shows no fear conditioning to tone group 2 shows some fear but less than group 3 group 3 shows strong conditioned fear of tone
41
contingency
how the US depends on the CS probability of US in presence of CS relative to probability of US in absence of CS
42
Belongingness
biological preparedness to make certain associations
43
The Garcia Effect
special facility for learning taste aversion
44
Garcia Effect is difficult for classical conditioning because...
association established in 1 trial up to 24 hours between CS and US very resistant to extinction
45
Challenge to Pavlov's arbitrariness and contiguity assumptions
Garcia and Koelling's experiment
46
encoding
register information and put it into our memory
47
storage
hold onto the information
48
retrieval
"taking out" the information
49
LTM VS STM: duration
LTM- relatively permanent STM- seconds to minutes
50
childhood amnesia
dont have memories before age two because hippocampus isn't fully formed and we don't have language or strategies for remembering
51
LTM VS STM: Capacity
LTM- infinite STM- about 7 chunks/things
52
chunks
organized packets of information
53
LTM VS STM: psychological code
LTM- semantic; based on meaning STM-phonological; based on speech sounds
54
Flow of information in memory
stimulus>STM>rehersal>LTM
55
Two kinds of rehersal
maintenance: holds info in STM Elaborative: moves info into LTM
56
Primacy
early part of list is recalled better than middle recalled from LTM
57
recency
last part of list is recalled better than middle recalled from STM
58
corpus callosum
connects hemispheres
59
abilities of each hemisphere
left=language right=spatial abilities
60
contralateral connections from visual field
left side of each eye sends info to left hemisphere right side of each eye sends info to right hemisphere result: left visual field goes to right hemisphere, right visual field goes to left hemisphere
61
contralateral control of hands
opposite hemisphere controls opposite hand
62
steps to interpret split brain experiments
1. which side of visual field is the info shown to 2. which hemisphere gets to info (opposite) 3. what abilities does that hemisphere have 4. which hand does it control (opposite)
63
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov's dogs
64
Edward Thorndike
cats in a puzzle box
65
B.F. Skinner
skinner's box many responses that can be easily recorded with little time or effort
66
Robert Rescorla
contingency not contiguity experiment on what it takes to make a signal work 3 groups of rats
67
John Garcia
Experiment used 4 groups to test diff US/CS The Garcia Effect

PSYC 1100 (4 decks)

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