Final... Flashcards
Name the 4 mechanism of communication between cells
Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, and hormones
What is an endocrine gland
an organ that is the traditional source of the hormone
What is a homone
a chemical messanger that is transported by the bloodstream and stimulates a response in cells of another tissue or organ
What is an exocrine gland? Can you name some
have ducts that carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucousa of the digestive tract.
ovaries, testes, pancreas
What is an endocrine gland? Can you list some examples?
No ducts, contain capillary networks that allow for hormones to enter the bloodstream
pituitary gland, pancreas, overaries, testes
Name some organs that are both endocrine and exocrine glands
pancreas, ovaries, testes, liver
Name charat. of the NS
electrical impulse communication, neurotransmitters, local/ specific effect, quick (adapts, starts, stops)
Name chara. of the Endocrine system
hormone communication, hormone release into bloodstream, general/ widspread effect,slow (adapts, starts, stops)
Adenohyophysis
the anterior lob that links by the hypoyseal portal system
Neurihypophysis
posteriro lobe that follws the hyppothalmo-hypophyseal tract
Name the homones from the source of the anterior pituitary
ACTH(corticotropin), FSH, GH(somatotropin), LH, PRL, TSH
NAme hormones from the source of the posterior pituitary
ADH, OT
Name the hormones released by the hypothalamus
CRH,GHRH, GnRH, PIH (dopamine), TRH
What are thr hormones released by the thyroid
TH, T4, T3,
What is the hormone released by the adrenal cortex
DHEA
What hotmone is relased by the adrenal medulla
NE
Inslin like growth factors are mainly produced by
the liver
TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH promote secretion of what 6 hormones in the AP
TSH,PRL,ACTH, FSH,LH, GH
what inhibit secretion of PRL
PIH
What inhibits seretion of GH and TSH
somatosatin
What hormones of the AP target the gonads
FSH and LH
What hormone stimulates ovulation
LH
What hormone stimilates the development of follicles or sperm
FSH
What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocortiocoids
ACTH
What hormone stimulates the mamillary glands to stimulate milk
PRL
What does ADH do and where is it transported
reduces urine volume and prevents dehydration,vasoconstrictir, posterior pit.
What does OT do and where is it secreted
surge of hormones duringsexual arousal (emotional bonds) , stimulates labor, milk flow, posterior pituitary
What is negative feedback
increaed target organ hormone levels inhibit the relase of hpothalamic/ pituitary hormones because there is no need atm
Name some functions of GH
effects bone, muscel, cartalage, fat, induces liver to prodce insulin like growth fators, electrolye balane
T or F- GH decreases with age
True. 6 ng/ml to 1.5
What does the pineal gland do
regulates circadian rythum and makes melontonin
What is the largest gland that is purely endocrine
the throid gland. contains colloid follicular cells
Name functions of the thuroid gland
secretes T4 and T3, regulates metabolism and ATP use (caloregenic effect), contains cells that secrete calcitonin
A goiter is a result of
iodine deficietcy
Function of the parathyroid gland
secretes PTH to treat hypocalcemia
Wbere is the adrenal gland located
top of each kidney
describe the adrenal medulla
asks as an endocrine gland and a ganglion. contaains sympathetic pregangionic fibers and chrommaffin cells
What do chromaffin cells do
when they are stimulated they release EP and NE (catecholamines)and a trace of dopamine (PIH)
What are the effects of catecholamines (NE, EP)
glyco and gulcogenesis (glucose sparing effect by inhibiting insulin secretion
increases BP, HR, and flow
decreases digestion and urine production
describe the adrenal cortex
secretes several corticosteriods from 3 layers
Zona glomerulosa
thin outer layer that secretes mineralcorticods that regulate electrolye balence
Zonna fasciculata
thick middle later that secretes androgens and glucocortiocids
Zona reticularis
inner layer that secretes glucocorticoids and sex steroids
How to mineralocortiods in the zona glomerulosa work
Aldosterone in the DCT of a nephrom , Stimulated by the RAAS (when BP is low)
What hotmone is often concerted to testosterone
DHEA
Why is estradiol important
after menopuase it sustains adult bone mass
True or false - the pancreas is 99% exo and 1% endo
yup
What is glucogon
has the opposite effect of insulin and stimulates glucogenesis , fat catabolism, and aa absoruption
What are insuline B cells
responsible for lowering glucose levels. Insufficency of this causes diabetes melitus
What are the hormones of the ovasries
estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin
What are the hormones of the testes
testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin
What does progesterone do
thickens the uterus wall and prepares for pegnancy
Ovulation is timulated by what hormone
LH
What does the corpus luteum release
estrogen inhinit and progesterone
What does inhibin inhibit
FSH from the AP
diabetes insipdipus is a result of
hyposecretion of ADH casing polyuria
What are the hypersecetion disorders
Acromegaly (thickening of bones and tissue) or Gigantism
pituitary dwarism is a resuly of
hyposecretion
Wht is hypoparathyroidism
fatal spasms of the larynx due to rapid decline of blood calcuum levels
What is hyperparathyroidism
excess PTH secretion causing bones to become soft and fragile. prmotes increase CA and phosphate levels in the blood
Diaberties melitus is aresult of
hyposecretion ot inaction of insulin. Can cause increased hunger and thirst
Type 1 diabetes
glucose cant be absorbed. 5-1)% of cases. hereitary, and insulin is used to treat it
Type 2
90-95% of cases. problem of inuslin resitance. Target cells cant respond to insulin. Herefitay risks. Can be treated with healthy change and insulin in exreme ccases
Pathogenesis
cells cant absorbe glucoser so they rely of fat and protein. Caues weight loss and weakness along with ketonuria and ketoacidosis
Chronic hyperglycemia
can lead to diabetic neuropathy (nerve damge and poor healing // loss of senstation)
What are primary sex organd
they produce gametes (testes or ovaries)
What are secondary sex organs
organs other than the goands that are necressary for reproduction
What are seccondary se organs in the males
system of sucts and glands where the penis delivers sperm cells
secodnary sex organs f females
uterine tubules, uterus, and vagina recieve sperm that harbor the developing fetus
external genetiallia
located in the perineum and are externally visible (except the accesoory galnds of teh female
Internal genitialla
in the plevic cavity except the testes and some ducts of the scrotum
What are secondary sex xharateristcs
fetures that distinguish sexes and influences male attraction ( develop at puberty
ex) pubic hair, facial hair, brest growth
What are the ecternal genitals of the male
peepee and scrotum
What is the spermatic cord
bundle of CT containing the vas deferns, testicular nerve, and lymphatic vessels
How does the scrotun regulate temp of the testes
cremaster muscles can bring testes close to the body, Dartos muslces can hold the testes agaisnt the warm body, and the pampinform plexu that cools via countercurrent heat exchanger
Where is sperm produced
Seminiferous tubules
What cells produce testoerstone
Interstital (leydig) cells
What is the flow of semen
seminiferous tubules, rete testes, efferent ductules, epidymis, vas deferens, prostae urethra, membranous urerhra, spongy urethra, glans pernis, external urthral orriface
What is the Blood testis barrier
formed by sustentacular cells and seperates the sperm fro the immune system
Where do the seminal vesicles empty
ejaculatory duct
Desribr the prostate gland
surrounds the urthra and ejac duct epties through pres of the prostae urthrea and froms about 30% of semen
What is the bulburethtral gland
during arosal it luberactes the head of the penis to prepare fot sec. it also protects sperm by neurtalixing the acidity of th eleftover pee in the urethra
Brinign vs prostae cancer
benigm prosatlic hyperplasisa compresses the urthra and obstucts urine flow (leading to infection of bladder and kidneys)
Prostate cancerno obstuction of pee. Tumeros near prostate gland, can spread to other organs.
what are signs of prostae cancer
elevated levels of serine protease (PSA) and phospate in the blood
What does the corpus cavinosum do
attaches penis to pubic arch
What does the corpus spongiosum do
forms the glans penis
What leads to the onset of puberty
surge of pituitary gonadotropins
define adolescence
period from onset of gonadotropin secretion and reproductive development to when a person attain full adult height
what is the sign that puberty has become in males and females
first menstral period and first ejaculation with viable sperm
describe endocrine control during puberty
the hypothalamus produces GnRH which stimulates AP cells called gonadotropes to produce FSH and LH
what hormone stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen binding proteins that bind to testosterone to eventually stimulate spermatogenesis
FSH
What hormone stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
LH
What hormone stimulates gneralized bosy growth in males
testosterone
WHat hormone leads to the development of pubic hair, axillary hair, and facial hair
DHT dihydrotestosterone
what hormone in males reduces sperm production without rediucing LH, and supesses FHS output
inhibin
Male hormone release steps
1) GnRH causes release of FSH and LH
2) FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ABP (androgen binding protein)
3) LH stimulates interstitual cells to secrete testosterone
4) in the presense of ABP, testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis
5) testosterone also stimulates libido and development of secondary sex hormones
6) Testosterone causes negative feedback effect that reduces GnRH seceretion and sensitivity to GnRH
7) Sustentacular cells secrete inhibin , which inhibits FHS, reducing sperm production without reducing testosterone secretio
What part of the sperm contains the hapolid
the nucleus
What os the acrosome
enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contain emzymes that penetrate the egg
what are the 3 regions of the tail of the sperm
midpiece that contain mitochondria and produces ATP
the principle piece that is axoneme surrounded by shealth of supporting fibers
end piece that is the tip of the flagella
What is the make up of semen
60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30 % prostatic fluid, 10% sperm/ spermatic duct secretions.
normal count is 50-120 mill/ml
what sperm amount would be considered infertile
lower than 20-25 million /ml
The prostate and semen
the prostate produces the milky white fluid that contains Ca, citrate, clotting enzymeand phosphate
seminal vesicle and semen
viscous yellowish fluid containing fructose, carbs, citrate, protein called proseminogelin
why is semen sticky
stickiness promotes fertilization
The clotting enzyme activates proseminogen which converts to seminogelin and entagles the sperm
What are the femal internal genitala
overaties, uterine tubules, uterus, vagina
What are teh female external gentialia
clit, labia majora and minor
What is the female primary sex organ
the ovaries
what is the tunica albuginea
a capsule like on the testes
what can happen in the outer cortex of the ovaries
germs can develop
What is in the inner medulla of the ovaries
major arties and veins where each egg develops its own fluid filled follicle
What happens to the follicle during ovulation
bursts and the egg is released
What hormone play a key role in the uterus and prepares for fertilization
progesteron
Name a charteristic of the uerine tubes
lined with ciliated cells. Consists of the infudibulum, fimbraie, ampulla, and isthmus
What is the mesosalpix
ligamnent that folds the uterine tube
Describe the uterus
chamber that opens into the roof of the vag. has a fundus, body, and cervix
What part of the uteren tube does fertilization occur
ampulla
What layer of the uterine wall contains smooth muscle
the myometrium
What part of the uterin wall os the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the placenta
endometrium
What layer of the endometrium sheds with each menstral period
the functional layer ala the stratum fuctionalis (lots of nutrients)
True or false- the vagina has 3 glands
false, none
What is the tem for vaginal sweating/ lubrication
transudation
What are the partsof the vulva or pudendum
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora
What deveops within the breast during pregnancy
mammary gland
what and when is milk production stimulated by
OT levels triggerd at labor
What triggers puberty in women
rising levels of gnRH which tell the AP to secrete FSH and LH
What is the femilnizng hormone
estrogen (estradiol, estriol and estrone)
Thelarche
first sign of puberty triggered by breasy formation
Punarche
step 2, appearance of pubic hair , axillary hair, sebaceous galnds, and axillary glands
from androgen from ovaries and the adrenal cortex
Menarche
third, the first menstral period, requires 17% body fat
What does anovulatory mean
first few menstral periods have no egg ovulates
What role does estradiol do during puberty
stimulates vaginal metaplasia, stimulates growth of ovaries and secondary organs, GH secretion, fat deposition
What two hormones supress FSH and LH during negative feedback
estrogens and progesterone
Climacteric
4th, midlige change that is accompanied my menopause, when there are about 1000 follicles left
Oogenesis
egg production, one egg released each month
Folliculogenesis
development of follicles around the egg that undergoes oogenesis
What stage of folliculogenesis does estrogen begin to be released
at the secondary follicle
How lon gis the follicular phase
beginning of menstration until ovulation. includes the preovulatory phase
What hormone surges in response to ovulation
LH
What are the 4 phases of the menstral cycel in the uterus
menstral phase proliferative phase, secretory phase, premenstral phase,
What is secreted during th eproliferative phase
estrogen which helps rebuild the functional layet of the endometrium that was lost in th elast menstration
Desrbie the secretory phase
the endometrium thickens in reposne to progesterone. Glycogen is also secreted
Describe the premenstral phase
tissues die in response to decrease of progesterone adn estrogen
Describe the menstral phase
discharge of menstral fluid from the vagina
Progesterone is highest during what phase of the menstral cycle
secretory phase
