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BIOL 3320 > Final... > Flashcards

Final... Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 mechanism of communication between cells

A

Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, and hormones

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2
Q

What is an endocrine gland

A

an organ that is the traditional source of the hormone

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3
Q

What is a homone

A

a chemical messanger that is transported by the bloodstream and stimulates a response in cells of another tissue or organ

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4
Q

What is an exocrine gland? Can you name some

A

have ducts that carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucousa of the digestive tract.
ovaries, testes, pancreas

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5
Q

What is an endocrine gland? Can you list some examples?

A

No ducts, contain capillary networks that allow for hormones to enter the bloodstream
pituitary gland, pancreas, overaries, testes

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6
Q

Name some organs that are both endocrine and exocrine glands

A

pancreas, ovaries, testes, liver

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7
Q

Name charat. of the NS

A

electrical impulse communication, neurotransmitters, local/ specific effect, quick (adapts, starts, stops)

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8
Q

Name chara. of the Endocrine system

A

hormone communication, hormone release into bloodstream, general/ widspread effect,slow (adapts, starts, stops)

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9
Q

Adenohyophysis

A

the anterior lob that links by the hypoyseal portal system

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10
Q

Neurihypophysis

A

posteriro lobe that follws the hyppothalmo-hypophyseal tract

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11
Q

Name the homones from the source of the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH(corticotropin), FSH, GH(somatotropin), LH, PRL, TSH

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12
Q

NAme hormones from the source of the posterior pituitary

A

ADH, OT

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13
Q

Name the hormones released by the hypothalamus

A

CRH,GHRH, GnRH, PIH (dopamine), TRH

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14
Q

What are thr hormones released by the thyroid

A

TH, T4, T3,

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15
Q

What is the hormone released by the adrenal cortex

A

DHEA

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16
Q

What hotmone is relased by the adrenal medulla

A

NE

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17
Q

Inslin like growth factors are mainly produced by

A

the liver

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18
Q

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH promote secretion of what 6 hormones in the AP

A

TSH,PRL,ACTH, FSH,LH, GH

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19
Q

what inhibit secretion of PRL

A

PIH

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20
Q

What inhibits seretion of GH and TSH

A

somatosatin

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21
Q

What hormones of the AP target the gonads

A

FSH and LH

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22
Q

What hormone stimulates ovulation

A

LH

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23
Q

What hormone stimilates the development of follicles or sperm

A

FSH

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24
Q

What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocortiocoids

A

ACTH

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25
Q

What hormone stimulates the mamillary glands to stimulate milk

A

PRL

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26
Q

What does ADH do and where is it transported

A

reduces urine volume and prevents dehydration,vasoconstrictir, posterior pit.

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27
Q

What does OT do and where is it secreted

A

surge of hormones duringsexual arousal (emotional bonds) , stimulates labor, milk flow, posterior pituitary

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28
Q

What is negative feedback

A

increaed target organ hormone levels inhibit the relase of hpothalamic/ pituitary hormones because there is no need atm

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29
Q

Name some functions of GH

A

effects bone, muscel, cartalage, fat, induces liver to prodce insulin like growth fators, electrolye balane

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30
Q

T or F- GH decreases with age

A

True. 6 ng/ml to 1.5

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31
Q

What does the pineal gland do

A

regulates circadian rythum and makes melontonin

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32
Q

What is the largest gland that is purely endocrine

A

the throid gland. contains colloid follicular cells

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33
Q

Name functions of the thuroid gland

A

secretes T4 and T3, regulates metabolism and ATP use (caloregenic effect), contains cells that secrete calcitonin

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34
Q

A goiter is a result of

A

iodine deficietcy

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35
Q

Function of the parathyroid gland

A

secretes PTH to treat hypocalcemia

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36
Q

Wbere is the adrenal gland located

A

top of each kidney

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37
Q

describe the adrenal medulla

A

asks as an endocrine gland and a ganglion. contaains sympathetic pregangionic fibers and chrommaffin cells

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38
Q

What do chromaffin cells do

A

when they are stimulated they release EP and NE (catecholamines)and a trace of dopamine (PIH)

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39
Q

What are the effects of catecholamines (NE, EP)

A

glyco and gulcogenesis (glucose sparing effect by inhibiting insulin secretion
increases BP, HR, and flow
decreases digestion and urine production

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40
Q

describe the adrenal cortex

A

secretes several corticosteriods from 3 layers

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41
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

thin outer layer that secretes mineralcorticods that regulate electrolye balence

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42
Q

Zonna fasciculata

A

thick middle later that secretes androgens and glucocortiocids

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43
Q

Zona reticularis

A

inner layer that secretes glucocorticoids and sex steroids

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44
Q

How to mineralocortiods in the zona glomerulosa work

A

Aldosterone in the DCT of a nephrom , Stimulated by the RAAS (when BP is low)

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45
Q

What hotmone is often concerted to testosterone

A

DHEA

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46
Q

Why is estradiol important

A

after menopuase it sustains adult bone mass

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47
Q

True or false - the pancreas is 99% exo and 1% endo

A

yup

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48
Q

What is glucogon

A

has the opposite effect of insulin and stimulates glucogenesis , fat catabolism, and aa absoruption

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49
Q

What are insuline B cells

A

responsible for lowering glucose levels. Insufficency of this causes diabetes melitus

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50
Q

What are the hormones of the ovasries

A

estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin

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51
Q

What are the hormones of the testes

A

testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin

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52
Q

What does progesterone do

A

thickens the uterus wall and prepares for pegnancy

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53
Q

Ovulation is timulated by what hormone

A

LH

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54
Q

What does the corpus luteum release

A

estrogen inhinit and progesterone

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55
Q

What does inhibin inhibit

A

FSH from the AP

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56
Q

diabetes insipdipus is a result of

A

hyposecretion of ADH casing polyuria

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57
Q

What are the hypersecetion disorders

A

Acromegaly (thickening of bones and tissue) or Gigantism

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58
Q

pituitary dwarism is a resuly of

A

hyposecretion

59
Q

Wht is hypoparathyroidism

A

fatal spasms of the larynx due to rapid decline of blood calcuum levels

60
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism

A

excess PTH secretion causing bones to become soft and fragile. prmotes increase CA and phosphate levels in the blood

61
Q

Diaberties melitus is aresult of

A

hyposecretion ot inaction of insulin. Can cause increased hunger and thirst

62
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

glucose cant be absorbed. 5-1)% of cases. hereitary, and insulin is used to treat it

63
Q

Type 2

A

90-95% of cases. problem of inuslin resitance. Target cells cant respond to insulin. Herefitay risks. Can be treated with healthy change and insulin in exreme ccases

64
Q

Pathogenesis

A

cells cant absorbe glucoser so they rely of fat and protein. Caues weight loss and weakness along with ketonuria and ketoacidosis

65
Q

Chronic hyperglycemia

A

can lead to diabetic neuropathy (nerve damge and poor healing // loss of senstation)

66
Q

What are primary sex organd

A

they produce gametes (testes or ovaries)

67
Q

What are secondary sex organs

A

organs other than the goands that are necressary for reproduction

68
Q

What are seccondary se organs in the males

A

system of sucts and glands where the penis delivers sperm cells

69
Q

secodnary sex organs f females

A

uterine tubules, uterus, and vagina recieve sperm that harbor the developing fetus

70
Q

external genetiallia

A

located in the perineum and are externally visible (except the accesoory galnds of teh female

71
Q

Internal genitialla

A

in the plevic cavity except the testes and some ducts of the scrotum

72
Q

What are secondary sex xharateristcs

A

fetures that distinguish sexes and influences male attraction ( develop at puberty
ex) pubic hair, facial hair, brest growth

73
Q

What are the ecternal genitals of the male

A

peepee and scrotum

74
Q

What is the spermatic cord

A

bundle of CT containing the vas deferns, testicular nerve, and lymphatic vessels

75
Q

How does the scrotun regulate temp of the testes

A

cremaster muscles can bring testes close to the body, Dartos muslces can hold the testes agaisnt the warm body, and the pampinform plexu that cools via countercurrent heat exchanger

76
Q

Where is sperm produced

A

Seminiferous tubules

77
Q

What cells produce testoerstone

A

Interstital (leydig) cells

78
Q

What is the flow of semen

A

seminiferous tubules, rete testes, efferent ductules, epidymis, vas deferens, prostae urethra, membranous urerhra, spongy urethra, glans pernis, external urthral orriface

79
Q

What is the Blood testis barrier

A

formed by sustentacular cells and seperates the sperm fro the immune system

80
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles empty

A

ejaculatory duct

81
Q

Desribr the prostate gland

A

surrounds the urthra and ejac duct epties through pres of the prostae urthrea and froms about 30% of semen

82
Q

What is the bulburethtral gland

A

during arosal it luberactes the head of the penis to prepare fot sec. it also protects sperm by neurtalixing the acidity of th eleftover pee in the urethra

83
Q

Brinign vs prostae cancer

A

benigm prosatlic hyperplasisa compresses the urthra and obstucts urine flow (leading to infection of bladder and kidneys)
Prostate cancerno obstuction of pee. Tumeros near prostate gland, can spread to other organs.

84
Q

what are signs of prostae cancer

A

elevated levels of serine protease (PSA) and phospate in the blood

85
Q

What does the corpus cavinosum do

A

attaches penis to pubic arch

86
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum do

A

forms the glans penis

87
Q

What leads to the onset of puberty

A

surge of pituitary gonadotropins

88
Q

define adolescence

A

period from onset of gonadotropin secretion and reproductive development to when a person attain full adult height

89
Q

what is the sign that puberty has become in males and females

A

first menstral period and first ejaculation with viable sperm

90
Q

describe endocrine control during puberty

A

the hypothalamus produces GnRH which stimulates AP cells called gonadotropes to produce FSH and LH

91
Q

what hormone stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen binding proteins that bind to testosterone to eventually stimulate spermatogenesis

A

FSH

92
Q

What hormone stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

A

LH

93
Q

What hormone stimulates gneralized bosy growth in males

A

testosterone

94
Q

WHat hormone leads to the development of pubic hair, axillary hair, and facial hair

A

DHT dihydrotestosterone

95
Q

what hormone in males reduces sperm production without rediucing LH, and supesses FHS output

A

inhibin

96
Q

Male hormone release steps

A

1) GnRH causes release of FSH and LH
2) FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ABP (androgen binding protein)
3) LH stimulates interstitual cells to secrete testosterone
4) in the presense of ABP, testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis
5) testosterone also stimulates libido and development of secondary sex hormones
6) Testosterone causes negative feedback effect that reduces GnRH seceretion and sensitivity to GnRH
7) Sustentacular cells secrete inhibin , which inhibits FHS, reducing sperm production without reducing testosterone secretio

97
Q

What part of the sperm contains the hapolid

A

the nucleus

98
Q

What os the acrosome

A

enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contain emzymes that penetrate the egg

99
Q

what are the 3 regions of the tail of the sperm

A

midpiece that contain mitochondria and produces ATP
the principle piece that is axoneme surrounded by shealth of supporting fibers
end piece that is the tip of the flagella

100
Q

What is the make up of semen

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30 % prostatic fluid, 10% sperm/ spermatic duct secretions.
normal count is 50-120 mill/ml

101
Q

what sperm amount would be considered infertile

A

lower than 20-25 million /ml

102
Q

The prostate and semen

A

the prostate produces the milky white fluid that contains Ca, citrate, clotting enzymeand phosphate

103
Q

seminal vesicle and semen

A

viscous yellowish fluid containing fructose, carbs, citrate, protein called proseminogelin

104
Q

why is semen sticky

A

stickiness promotes fertilization

The clotting enzyme activates proseminogen which converts to seminogelin and entagles the sperm

105
Q

What are the femal internal genitala

A

overaties, uterine tubules, uterus, vagina

106
Q

What are teh female external gentialia

A

clit, labia majora and minor

107
Q

What is the female primary sex organ

A

the ovaries

108
Q

what is the tunica albuginea

A

a capsule like on the testes

109
Q

what can happen in the outer cortex of the ovaries

A

germs can develop

110
Q

What is in the inner medulla of the ovaries

A

major arties and veins where each egg develops its own fluid filled follicle

111
Q

What happens to the follicle during ovulation

A

bursts and the egg is released

112
Q

What hormone play a key role in the uterus and prepares for fertilization

A

progesteron

113
Q

Name a charteristic of the uerine tubes

A

lined with ciliated cells. Consists of the infudibulum, fimbraie, ampulla, and isthmus

114
Q

What is the mesosalpix

A

ligamnent that folds the uterine tube

115
Q

Describe the uterus

A

chamber that opens into the roof of the vag. has a fundus, body, and cervix

116
Q

What part of the uteren tube does fertilization occur

A

ampulla

117
Q

What layer of the uterine wall contains smooth muscle

A

the myometrium

118
Q

What part of the uterin wall os the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the placenta

A

endometrium

119
Q

What layer of the endometrium sheds with each menstral period

A

the functional layer ala the stratum fuctionalis (lots of nutrients)

120
Q

True or false- the vagina has 3 glands

A

false, none

121
Q

What is the tem for vaginal sweating/ lubrication

A

transudation

122
Q

What are the partsof the vulva or pudendum

A

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora

123
Q

What deveops within the breast during pregnancy

A

mammary gland

124
Q

what and when is milk production stimulated by

A

OT levels triggerd at labor

125
Q

What triggers puberty in women

A

rising levels of gnRH which tell the AP to secrete FSH and LH

126
Q

What is the femilnizng hormone

A

estrogen (estradiol, estriol and estrone)

127
Q

Thelarche

A

first sign of puberty triggered by breasy formation

128
Q

Punarche

A

step 2, appearance of pubic hair , axillary hair, sebaceous galnds, and axillary glands
from androgen from ovaries and the adrenal cortex

129
Q

Menarche

A

third, the first menstral period, requires 17% body fat

130
Q

What does anovulatory mean

A

first few menstral periods have no egg ovulates

131
Q

What role does estradiol do during puberty

A

stimulates vaginal metaplasia, stimulates growth of ovaries and secondary organs, GH secretion, fat deposition

132
Q

What two hormones supress FSH and LH during negative feedback

A

estrogens and progesterone

133
Q

Climacteric

A

4th, midlige change that is accompanied my menopause, when there are about 1000 follicles left

134
Q

Oogenesis

A

egg production, one egg released each month

135
Q

Folliculogenesis

A

development of follicles around the egg that undergoes oogenesis

136
Q

What stage of folliculogenesis does estrogen begin to be released

A

at the secondary follicle

137
Q

How lon gis the follicular phase

A

beginning of menstration until ovulation. includes the preovulatory phase

138
Q

What hormone surges in response to ovulation

A

LH

139
Q

What are the 4 phases of the menstral cycel in the uterus

A

menstral phase proliferative phase, secretory phase, premenstral phase,

140
Q

What is secreted during th eproliferative phase

A

estrogen which helps rebuild the functional layet of the endometrium that was lost in th elast menstration

141
Q

Desrbie the secretory phase

A

the endometrium thickens in reposne to progesterone. Glycogen is also secreted

142
Q

Describe the premenstral phase

A

tissues die in response to decrease of progesterone adn estrogen

143
Q

Describe the menstral phase

A

discharge of menstral fluid from the vagina

144
Q

Progesterone is highest during what phase of the menstral cycle

A

secretory phase

BIOL 3320 (4 decks)

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