Exam 2 Flashcards
On average adults hold how much blood?
4-6L
What is plasma, and what color is it?
matrix of blood that is a clear yellow fluid
Name the formed elements of blood
Erythrocytes , Leukocytes, and thrombocytes
What is a hematocrit?
centrifuge blood to separate its components to determine the ratio of plasma and RBC
List the formed elements of a normal blood sample from most to least abundant
Erythrocytes, Platelets, Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils
What is heaviest and settles first in to hematocrit
erythrocytes
What is plasma made up of?
a complex mix of H20, proteins, nutrients, electrocytes, nitrogenous waste, hormones, and gases
An increased hematocrit is an indication of what
a higher proportion of RBC, can increase viscosity
An decreased hematocrit is an indication of what?
anemia, a lower proportion of RBC
how does plasma differ from serum
serum is identical to plasma except of the absence of fibrinogen (what creates clotting)
What does albumin influence
viscosity and osmolarity, BP, blood flow, and fluid balence. It is the most abundent plasma protein.
What is fibrinogen?
the precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots
What organ forms both Albumin and Fibrinogen?
the liver
What is blood viscosity?
the resistance of a fluid to flow resulting of the cohesion of its particles
Name 3 factors that play a role in viscosity
RBC, Albuumin in plasma, and salt
Describe what blood that is too viscous is like
a milkshake through a straw
What is osmolarity
the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vells wall
Too high osmolarity results in
the blood absourbing too much water, increasing BP
Too low osmolarity results in
too much water staying in the tissue, resulting in a decreased BP and edema
describe the diffusion pattern of a solvent
(water) diffuses from low to high
describe the diffusion pattern of a solute
(protein) diffuses from high to low
What is hypoproteinemia
the deficiency of plasma proteins that also causes a decrease in osmotic pressure. The bloodstream is losing more fluid to the tissue than it is reabsorbing through osmosis. Associated with extreme starvation, liver and kidney disease, and severe burns.
what is hemopoiesis
the production of blood and its formed elements.
what produces all 7 of the formed elements of the blood
red bone marrow
how are the first blood cells made?
the yolk sac produces STEM cells for the first blood cells
what organ stops producing blood cells at birth
the liver
What are Pluripotent stem cells and where are they found
located in the bone marrow, these cells have not differentiated yet so they can change into any of the types of cells
what are colony forming units
cells that know what they want to be
myeloid hemopoiesis is
blood formation in the bone marrow
what are the 2 main functions of Erythrocytes
1) carry O2 from lungs to cell tissues
2) picks up CO2 from tissues and bring it to the lungs
what would happen if you had insufficient RBCs
death in minutes due to lack of O2 to the tissues
describe some characteristics of RBCs
lacks nearly all organelles and nucleus to allow for bending and stacking, uses anaerobic fermentation, no protein synthesis or mitosis
what is the major function of RBC
gas transport
why is it important that RBC use anaerobic fermentation
because it prevents them from consuming oxygen that they are supposed to transport to other tissues
pizza driver eating pizza
The cytoplasm of a RBC contains what?
33% Hemoglobin! and also CAH
What does hemoglobin do
aids in O2 delivery of RBC
how many protein chains does Hb have
4 (2 alpha and 2 beta)
How many heme groups are there and what is in the center of them
4 and there is an iron at the center
What is the hematocrit packed cell volume
the percentage of blood volume that is composed of RBC
Why do men have a great PCV than females
testosterone, total body, mass, and men do not have menstral cycles
what is erythropoiesis
the production of RBC
What is the average lifespan of a RBC
120 days
how long does it take for RBC to develop
3-5 days
Name the cell types in order of Erythropoiesis
1) stem cell
2) colony forming unit
3) erythroblasts
4)reticulocyte
5) mature erythrocyte
what type of receptors do colony forming units have
erythropoietin receptors
what is a reticulocyte
when a erythroblast’s nucleus is consumed by macrophages it becomes a reticuloctye and leaves the bone marrow an enters the circ system
what is an instance in which reticulocytes would increase
blood loss would cause an increase of eyrthropoiesis which would increase the number of reticuloytes
what are the kidneys responsible for
responsible for monitoring 02 conc
what do the kidneys do if o2 conc is too low
release epo
what is hypoxemia
oxygen conc too low in blood
describe the negative feedback process of erythrocyte homeostatsis
1) a drop in RBC count causes hypoxemia detect by the kidneys
2) kidneys secrete EPO to stimulate the red bone marrow
3) Accelerate erythropoiesis causes an increased RBC count in 3-4 days
4) this ends in an increased o2 transport
Name some stimuli that increases erythropoiesis
hypoxemia, exercise, high altitude, loss of lung tissue in emphysema
what is the spleen known as
the RBC graveyard. it filters and cleans blood
what seperates the heme from the globin
macrophages
what does the globin breat down into
ammino acids that are reused
what is the heme broken down into
yello bilirubin in the blood and Iron that is reused. From there the bilirubin is removed by the liver and secreted in bile
what is the problem with liver damage
prevents the removal of bilirubin and leads to jaundice
What is polycythemia
the excess of RBC
what are some things that can cause polycythemia
dehydration, smoking, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning
what is iron stored as and where
ferretin in the liver
What are the dangers of polycythemia
increase blood vol, pressure, viscosity which can lead to a stroke and heart failure
What is Anemia
inadequate erythropoiesis or Hb synthesis
What are the consequences of anemia
tissue hypoxia and necrosis, reduced osmolarity, and low blood viscosity
What is sickle cell disease
recessive mutation that causes RBC to become rigid and pointed causing small vessels to be blocked. This leads to heart and kidney failure, stroke, joint pain and paralysis
What are RBC antigens called
agglutinogens
what are RBC antibodies called
agglutinins
The name of the blood type corresponds to
what antigens it has
Who is the universal donor
O, lacks antigens
Who is the universal recipient
AB, lacks antibodies
Antibodies are present
if the letter isnt present in the name. For example, blood type A has B antibodies, O has A and B, and AB has none
What is agglutination
when antibodies bind to antigens caused the RBCs to clump. This is why transfusion matches are key
People who have antigen D are what RH factor
positve, those lacking are negative
What kind of blood can RH- people receive
only RH negative blood, positive can receive either
What is Hemolytic disease of the newborm
an Rh- mom has formed antibodies and is pregnant wither her second Rh+ child. Cause agglutination.
What is the prevention of HDN
RhoGAm injection
What are the types of granulocytes
1) neutrophils,eosiophil, basophil
What are neurtophils
the first line of defense, aggressively antibacterial , neutrophilia- rise in neutrophils in response to bacterial infetion
Eosinophil
increased number in parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, and diseases of the spleen and CNS
Basophils
secretes a histamine that speeds blood flow to a injuryed area and also secretes heparir (anticoagulents)
essental for an inflammatory response
What are the types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monovytes
What doe lymphocytes do
differentiate into cells that produce antibodies, include memory cell lines, and detroy cancerous and virally infected cells
What do monocytes do
immune clearence and differentiate into dendritic cells and macrophages
Leukopenia is
low WBC count which causes you to have an elevated risk of infection
Leukocytosis
high WBC causes infections, allergy and disease
What is Leukemia
cancer of the hemopoietic tissueu that produces a high number of leukocytes
What factors play a role in Complete blood count
Hematocrite, HB conc, RBC, WBC, platelet count, RBC size, and HB conc per RBC
What is Hemaostatsis
the cessation of bleeding
What are the 3 mechanisms of hemostatsis
1) vascular spasm
2) platelet plug
Coagulation
What are platelets
small fragments of megakarycyte cells that play a hige role in blood loss prevention
functions of the platelet
secrete vasoconstricters, form platelet plugs, secrete procoagulants, secrete growth factors
what happens during the vascular spasm
prompt constiction of a broken vessel due to smooth muscle injury
release of serotonin.
provides time forother mechanism
describe the platelet plug formation
broken vessels release sticky collagen and platetlet pseudopods stick to the damaged vessels and other platelets
postive feedback cycle
Coagulation
the most effective defense against bleeding
fibrinogen to fibrin threads
postive feedback
What is an extrinsic pathway
factors released by damaged tissue (8,5,10)
what are intrinsic pathways
factors found in blood platelets (11,9,8,10)
What factor does tissue damage release
factor 3- thromboplastin
what factor does platelets release
factor 12- Hageman
factor 3 and 12 activate
factor 10
Factor 10 activation
prothrombin activation
What two things does the liver make during coagulation
prothrombin and fibrinogen
what makes the polymer that is the web like structure that holds a blood clot together
fibrin
What dissolves fibrin
plasmin
What is Fibrinolysis
the dissolution of a clot
What is thrombin dilution
by rapidly flowing blood, heart slows in shock which can result in clot formation
What is Hemaphilla A
miss factor 8
What is hemaphilla B
missing factor 9
What gender is affected more by hemaphillia
men
what is a hematoma
masses of clotted blood in the tissue
What is thromboisis
abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels
What is pulmonary embolism
clot breaks free and travels from veins to lungs
What is infarcation
tissue death may occur if clot blocks blood supply to an organ
What do arteries do
carry blood away from the heart
What do veins do
carry blood back to the heart
What do capillaries do
connect smallest arteries to smallest veins
Tunica interna
selectively permable barrier that secretes chemicals. Lines the blood vessels and is exposed to blood. Has endothelium
what is the waterslide
the endothelium
tunica media
smooth muscle, collagen, and regulates the diameter
Tunica externa
loose CT, anchors, and has vasa vasorum
Vasa Vasorum
small vessles that supply blood to outer part of the larger vessels
Conduction (elastic/large) arteries
biggest, close to heart, expand during systole, have internal and external elasric lamina
Distributing (muscular medium) arties
distribute blood to organs, smooth muslce contributes to the thickness
Resistance arteries
smallest, control amount of blood to organs, vey little tunica externa, metarterioles
Annerysm
weak point in artery or heart wall. forms a thin walled bluging sac that may rupture. Can cause hyprttension and atherosclerosis
Carotid sinuses
barorecpetors in walls of internal caratoid artry that monitor BP
Caratoid bodies and aortic bodies are
chemoreceptors
What are capillaries
are thin walled exchange vessels where gasses, nutrients , wastes, and hormones pass between blood and tissue fluid
Continuous capillaries
most common, thight junctions that form a tube with intercellular clefts that allow passage of solute. COntract and regulate blood flow
Fenestrated capillaries:
filration pores for organs that require rapid absourption or filtration
discontinuous capillaries
liver, bone marrow, spleen, allows albumin and new blood cells to enter the circulation
capillary beds
networks of capillaries supplied single ateriole spincters that relax and contract ( no blood flow)
greatest capacity of blood is where
veins
Postcapillary veins
smallest veins, no muscle fibers, most leukocytes emigrate from the blood streamm
muscular veins
1-2 layers of smooth muslce in media and a thin externa
medium veins
have venous valves
What are varicose veins
result in failure of the venous valves. Blood pools in lower legs of people who stand alot . Obesity and pregnancy
Hemorrhoids
varicose veins of the anal canal
venous sinuses
not capable of vasomotor responses. veins with espcially thin walls and large lumen and no smooth muslce
Large veins
close to heart, tunica externa is thickest
What is the simpliest and most common route for blood
heart
arteries
aterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
one netwoek of capillaries
What is a portal system
Blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary network before returning to the heart
Anastomosis
the converge/connection point between two vessels other than capillaries
Ateriovenous anastomosis
artery flows directly into veins bypassing capillaries
venoous anastomos
most common one veins empties directly into another
Is vein blockage less serois that aterial
yes
Arterial anastomosis
to arterial merge provides collateral routes of blood
Define blood flow
amount of blood flowing through organ tissue or vessl in a given time mL/min
Perfusion
flow pergiven volume or mass of tissue in a given time
At rest what is total flow
equal to CO, 5.25L/min
The relationship of flow and change in P
greater the pressure diff the greater the flow
relationship between flow and resistance
the greater the resistance the less the flow
Define BP
the force that blood exerts against a vessle wall
where is BP measure
at the brachial atery
Top BP number
systolic pressure which is the peak aterial BP taken during ventricular systole
bottom BP number
diastolic pressure which is the minimum arterial BP during ventricular relaxation between heart beats
What is the normal value for a young adult
120/75
Arteriosclerosis
stiffening of ateries due to deterioration of elatic fibers of artery walls
Atherosclerosis
build up on lipid that becomes plaques
Hypertensio
high BP 140/90 and up. weaken arteries, causes aneurysms, promotes atherosclerosis
Hypotension
chronic low resting BP, blood loss, dehydration, and anemia
What is BP determined by
CO, blood vol, and resistance to flow
What 3 things play a role in resistance
blood viscoisty, vessel length, and vessle radius
what is the only signifcant way of controlling resistance
vessel radius (vasoreflexes)
vasoconstriction and dialation concern what
smooth muscle contracting or relaxing
from aorta to capillaries
blood velocity decreases due to greater distance, smaller radii
from capillaries to vena cava
velocity increases. veins create less resistancew
what are the most signiicant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow
arterioles ( produce half)
What are the 2 purposes of vasoreflexes
control BP and routing blood from one body region to another
Local control
autoregulation and production of wastes causes dialation
describe a baroreflex
automatic, negative feedback response to chnage BP
glossopharengeal nerve sends signals to brainstem
vagus nerve to heart
only short tem regulation
process of elevated BP
arteries stretch
baroreceptors fire faster
caridoinhibitry neurons stimulated
vasomotor center inhibited
leads to increased vagal tone and reduce HR
leads to reduced sympathetic tone and vasomotor ton which causes dialation
Meduallart reflex
automatic response to drop in perfusion of the brain.
Angiotension II
vasoconstrictor
raises BP
promotes NA and water retension of the kidnets
increase blood volume and pressure
Atrial natriurectic peptide
increase urinary sodium excertion
reduces blood vol and promotes vasodilation
lowers BP
ADH
promotes water retention and raises BP
vasoconstricotr
Epip and nore
when binding to alpha it constricts and when binding to beta it dialates
capillary excahnge
2 way movement of fluid across capillary walls
3 routes of capillary exchange
cell cytoplasm
intercellur clefts
filtration pores
Blood hydrostatic pressure
drives fluid out of capillary, high on aterial end and low on venous end
Colloid osmotic pressure
draws fluid into the capillary
results from greater albumin
capillaries reabsourb how much fluid
85% of the fluid they filter
if arteriole dialates whats happens to hydrostatiic pressure
increase, vasoconstriction causes decrease
What is edema
excess fluid in th etissie
What is venous return
the flow of blood back to heart.
What does venous return rely on
pressure gradiant, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, throracic puml, and cardiac suction
what does exercise do to venous return
increase
What is venous pooling
occurs with inactivity. causes dizziness. Venous pressure is not enought ot force blood up
What is a TIA
a brief epside of cerebral ischmia. a spams of cerebral arties. early warning of a stroke
CVA
sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischmia, atherosclerosis , thrombosis
What is luminar flow
blood flows in layers with the middle of the lumen flowing the fastest
when lumen diamter is increase BP
decreasses
