Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 3320 > Emam 2-AB > Flashcards

Emam 2-AB Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sensory receptor?

A

ransduce physical signals (detect stimuli) into encoded neural signals, which transport information to nerve centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what kind of neurons are afferent

A

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of neurons are efferent

A

motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are interneurons

A

neurons that are exclusively in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are gated channels activated by

A

a stimulus, such as a change of voltage across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a sodium potassium pump

A

transports Na+ and K + across the cell membrane. Sodium os actively removed from the cell via this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define synapse

A

decision and integration points in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do synaptic vesicles contain

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do action potentials open

A

voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels, that cause the vesicle to move the membrane of the terminal bouton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define NT

A

endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

when synaptic vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, the NT it contains is released into the synaptic cleft where it binds to receptors on the dendrite of the post-synaptic nerve cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an excitatory synapse

A

causes a slight depolarization of the second cell (receptor opens to let Na+ in), called an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an inhibitory synapse

A

causes a slight hyperpolarization of the second cell (the receptor opens a receptor that allows Cl- in), called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spatial summation

A

number and type of synapses on its dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Temporal Summation

A

rate at which the presynaptic neuron fires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What two factors depend of if a postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold

A

spatial and temporal summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a neuromodulator?

A

something that alters the sensitivity of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is sensory perception

A

The ability to understand and interact with the environment using senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a azimuth

A

the angular measurement between the sound source and a reference direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Nucleus magnocellularis

A

½ cochlear nuclei. Processes the timing of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nucleus angularis function

A

processes sound intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Inferior colliculus function

A

region of the midbrain where the neurons create a map auditory space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the optic tectum

A

area of the brain responsible for visual localization and orientation of the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is long term potentiation

A

persistent strengthening of synapses that enables a long-lasting increase in synaptic transmission in a neuronal network.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is long term depression

A

an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is synaptic remodeling

A

changes in the number of dendritic spines of the postsynaptic neuron, production of growth factors by glial cells (which modify the growth of dendrites and axons), and activation of CREB, which also produce structure changes of synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is neurogenesis

A

process where new neurons are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is deafferentation

A

when the sensory nerve is cliped or chemically blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Draw the stucture of a basic neuron and label

A

just do it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why are neurons polarized

A

Nerve cells are polarized when unexpired

More negative inside the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is more concentrated inside the cell

A

K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

is there net movement of K across the membrane?

A

nah

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe an action potential

A

Local depolarization of membrane opens voltage-sensitive sodium gates at neighboring points

This causes an action potential to travel down the axon

action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Can you describe, generally, how a barn owl localizes sound? The neural pathways involved in timing and intensity of sound?

A

arn owl can detect the position of a prey item in complete darkness

Sensory perception begins with organization of sensory structures

Limit (tuned to) detection of stimuli

Pattern of feathers on face of owl and organization of its ears that allow it to determine the spatial location of prey without visual inputs

Owl uses difference of arrival times of sound to its two ears and difference in sound intensity between the two ears to determine the horizontal & vertical position of a sound stimulus

Ex. A noisy mouse

Information about timing of sound & sound intensity between ears travels as impulses in the Auditory nerve to the central nervous system

Axons in auditory nerve on each side of the head send a branch to two cochlear nuclei – the nucleus magnocellaris, which processes the timing of sound & the nucleus angularis, which processes sound intensity

Information relayed to external nucleus of the inferior colliculus, a region in the mid brain, where the neurons literally create a map auditory space

Specific neuron in the inferior colliculus responds maximally to specific binaural difference in the arrival of sounds

Auditory map space then relayed to the optic tectum (area of brain responsible for visual localization and orientation of head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Can you describe habituation and sensitization in Aplysia?

A

When sea slug moves across the ocean bottom, its gills are spread and its siphon (used for exertion) is extended If siphon is touched by predator

1)stimulus to skin stimulates sensory neurons on the skin

2) facilitiating interneurons is stimulated that synapses on the azon terminal of the sensory neuron from the siphon skin

3) Serotonin realsease from facilitating neuron

4) increase cAMP

5) cAMP causes closing of K channels which prolongs depolarization

6) more Ca enters the axon terminal as usual

7) increased release of NT by sensory neuron

8) increased firing rate of gill motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How are memories stored?

A

Brain regions operate in networks – organization of these changes when an animal learns (memories are formed)

Synapse number and strength correspond to strength of mem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the duration of a short term memory

A

minutes or hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the duration of an intermediate - term memory

A

weeks, months or years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How long do long term memories last

A

weeks, months, years, decades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why do we have different kinds of memories?

A

Memories correspond to synaptic modifications – changes in the strength or number of synapses

41
Q

What NT is associated with long term potentiation

A

glutamate; With repeated stimulation the postsynaptic neuron becomes more and more sensitive to glutamate due to enhanced sensitivity of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane & recruitment of additional glutamate receptors

42
Q

What factors aid the formation of long term memories

A

Long-term Depression: synaptic strength – sensitivity to glutamate – is decreased

This occurs when postsynaptic neurons are not regularly stimulated

Synaptic remodeling: changes in the number of dendritic spines of the postsynaptic neuron, production of growth factors by glial cells (which modify the growth of dendrites and axons), and activation of CREB, which also produce structure changes of synapses

Neurogenesis: growth of new neurons. At the foundation of learned behavior

43
Q

Give an example of neurogenesis

A

Birds that store food have a larger hippocampus than birds that do not store food

Growth of new neurons varies seasonally – with need to store food

44
Q

What is a central pattern generator

A

Related to motor neurons which control muscle movements

Motor patterns that are repeated over and over are often controlled by a central pattern generator

Network of neurons that generates patterned activity even when sensory input is removed from the system

45
Q

What does an endocrine gland do

A

produce hormones

46
Q

What are hormones

A

chemicals secreted in one part of the body that cause changes in other parts of the body

47
Q

What is a target cell

A

hormones often remain in the blood stream for long periods and affect only these certain cells (target cells)

48
Q

What is a peptide hormone?

A

amino acid chains (3-300 amino acids). Create relatively short-term changes of cell membrane properties

they are water soluble

bind to receptors on the membrane of the cel;

induce complex molecular interactions inside the target cell that often involve second messengers

49
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

group of closely related hormones secreted primarily by the gonads and adrenal glands in vertebrates

50
Q

What are neurosteroids

A

steroid hormones produced by neurons

Rapidly modulate excitability and are involved in cell divsion and neurogenesis

51
Q

What is an antihormone

A

similar to knock out strains. Young virgin males treated with progesterone show increased aggression, but those treated with the antihormone that blocks progesterone receptors, reduced aggression)

52
Q

What does the challenge hypothesis state

A

the idea that temporal patterns of Testosterone are determined by a trade-off between the degree of male- male competition and the expression of parental care

53
Q

What is alpha- fetoprotein

A

an estrogen binding protein produced in the liver of male and female fetuses, and binds to estradiol so it does not reach target brain neurons

54
Q

What are the major classes of steroid hormones and where are they (generally) produced?

A

Androgens, progestogens, corticosteroids

Secreted by the gonads and adrenal glands in vertebrates

Derived from cholesterol

54
Q

what does anadromous mean?

A

(involves fish such as salmon) that migrate up rivers from the sea to spawn

54
Q

What is smoltification

A

the process of a young salmon becoming ready for entry into marine waters. This entails the change of color, change in osmoregulatory structure, and increased growth rate

54
Q

How do peptide hormones function

A

create short term changes of the cell membrane properties

55
Q

What is rheotaxis?

A

a form of taxis in many aquatic organisms, where they turn to face oncoming currents

55
Q

How to steriod hormones function

A

they are fat soluble and enter target cells directly, and then bind to a receptor, enter the nucleus, and trigger gene transcription

56
Q

How do neurosteroids function

A

May inhibit or enhance neurotransmission through modulation of GABAA or NMDA receptors

GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter

57
Q

What are the consequences of cellular responses to hormones?

A

Alter behavior through pathways:

Sensory and perceptual mechanisms

Development or activity of the central nervous system

Muscles used to execute behavior

58
Q

How do hormones affect brain tissue?

A

They alter volume of brain tissue, number of cells in the brain tissue, the size of the neuron cell bodies, the extent of dendrite branching, the neuron sensitivity to a particular hormone, and the survival of neurons

59
Q

What kinds of approaches are used to study hormone influences on behavior

A

Correlations between behavior and hormone levels are used to identify putative causal relations

Challenge hypothesis: the idea that temporal patterns of testosterone are determined by a trade-off between the degree of male-male competition (increased testosterone good) and the expression of paternal care (decrease in testosterone good)

60
Q

What are the two major effects of hormones?

A

1) Organizational effects- effects that occur early in life; permanent effects that alter responsiveness of neurons to steroid hormones and organize development along separate pathways. Ex) Testosterone on adult reproductive behavior in rats or position of a female rat in the uterus

2) Activation Effects: occur in adulthood; alter previously established neuronal connections (small changes in neurotransmitter production or release) no major reorganization of established neural pathways

61
Q

Estradiol in fetus male rats induces male-like behavior when they are adults. Female fetus rats produce estradiol, so why do adult females not exhibit male-like behavior?

A

Due to the alpha-fetoprotein (an estrogen binding protein produced in the liver of male and female fetuses, and binds to estradiol so it does not reach target brain neurons)

62
Q

Do hormones cause behavior or does behavior alter levels of hormones?

A

Hormones alter behavior but the reciprocal is true too

63
Q

Why are hormone levels controlled by the environment?

A

the production of hormones is typically timed to environmental conditions that predict events important for survival and reproduction

64
Q

What are some environmental conditions that alter hormone production?

A

Photoperiod and social environment

65
Q

Can you describe the life cycle of anadromous salmon and how hormones influence smoltificaion and behavior?

A

Environmental cues & hormones associated with behavioral, physiological and morphological changes over the life cycle

Higher water flow, longer photoperiod, and warmer temperatures prompt smoltification

Prolactin (promotes osmoregulation in fresh water) production declines

Prolactin and fish growth hormone are peptide hormones produced by the pituitary

Growth hormone increases and in combination with cortisol enhances tolerance for salt water

Thyroid Hormone induces the loss of stripes (parr marks) in parr (replaced by silver coloration)

Behavioral changes accompany smoltification:

There is a shift in orientation from upstream (positive rheotaxis) toward downstream (negative rheotaxis); reduced aggression; and the formation of schools

Transition back to freshwater to spawn is equally complex

Male pink salmon transition from ocean stage to spawning male

Then after they breed they basically fall apart and die L

66
Q

define metamorphosis

A

process in which the NS is repeatedly dismantled and rebuilt.

67
Q

Define ecdysteriod

A

coordinate the loss and reorganization of neurons

68
Q

Describe play behavior

A

natural part of development for many species that is characterized by exaggerated movement, repetition of behavior, and juxtaposition of functionally different behavior patterns. Play appears to have a lack of purpose but influences Physical, social, and cognitive development

69
Q

What is a sensitive period

A

the expression of behavior depends on the exposure to a stimulus over this time period. The onsets of these periods is caused by endogenous factors and exogeneous factors.

70
Q

what is pragung

A

stamping (konrad lorenz)

71
Q

Describe flial imprinting

A

Goslings learn characteristics of their mother and exhibit a preference. Young show an unlearned predisposition to follow the calls of a female if the appropriate species.

72
Q

Describe sexual impriting? What are the 2 phases?

A

involves early experiences with partners or siblings, which influences sexual preferences.

Acquisition phase(bonds with parents influence the young to socialize with individuals of the same species)

the Consolidation phase (social preferences direct individuals to court members of their own species when they become adults). The degree for which the courter is sexually motivated at the time of the first courtship attempt impacts the extent to when sexual preferences are fixed.

73
Q

Who is Patrick Bateson

A

looked at sexual imprinting costs associated with inbreeding and outbreeding between goats and sheep, and Japanese quail. Found that males prefer the foster parent type and female preference was less impactful and more reversible

74
Q

Who is Peter Maler

A

looked at the importance of learning in the development of song in birds

75
Q

What is a subsong

A

in the first summer of life, males produce subsongs which are different songs of adult males

76
Q

What is a plastic song

A

by the time of the first breeding season males produce their plastic song which is the typical adult male song

77
Q

What is song crystallization

A

When the first breeding season begins the song of young males becomes crystalized to resemble his father and other males and remains unchanged after that.

78
Q

Describe the brood parasite, and how they learn song

A

in the cowbird, male song of the parasite is delayed until their second summer when they hear conspecifics, showing that young males show and inherent own species bias to learn the song of the cowbird. However, in the white crowned sparrow, they learnt the song of their tutor species.

79
Q

How do birds control exposure of chicks to androgens like testosterone and how do these levels

A

prenatal exposure to androgens in the yolk of eggs influences behavior. Black headed gulls lay several eggs and females can control the level of testosterone and other androgen deposited in the yolk (eggs that are laid later have more androgens). Higher androgen levels enhance 1) rate of development 2) Growth 3) Begging behavior

80
Q

What animals show temperature-dependent sex determination?

A

Several lizard species, many turtles, and all crocodilians

81
Q

Who is Arthur Hasler

A

looked at olfactory imprinting in salmon, and said that migration in some fish involves a sun compass

82
Q

When do salmon learn the odor of their natal stream?

A

Around the time of smoltification (the transition from parr to smolt that occurs before the migration to the ocean)

83
Q

What auditory experiences influence imprinting in ducks? Describe some experiments related to these experiences.

A

he auditory experience before they hatch is important to the preference that they form. A few days before hatching (the sensitive period) the duckling moves its head into the airspace in the egg and makes a “contentment call”. Preference for a mallard call is not seen in ducks made mute or isolated.

84
Q

How is movement related to imprinting

A

Movement by the mother is necessary for the development of a visual preference. Duckings that were exposed to a stationary stuffed mallard hen do not preferentially follow a mallard hen

85
Q

Can you describe the process of sexual imprinting in some birds

A

Both male and female Japanese quail prefer to spend time with first cousin over siblings, second or third cousins or unrelated relatives

86
Q

What are the causes of maternal attachment?

A

1) activation of maternal responses (occurs right after parturition) and 2) Establishment of maternal selectivity (occurs 1-2 hours postpartum)

87
Q

What are song nuclei? Anterior and posterior pathways?

A

song nuclei are the regions of the brain that are connected via the neural pathways that are involved in the production and acquisition of song. The Posterior pathway involves song production while the anterior pathway involves song acquisition

88
Q

How are song nuclei related to song repertoire?

A

here is a positive correlation between the size of the song nuclei and song repertoire. The bigger the SN the greater the number of songs known

89
Q

Who is Mark Hauber

A

showed that a vocal password is involved and serves as a trigger to learn song and physical attributes of the signaler

90
Q

What hormone masculinizes the song system in zebra finches?

A

estrogen

91
Q

What hormone is needed to activate the song system in zebra finches?

A

testosterone

92
Q

How is auditory feedback involved in the development of song in white crowned sparrows?

A

Young males can listen to themselves and match their vocal output to memorize the songs heard during their sensitive period. Deaf young males fail to produce a normal song.

93
Q

How does social experience influence song development in cowbirds

A

females adopt a copulatory posture when they hear a male’s song they like. The young males then learn what calls are attractive to the females. Because of this, dominant males in mixed sex flocks attack young subordinate males when they sing. This causes the young males to learn songs that don’t get they beat up, and therefore are song that are no attractive to the females.

94
Q

What is a p value

A

A p value is the probability of an outcome that is crazier than if the null is true.

BIOL 3320 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions