final Flashcards
granulocytes:
nuetrohils, eosinophils, basophils
which luekocytes will destroy a worm
eosinophils
(EW a worm, Eosinophil goes after parasitic worms)
whcih cell becomes a macrophage
monocytes
the b cells, t cells, and NK cells belong to what group?
lymphocytes (a type of leukocyte)
describe platelet plug forming
- platelets stick to damaged area and activate
- change shape and release ADP and thromboxane
- aggregation
intrinsic vs extrinsic path of blood clotting
- intrinsic is slower, activators within in contact with blood
- extrinsic: faster, TF moves INTO blood
what marks the beginning of the common pathway (clotting)
formation of prothrombinase
clot retraction
consolidation or tightening of clot, pulls edges of damaged vessels together
t or f: vitamin K directly involved in clotting
false, it helps make 4 clotting factors
thrombus vs embolus
thrombus = clot in unbroken vessel
embolus = free moving clot that used to be a thrombus
hematocrit
% of blood that is erythryocytes
3 functions of blood
transport, regulation, protection
cellular elements of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What hormone is released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, and what is its role?
kidneys with release GFs to stimulate production of erythrocytes
How long do erythrocytes live, and what happens to them after they age?
120 days, phagocytosized but heme is recycled
general function of leukocytes in immune system
combat invading pathogens and abnormal cells
How do platelets help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels?
Form platelet plugs and release chemicals to promote clotting
which leukocyte promotes inflammation
basophils
which leukocyte goes after parasites
eosinophils
role of spleen as a lymphatic organ
largest one, filters blood and allows B and T cells to function, macrophages also perform immune response and get rid of old RBCs
phagocytes and the steps
Neutrophils and macrophages
adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing
3 steps of inflammation
three basic stages:
(1) vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
(2) emigration (movement) of phagocytes from the blood into interstitial fluid
(3) tissue repair
adaptive vs innate immunity
2 types of adaptive immunity
- CELL MEDIATED
- ANTIBODY MEDIATED
*he;per t cells present in both
what is the only cell lacking MHC protiens?
erythrocytes
RBCs
dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
APCs
opsonins
molecules that bind to pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, and make them more susceptible to phagocytosis by cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and neutrophils. By binding to pathogens, opsonins can enhance the recognition and engulfment of the pathogens by phagocytic cells, leading to their destruction. Some examples of opsonins include antibodies (IgG and IgM)
passive artificial immunity provides
immediate but temporary protection against an antigen.
Adaptive immunity includes ______.
cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity
____ promote the synthesis of antiviral proteins that prevent viruses from replicating inside a cell.
part of the ___ line of defence of the ____ immune response
interferons
2nd line
innate immunity
once B cells have been activates and start cloning, which new cells are the ones produces and releasing antibodies?
the new plasma cells being made q
whcish Ig is most abundant and what does it do
IgG: increases phag, can move from mom thru placenta to fetus
which antibodies appear following antigen exposure for the first time
IgM then IgG = primary response
what causes ANP to be stimulated
if the blood pressure is higher than normal
-ANP will cause more Na+ and H2O to be excreted to lower blood volume and BP
- opp of ADH which acts to increase water levels and BP
when is renin stimulated
when either BP is low or Na+ is low
- it will stimulate aldosterone which causes Na+ and H2O reabsorption to increase BP and Na+
what controls Na+ levels
ADH, ANP, aldosterone
most abundant mineral in body
calcium
- An increase in exhalation of carbon dioxide _____ blood pH; a decrease in exhalation of CO2 _____ blood pH.
increases
decreases
- ENS has neurons arranged in 2 plexuses:
o Myenteric plexus: ?
o Submucosal plexus: ?
- motility
- secretion
ICCs function in digestion
release waves to hopefully trigger APs that will cause contraction of the smooth muscle of GI tract
peristalsis vs segmentation
- Peristalsis: successive contractions to move contents forward (smooth movement)
- Segmentation: alternating contractions that MIX the luminal contents
what does saliva breakdown
CARBOHYDRATES
