final

Question 1

granulocytes:

Answer 1

nuetrohils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 2

which luekocytes will destroy a worm

Answer 2

eosinophils

(EW a worm, Eosinophil goes after parasitic worms)

Question 3

whcih cell becomes a macrophage

Answer 3

monocytes

Question 4

the b cells, t cells, and NK cells belong to what group?

Answer 4

lymphocytes (a type of leukocyte)

Question 5

describe platelet plug forming

Answer 5

• platelets stick to damaged area and activate
• change shape and release ADP and thromboxane
• aggregation

Question 6

intrinsic vs extrinsic path of blood clotting

Answer 6

• intrinsic is slower, activators within in contact with blood
• extrinsic: faster, TF moves INTO blood

Question 7

what marks the beginning of the common pathway (clotting)

Answer 7

formation of prothrombinase

Question 8

clot retraction

Answer 8

consolidation or tightening of clot, pulls edges of damaged vessels together

Question 9

t or f: vitamin K directly involved in clotting

Answer 9

false, it helps make 4 clotting factors

Question 10

thrombus vs embolus

Answer 10

thrombus = clot in unbroken vessel
embolus = free moving clot that used to be a thrombus

Question 11

hematocrit

Answer 11

% of blood that is erythryocytes

Question 12

3 functions of blood

Answer 12

transport, regulation, protection

Question 13

cellular elements of blood

Answer 13

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Question 14

What hormone is released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, and what is its role?

Answer 14

kidneys with release GFs to stimulate production of erythrocytes

Question 15

How long do erythrocytes live, and what happens to them after they age?

Answer 15

120 days, phagocytosized but heme is recycled

Question 16

general function of leukocytes in immune system

Answer 16

combat invading pathogens and abnormal cells

Question 17

How do platelets help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels?

Answer 17

Form platelet plugs and release chemicals to promote clotting

Question 18

which leukocyte promotes inflammation

Answer 18

basophils

Question 19

which leukocyte goes after parasites

Answer 19

eosinophils

Question 20

role of spleen as a lymphatic organ

Answer 20

largest one, filters blood and allows B and T cells to function, macrophages also perform immune response and get rid of old RBCs

Question 21

phagocytes and the steps

Answer 21

Neutrophils and macrophages

adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing

Question 22

3 steps of inflammation

Answer 22

three basic stages:
(1) vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
(2) emigration (movement) of phagocytes from the blood into interstitial fluid
(3) tissue repair

Question 23

adaptive vs innate immunity

Question 24

2 types of adaptive immunity

Answer 24

• CELL MEDIATED
• ANTIBODY MEDIATED

*he;per t cells present in both

Question 25

what is the only cell lacking MHC protiens?

Answer 25

erythrocytes
RBCs

Question 26

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

Answer 26

APCs

Question 27

opsonins

Answer 27

molecules that bind to pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, and make them more susceptible to phagocytosis by cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and neutrophils. By binding to pathogens, opsonins can enhance the recognition and engulfment of the pathogens by phagocytic cells, leading to their destruction. Some examples of opsonins include antibodies (IgG and IgM)

Question 28

passive artificial immunity provides

Answer 28

immediate but temporary protection against an antigen.

Question 29

Adaptive immunity includes ______.

Answer 29

cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

Question 30

____ promote the synthesis of antiviral proteins that prevent viruses from replicating inside a cell.

part of the ___ line of defence of the ____ immune response

Answer 30

interferons

2nd line

innate immunity

Question 31

once B cells have been activates and start cloning, which new cells are the ones produces and releasing antibodies?

Answer 31

the new plasma cells being made q

Question 32

whcish Ig is most abundant and what does it do

Answer 32

IgG: increases phag, can move from mom thru placenta to fetus

Question 33

which antibodies appear following antigen exposure for the first time

Answer 33

IgM then IgG = primary response

Question 34

what causes ANP to be stimulated

Answer 34

if the blood pressure is higher than normal

-ANP will cause more Na+ and H2O to be excreted to lower blood volume and BP

• opp of ADH which acts to increase water levels and BP

Question 35

when is renin stimulated

Answer 35

when either BP is low or Na+ is low

• it will stimulate aldosterone which causes Na+ and H2O reabsorption to increase BP and Na+

Question 36

what controls Na+ levels

Answer 36

ADH, ANP, aldosterone

Question 37

most abundant mineral in body

Answer 37

calcium

Question 38

4. An increase in exhalation of carbon dioxide _____ blood pH; a decrease in exhalation of CO2 _____ blood pH.

Answer 38

increases

decreases

Question 39

• ENS has neurons arranged in 2 plexuses:
  o Myenteric plexus: ?
  o Submucosal plexus: ?

Answer 39

• motility
• secretion

Question 40

ICCs function in digestion

Answer 40

release waves to hopefully trigger APs that will cause contraction of the smooth muscle of GI tract

Question 41

peristalsis vs segmentation

Answer 41

• Peristalsis: successive contractions to move contents forward (smooth movement)
• Segmentation: alternating contractions that MIX the luminal contents

Question 42

what does saliva breakdown

Answer 42

CARBOHYDRATES