Final Flashcards
what are the fetal malpositions
presentation
position
posture
definition of presentation
signifies the relationship between the longitudinal axis of the foetus and the maternal birth canal
definiton of position
indicates the surface of the maternal birth canal to which the fetal vertebral column is applied
definition of posture
refers to the disposition of the movable appendage of the foetus
maternal causes of dystocia
failure of expulsive forces (uterine or abdominal causes)
primary uterine inertia
- Are the onset of birth, (bitch, sow)
- Fetus remains in intrauterine position
(uterinecontractions fail to be initiated)
Causes:
myometrial defect (overstretching, infection, degeneration, systemitc illness, hereditaty, small litter size)
biochemical deficiencies (E-P ratio, oxytocin, PGF, relaxin, Ca or glucose def)
oligamnion
premature parturion
envoronmetnal disturbances
condition - obsetiy/ malnutrition
- Therapy : hand vaginal stimulation (Ferguson reflex), extraction of fetuss
secondary uterine inertia
consequence of another case of dystocia
at first contractions are normla by thten myometrial exhaustation
cause = uterien damage or prolapse
therapy = eliminate cause, extract fetus, uterotonics in bithcn adn queen
abdominal causes of dysotica
- Inability to strain
- Causes : age, pain, debility, diaphragmatic rupture, tracheal / laryngeal damage
obstruction of birth canal
Bony pelvis
= Congenital = developmental abnormalities of the pelvis are generally rare in animals
= Acquired = fracture, diet, immaturity (juvenile pelvis), neoplasia, disease – exostosis (periostitis)
Soft tissue
= Vulva = congenital defect, fibrosis, immaturity
= Vagina =congenital defect, fibrosis, prolapse, cystocele (bladder, prolapse in vagina), neoplasia, prevaginal abscess, hymen
= Cervix = congenital defect (duplication – cervix duplex), fibrosis, failure to dilate – narrow cervical canal (4 degrees)
= Uterus = torsion, herniation, adhesion, stenosis of the horn or corpus
narrow pelvis
Interfere with the passage of a normally developed fetus
More common in non selective breeding + dwarf breeds
Pelvic inlet of the achondroplastic breeds of dog is flattened in brachycephalic breeds, is a common of dystocia
Therapy : mostly cesarean section, fetotomy
immature, juvenille pelvis
more common in sows, goats and cattle
Prematurely mated animals (the pelvis is not completely ossified)
Rachitis (most often in sow)
Therapy : mostly cesarean section, fetotomy
narrow vulva and vagina
o Most often in primiparous (heifers – overfat body condition)
o Prematurely mated animals (juvenile females)
o Insufficient serous infiltration of the soft parts of the canal
o Scar tissue, connective tissue – bar, wounds, persistent hymen (foals), congenital stenosis, edema of the vulva due to venous stasis
o Simultaneous appearance of a narrow vagina and vulva is possible
o Therapy : mostly operation – episiotomy
narrow vertical canal
- Mostly in cows, sheep and goats
- Disorder of the opening stage . fetal membranes
- Hormonal insufficiency + Insufficient serous infiltration
- Incomplete dilation of cervix in the ewe and doe goat (ringworm) -commonly associated with prolonged gestation and hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia
- Consequence of uterine torsion
- Scar tissue, wounds, neoplasms
- Protracted labour – 6-12 hours after rupture of the fetal membranes, involutionary processes
- Degree of incompletely open cervix according to Götze
- therapy: medically, manually
= denaverine hydrochloride, misoprostol, fetotomy
stages of cervical canal
- 1 =ring like cervix that adheres closely to the fetus, its hard and easily rupture during extraction of the fetus
- 2 = only legs or head pass through the cervical canal
- 3 = only 2-3 fingers or fists can be inserted into the cervical canal
- 4 = cervical canal is closed (uterine torsion > 180 degree)
dry birth canal
- premature rupture, perforation of the amniotic membrane – leakage of the amniotic fluid
- Prolonged birth, mucosal edema
- Therapy: Fetal fluid supplements as substitutes for amniotic fluid
o form of a water-soluble, cellulose-based obstetrical lubricant
o a substitute such as soap (particularly soap flakes)
neoplasm in birth canal
- Vagina, vulva
- They can bleed and prolapse
- Cysts, lipomas, papillomas, adenomas, carcinomas, mixed tumors
- Neoplasms of the cervix are rare in livestock
- They narrow the birth canal and make birth more difficult
- Mare, cow, bitch
- Therapy: operation
dislocation of the gravid uterus
- Torsion of the gravid uterus uterus rotates about a longitudinal axis
- Ventroversion, ventroflexion and retroversion, retroflexion the uterus rotates around the axis that lies horizontally in front of the pelvis entrace
- Lateroversion or lateroflexion the uterus rotates around the axis that lies vertically in front of the pelvis entrace
- Prolapse of the gravid uterus (Prolapsus uteri gravidi) the uterus moves caudally in the direction of its longitudinal axis – due to heavy vaginal prolapse in cows (no special significance for birth)
ventroversion and ventroflexion
- Gravid uterus is physiologically located on the ventral abdominal wall and ventroverted to a certain degree
- If longitudinal axis of the uterus is vertically =pathology
- Flexion of the gravid uterus more caudally – ventroflexion
- Causes – older animals, in animals with lowered abdomen,overweight,. bicornual gestation in mare, ventral abdominal hernia, placental hydrops (mares)
- Symptoms– during labour
- Fetus is in transverse presentation (in front of the pelvis entrace)
- Therapy – reposition of the gravid uterus (lifting the abdomen with a board or turning the animal on the back if lying down, fetal fluid supplements, reposition of malpresentation, Caesarean hysterotomy, fetotomy)
- Epidural anesthesia!!!
lateroversion and lateroflexion of gravid uterus
- Physiologically, gravid uterus is suppressed to the right side due to rumen in ruminants
- The front part of the gravid uterus can be lateroverted, if going more caudally – lateroflexion (parts of the fetus remain in the dislocated part of the uterus and parturition is difficult)
- Mostly in mares
- Lateroversions are not problem during parturition as lateroflexions
- Therapy – same as in ventroflexions
retroversion and retroflexion of uterus
- Physiologically in mares - the tips of the horns verted cranially and directed caudally (without any parts of the fetus)
- Pathological – there are parts of the fetus in verted part of the uterus (e.g. legs to carpal or tarsal joint)
- Mostly in mares
- Therapy – sedation and lifting of the rear part of animal, rectally or vaginally pushing the front part of the uterus, fetal fluid supplements, fetotomy
torsion of gravid uterus
- Rotation of pregnant uterus on its longitudinal axis to the left/right which leads to narrowing of the birth canal
- Cow, rarely mare, small ruminants
Cause - disposition (cattle) – anatomical relations, insufficient fixation of pregnant uterus
Predisposing factors - excessive movements of the foetus/dam, decreased volume of fetal fluid, fall, kicking, relaxed ligaments, fetal overweight, cow tied in the barn for long period
Features - ACW and CW (90-360o) <45 degrees is sufficient to result in dystocia
- Either precervical or postcervical rotation
- Torsio cornualis/ torsio cornuum uteri – place of rotation is one uterine horn or part of horn in small multiparous animals
Signs - parurition not progressing, uneasiness and restless, vulvar lips uneven
Diagnosis: - Vaginal: conically closed, shrinkage of front part of vagina, rotation of mucosa felt
- Rectal: palpation of twisted horn and broad ligaments
Prognosis: - depends on degree of torsion
Therapy - return the uterus to its normal position
- direct: to uterus with foetus
o with extraction – turn foetus opposite to the torsion
o kamer method – try to encourage the foetus to turn/turn ourselves
o cämmer’s torsion fork with canvas cuffs – use of detorsion rod to correct a uterine torsion
o auer-shreiner method: 3 forces simultaneously on uterus and foetus
o snöborgs method: press abdominal wall (similar to above) - indirect: directed to mother’s body (in direction of torsion)
o hold uterus in place and turn over cow (rolling) - C-section: when other methods don’t work, at long duration, foetus is dead and uterine rupture is possible
endometritis in mares
- Inflammation of uterus, differs in etiology, clinical manifestation and duration
- The most common cause of subfertility and infertility
- Every mare 5-15 years old, mates or AI in 3 consequetive estrus without conception thoroughly suspicious on endometritis
physiological endometritis after mating
PMIE
chronic endometirits
degenerative endometritis
physiological endometritis
- Immediately after mating for AI
- Uterine response on bacteria and proteins from semen
- Resistent uterus overcome inflammation in 6-12h
- Healthy endometrium overcome infection in 6-12h
- Time frame 120 – 150h before embryo reaches uterus
PMIE
Predisposing factors
= Inadequate evacuation of inflammation products, inadequate lymphatic drainage of uterus
= Poor contractibility of myometrium
=Bad overall conformation of mare
=Hormonal disbalance
occurs due to failure of natural defence mechanism
signs = vaginal discharge and inflammation
histroy = failure to conceive, irregular cyclicality
Treatment in estrus and post estrus with monitoring of mare – individual approach - flush uterus, repeat until clean
20IV ocytocin post flush
flush 4-6h post mating
cloprosenole but can influence CL
diagnosis of endometritis
Clinical (anamnestic, vaginal, rectal ultrasound)
Ultrasound – accumulation of fluid in uterus
= Fluid in utero 6h mating – normal
= Fluid in utero 12h or more after mating or AI = worrying
= Fluid in utero 24h or more after mating or Ai =endometritis
Laboratory (cytological, bacteriological)
= Cytological smear of endometrium or low volume flush
= Bacteriological cultivation of microorganism
=Proper evaluation based on combining both tests
= If in doubt, cytological smear more significant (number of neutrophilic leukocytes)
prevention of PMIE
- Decrease number of mating or AI
- Avoid mating out of full season
- Ultrasound monitoring of ovulation
- Start therapy immediately Induce ovulation with hCG or synthetic GnrH for LH (buserelin and deslorelin)
- AI with extenders containing antibiotics
- Minimal contamination technique
chronic endometritis
Untreated PMIE become chronic endometritis
cause = poor conformation, trauma, inadequeate vulva/cervical sphincter
bacteria = strep equi, e.coli, p.areuginosa, k.pneumonia
3 natural barriers:Rima vulve, vestibulo-vaginal ring and cervix
Diagnosis: history, vaginal, rectal, US, endoscopy, cytology
therapy:
surgical correction of anatomical defects (cassock, correction of urethral flow and correction of laceration)
ATB, flushes
for chronic mycotic = clotrimazole, amphotericin
pyometra as consequence of chronic endometirits
- Multicausal etiology
o Fibrotic cervix, adhesia of cervix
o Chronic endometritis - No visible signs
- Intermittent purulent discharge
- Irregular cyclicity
- Poor prognosis for future fertility
- Uterus permanently damaged
- Endometrium replaced with granulation tissue
- Atrophy and fibrosis of endometrium
- Recurrent disease
endometriosis
- Direct link to early embryonic mortality and cervical fibrosis
- Senile atrophy of uterine glands older pluriparous mares (>15g)
- Endoscopic and PHD finding
endometrial cysts
- Lymphatic and real endometrial (usually due to drainage of lymph)
- Doesn’t involve direct in fertility
- Could disturb embryo mortality
- Laser and caterisation during endoscopy, if indicated
cause of infertility in cows
functional ovaires
displaying oestrus behaviour
narrow vagina
ovulation disorders
abortion
dystocia
detachment of placenta
subfertility/reduced fertility in cow causes
acquired/ environmentally induced - more frequent, alimentary “starvation sterility”
congenital/hereditary - lower %, often incurable, lesions of sexual organs, inherited anestrous, sub oestrus, cysts
temporary (cysts, endometritis) and permanent (incurable)_
cause of sub fertility in cattle
physiologic disturbance path anatomic, infectious, management, nutritional, hormonal
what it sterility
an absolute inability to reproduce
infertility
considered (same as) sterility or denotes a delayed or irregular production of annual live calf
subfertility
most forms of functional infertility results in anestrus = failure of cows to display oestrus
inflammatory disease can compromise fertility
reduced fertility = heifers that don’t conceive in optimal period and cows that didn’t conceive until 150th PP
infertility - steriliy = heifers that due to hereditary, most often incurable lesion in the genitals cannot conceive
parameters most commonly used in fertility analysis and assessment are
- Days open <90d
- % of conception at first AI > 60%
- Insemination index <1.5
- Conception index 60%
- Intercalving period – calving interval
- Abortions (between 45-265 days of pregnancy) <3%
- Age at first calving 24months
- Culling rate and reasons for culling – indicator of the prevalence of subfertility in herds (reproduction problems, low production)
impaired development of reproductive organs is due to
- Absence of gonad stimulating action of the pituitary gland
- Consequence of chronic diseases, deficient nutrition, very poor housing conditions of female calves
infantilism
general developmental delay, including genitals
- can be the result of poor housing, deficient diet, chronic diseases - acquired!
- detected during gynaecological examination of heifers at breeding age (16-24 months)
- Clinical finding:
o poorly developed sexual organs (as in a calf) that are not active - vulva, vagina, uterus as in a calf
o Anestrus
o prone to obesity
o Dif. dg.: freemartins, ovarian hypoplasia, ovarian atrophy
freemartinism
most common non-inflammatory condition - 92% of heifers born to bull twins
results in infertility involving tubular reproductive tract
what are chimeras
individual animals that contain two cell types originating from separate zygotes
signs of freemartinsim
heifers have the bullish appearance and behaviour of male animals
vulva is small and shrivelled with very pronounced clit, urination is strong jet directed upwards
internal repro organs abnormal
rectally: cervix and uterus often missing
least masculinised form more common - hypo plastic ovaries, short vagina and absent cervix
cause of freemartinism
day 28-30 of pregnancy = fusion of chorioallantoic part of placenta meaning common blood supply between twins
exchange of humeral and cellular elements between fetes –> 2 chimeras
testicular development occurs before ovaries I cows + antimullerian hormone from male inhibits growth of female
RBC, WBC, antimullerian germanitave embryonic stem cells androgens enter the female blood stream
50th day of feral development = initial freemartin development
75th day = masculinisation
diagnosis of freemartinism
clinic exam: rectal, length of vagina test
<7cm = freemartin, do chromosome testing if 7-14cm
false positive if persistent hymen
false negative if normal legnth
PCR = finds XX and XY in same animal, fast and accurate
karyotyping = blood lymphocytes in metaphase - spread and examine for XY cells
skin grafting - freemartin heifer will accept skin from male twin
prognosis of freemartins
most female cattle that are blood chimeras are often sterile freemartins
barren so use for fattening - not for mating
hermaphoriditism
mixing of sexual characteristics of both sexues in 1 individual
type of hermaphrodism
ambiglandular
testicular
ovarian
ambiglandular
bilateral = 1 testis + 1 ovary or 1 ovartestes on either
unilateral = testis and ovary/ ovotestes on 1 side and ovary or test on other
alternate = testis on 1 side, ovary on the other
rodents and pigs
testicular
in goats, sheep, cattle and horse
only testis on both sides but external genitalisa resemble female
cause = androgen insensitivity
XY male and production of testosterone normal but due to intracellular androgen insensitivity - mesonephric duct system doesn’t develop
vagina = short or normal, no cervix, small or absent uterus and testes in normal ovary position
maybe inherited in cattle as X-linked trait
ovarian
cause = enzymopathies in steroid conversio
chromosomal factors
heterosexual twins in cows
more rare than testicular
white heifer disease
segmental aplasia of mullein ducts
prenatal, hereditary, lack of development of portion of mullein duct system (except ovaries)
signs of WHD
various degrees of aplasia of vagina, cervix, uterus and oxiducts
imperforate hymen - blockage of caudal part of 1 uterine horn
uterine unicorni –> accumulation of endometrial secretions in cranial horn that presses on bladder and rectum
animals are cyclic and develop cyclic structureus
maybe oviduct obstruction -> hydrosalpinx
recessive gene related
aplastic secretion usually a band of CT and muscle with no lumen, mucosal epithelium or glands
diagnosis of WHD + control
rectal palpation and vaginal exam
selective careful breeding
congenital repro problems (cow)
ovarian hypoplasia
congenital lesions on ovaries
abnormalities of uterine tubes
aplasia uteri
aplastic cervix
cervix duplex
uterus didelphys
vagina subsepta
hymen feminis persistens
ovarian hypoplasia
hereditary and recessively transmitted to offspring
if unilateral - can conceive
if bilateral - not cyclic
partial = can conceive but will have a small reserve of follicles and stop cycling before being ready to mate
signs = small functionless ovaries with undifferentiated parenchyma, infantile genital tract and not cycling
congenital lesions on ovaries
very easy to diagnose
hypoplastic ovaries don’t respond to eCG or GnRH so no oestrus
don’t use bulls with small, asymmetrical testes for breeding
abnormalities of uterine tubes, uterus and cervix
depending on site of aplasia cow is infertile of subfertile
partial/segmented aplasia more common than complete
aplasia uteri
= no uterus
in WHD, freemartin and hermaphoridte
if isolated portion of horn present secretions can accumulate which cause dilation and can be misdiagnosed as pregnancy
hypoplastic cervix
vulnerable to ascending infection
cervix duplex
1 = duplication of lumen - each horn connects to vagina by separate canal-normal conception
2= 1 cervix opening in to a double of uteri sometimes 1 channel not patent
lower results with mating/AI
bulls transmit to 3-9% of offspring so exclude from breeding
uterus didelphys
complete absence of fusion of 2 paramesonpehric canals
AI in ipsilateral horn-conception and AI possible
vagina subsepta
= dorsoventral post cervical band and vertical vaginal bands
if adjacent to cervix - can interfere with sperm, calving or placenta passing
diagnosis = vag exam and palpation
therapy = pull as causally as possible and cut with scissors or fetotom knife
hymen feminis persistense
rare, increase in circular fold narrows vaginal entrance and interferes with mating
hereditatry
surgery not advised
acquired repro problems cow
ovaritis
ovarian neoplasia
lesions of uterine tube
mucometra
uterine tumours
uterine adhesions
ovaritis (oophoritis)
very rare
cause = brucellosis, TB usually accidental finding PM
ovarian neoplasia
rare
granulose cell tumours - looks like honeycomb on US
fibromas
GCT can produce ovarian steroids = anestrus or constant heat
lesions of uterine tube
occlusion of lumen = secretion accumulation
hydrosalpin = congenital stenosis of infection
phyosalpinx = can occur to upper-inffection of hydrosalpin with t.pyogenes or ascending uterine infection
mucometra
rare consequence of untreated cystic ovaries
affected cows unable to conceive
thinning of uterus wall and degeneration of endometrium
differentiate from 9-11 weeks of pregnancy on rectal using US
uterine tumours
rare in cattle - often in incidental finding but can affect fertility
rectal - can be mistaken for mummified foetus
leiomyoma, fibromyoma, fibroma
uterine adhesions
cause = perimetritis, uterine rupture, dystocia
signs = fibrous tags over surface animal often sterile
can involve omentum intestines, abdomen wall adhesions may after c-section
lesion of cervix
normal bacteria in caudal vagina, E.coli, strep, staph, T.pyo
inflammation post dystocia
cervicitis with puerperal metritiscommon if delayed uterine involution/ RFM
rare = laceration, fibrosis and obstruction of cervical canal –> infertility
conditions of vagina, vestibule and vuvla
cysts of earth’s canal
obstretcial damage to perineum and vagina
laceration or bruising, scarring and distortion and fibrosis
next birth –> narrowing of birth canal
urovagina
in cachet and old cows
prevalence in carols and holstein
pelvic and uterine ligaments loosen, anus and vulva moves forwards and vulva lies horizontally
vagina pulled cranially and hangs over edge of pelvis - urine leaks out of vulva and some goes into vagina
sometimes covers cervix –> endometritis
ovulatory conditions - cow (physiologically)
2-3 waves during cycle (wave 7-10d)
1st follicular waves 4th d pp
follicular recruitment 3-6 follicles 4mm
-> after recruitment, 1 follicle separates and grows until ovulation or atresia
biggest follicle secretes inhibit and oestrogen and blocks FSH so smaller follicles go into atresia
average diameter of ovulatory follicles = 14.8mm heifers, 17.4mm cows
anovulatory conditions
follicle growth only until recruitement
> static ovaries <6mm, small ovaries
cause3 = severe malnutrition during puerperium
repeat checking + US to confirm
follicular growth only until 1 selection, but not to ovulatory size
v. common, small static ovary, no CL, but ovulatory size follicles
progesterone low
cause = NEB, suckling calves, disease
cause of anovulatory condition
NEB = increase NEFA, BHB and somatotropin, decreased insulin, IGF-1, leptin and glucose
leptin = decrease in correlation with frequency of LH pulses
interval until 1st ovulation PP coincides with exit from NEB
6 weeks pp - drop of 1 BCS tolerated
No LH > no ovulatory growth, no estradiol produced
pp anestrus= if esters not noticed 60 d after calving
ovarian cyst cow
cysts = diameter > 2.5mcm but continues to grow and persist in absence of CL from follicle that didn’t ovulate (10d+)
benign = look like follicular cysts but don’t inhibit cycle/ovualtion/waves. CL present
most cysts disappear by 60d pp but some persist = chronic
how to help with anovulatory conditions in cattle
improve energy status during transition period
prevent disase
decrease frequency of suckling to 1-2 x1d in beef cows
GnRH agonist, prostaglandins or progestogens
differential of ovarian cysts cattle
corpus hemorrhagicum
vaculoalted LC
non-ovarian cyst
abscess
tumour
types of ovarian cyst in cattle
follicular
= thin wall, fluctuating, progesterone <1ng/ml. 15-45d post calving
luteal
= wall > 3mm, progesterone >1ng/ml formed from unovulatoed follicle and theca cells luteinise or formed from follicular cysts
signs of ovarian cysts cattle
follicular = 80% anestrus, unequal esters or persistent anestrus, masculinisation
luteal = anestrus
risk factors of ovarian cysts cow
dystocia, RFM, NEB, obesity, increased temp, older, feeding oestrogen type components
cause of ovarian cysts cattle
neuroendocrine imbalance
therapy of ovarian cyst cattle
follicular
= treat, don’t wait for regrression
= GnRH - leads to increase LH and lutenisation of cyst (oestrogen -> progesterone)
= then PGF2a 7-10d later + increase P4 - restores hypothalamic response to estradiol and ovualtion occurs
= 72% cows regain cyclicality in 28-30d post GnRH
= 20% remain in anestrus - P4 remains low during lutenisation and response of hypothalamus to estradiol doesn’t change
= intravag progesteagen for 9-12d = cyst regression + grow of follicular wave. Esters 7d after removal
= cyst aspiration
luteal
= PGF2a most effective
= GnRH or hCG good, but unsure what type of cysts
= GnRH then PGF2a 7-9d later, don’t rupture - haemorrhage and adhesions
prevention of ovarian cysts cow
decrease stress, treat infection, prophylactic GnRH 12-14d post birth
no effective treatment for multiple cysts so cull
persistent CL
anything that interiors with production or release of PGF2a
cause = uterine infections, insufficient involution, uterine abnormalities
treatment = PGF2a
absent/ delayed ovulation
oestrus and ovualtion sized follicle that doesn’t ovulate and regress or ovulates late (normal 25-35h after esters)
delayed = 48 h between statrt of esters and ovulation
cause = insensitivity of hypothalamus to estradiol, weak LH surge
aetiology = NEB, heat, stress, increaction, fast metabolism
delayed ovulation = decreased conception due to old oocyte - improper fertilisation, poor development potential old sperm
Changes in uterine tube environment (slow passage of zygote)
-prevention = GnRH with/before AI
inactive ovary
no cyclicality, small, oftenn flat follicles, no CL
cause = malnutrition, NEB, uterine infection
therapy = hormones eCG, rectal ovarian and uterine massage
ovarian atrophy
small, hard, smooth ovaries without any formation
cause = prolonged non-stimulation of ovaries by hypothalamus - pituitary gland
aetiology = def Ca, P, Cu, Co, Fe, I , vitamin A, O, E, malnutrition, chronic disease, hoof problems, parasites
physiological atrophy = sterile
atrophy is high producing = atrophy lactations
therapy = treat primary cause GnRH, eCG, hCG, CIDR, vitamins, minerals, antiparasititics
don’t confuse with hypoplasia of ovaries (congenital and irreversible) –> will be no reaction after hormones, no germinative layer
bartholin gland cyst
= under mucosa of vestibule of vagina 2-10cm big, unilateral in older cows
cause = atresia/obstruction of excretory ducts
signs = disturb urination, interfere with mating, vaginitis
DD= tumour, prolapse, absecess
if puncture - amber liquid
treat = hold top of cyst and cut with scissors along wall of vagine rinse inside with 10% betaine
will reoccur if just punctured
pneumovagina
vulva not acting as a seal, aspiration of air and maybe faeces
leads to dilation of vagina and maybe uterus and bacterial contamination
cause = aging, vulva conformation, BCS, trauma
treat = none if mild, vulvoplastiy.caslick, treat underlying cause - BCS
AI to increase subfertility
prognosis = severe cases unlikely to breed successfully
tumours of vagina and vulva
fibropapillomas
= pedunculate, remove surgically
don’t affect fertility but can interfere with parturition
other tumours = rare
> SCC or lymphoma
anestrus in cow
due to:
- pregnancy, persistent CL, ovarian cysts, anovulatory anestrus (normal)
anovulatory anestus.= normal-restoration of gonadotropin secretion and ovarian follicular activity occurs pp
pp anestrus = dairy cow not in heat by 60d pp
true anestrus
cow not in heat because of inactive ovaries - in high yield cows and beef suckler cows
predisposition = stress, lameness, nutriton, breed, season
