als- other lagged Flashcards
in vitro embryo development
morula 5d
compact morula 6d
early blastocyst 7d
blastocyst 7d
expanded blastocyst 8d
hatched blastocyst 9d
evaluation of embryo developmental stage
3 - early morula - >16 cells
4 - compact moral - compact and blastomeres = 32 cells
5 - early blasts - blastocele <50%
6- blastocyst - blastocele > 50%, differentiation
7 - expand blast - expanded w. zona and thinning
8 - hatched blast - partly/completely out of zona
quality of foraging embryos + ET
code1 = excellent/good
spherical, symmetrical, uniform size, colour + density of cells >85% of mass should be intact, intact zona pellucida
code2 = fair
moderate irregularities >50% of embryonic mass should be intact
code 3 = poor
major irregularities >25% of embryonic mass should be intact
code 4 = dead/degenerating
degenerating embryos,oocytes of 1 cell stage embryos
benefits of ET
faster genetic progress
offspring from old/injured animals
increased milk production in dairy herd
increased farm income through embryo sales (easier to transport and than live animals)
preserves superior genetics/endangered species
limitations of ET
decreased genetic diversity
expensive and time consuming
success rates less than AI
not all potential donors respond well
pregnancy rates according to embryo quality
excellent 63%
fair 58%
poor 31%
degenerated 12%
MOET
embryos flushed from donor and transferred to recipient
goal = obtain maximum number of genetically superior embryos in minimal amount of time
MOET - select donor cow
based on produceer preference
has to be reproductively sound (no birthing difficulties, normal cycles etc)
disease free, appropriate BCS etc
MOET- superovulation of donor cow
9-11d after heat, give FSH, LH to induce ovulation
could give prostaglandins to cause estrus in 48-60h
85% of donors average 5 transferable embyros
purified FSH 2x1d for 4-5d
MOET insemination of donor cow
2-3 x at 12 h intervals 12h after onset of standing heat
semen put in body of uterus
MOEt flushing embyros
7d after start of estrus
rectal US to assess superovulatory response (CLs) and give epidural
use a foley catheter, collection flask and flushing fluid
MOET - selection and preparation of recipients
young dairy cows in good BC - repro sound
in heifer - 15m+, 350kg+ - cheap and better for synchro but possible calving problmes
syncorhinsed with PGF, gestated or Ovsynch
MOET - transfer of embyros
load embryo in 0.25ml insemiahtion straw and low into ET gun
palpate recipient to see which ovary has CL and transfer to ipsilateral uterine horne
transfer within 8hr after flushing (can be frozen)
steeps of MOET
select donor cow
superovualtion of donor cow
insemination of donor cow
flushing embyros
evaluate embyros
selection and preparation of recipient
transfer of embyros
presentation problems
cause = strong uterine contractions, strong felt movements, insufficient cvervical dilation
prognosis = often poor - difficult to correct
ventroverticla
dog sitting presentation
head and forelimbs may be in canal
correction = try to rotate in to anterior, longitudinal (or posterior if hind limbs closer)
dorsovertical
back first
correction = secret what you can and treto-pulse everything else extend into anterior longitudinal but in ventral position rotate into doors position
dorsotransverse
decided which extremity is closest to pelvic inlet -> retro pulse and rotate to longitudinal anterior or posterior
ventrotransverse
all limbs are extended In birth canal
check it’s not twins/shishotstoma refluxes
correction = rotate to posterior longitudinal dorsal or ventral , if ventral rotate to dorsal
bicornual transverse
in mare
extremities in the horns and trunk lies across anterior portion of uterine body
ventral displacement possible
ventroversion/flexion of gravid uterus
fetus in transverse presentation (in front of pelvic entrance)
correction = reposition uterus -turning animal, board, repositions fetus, fluids
neonataology
first 2-3 weeks of life
1 week old
34.7-37.2 oC (birth) -> 36.1-37.8oC
4 neuro reflexes: rooting, righting, suckling and flexing
feed q2-4h
crawling
2 weeks old
increase body temp
eyes open day 10-12
weight gain 2x since birth
3 weeks old
iris is blue-grey colour
external ear canals open 14-16d
should stand by end od 3rd week
4 weeks old
walking and exploring surroundngs
watch out for in neonates
hypoxia -
= first biggest killer
hypothermia
= can’t digest milk -> fermentation -> ileus
= bradycardia -> hypoxia -> acidosis
hypoglycaemia
= cause = starvation, sepsis, large litter, hypoxia
= signs - tremors, crying, increased appetite, stupor, coma
=treat - 0.5-1ml/kg 40% glucose diluted 1:4 slowly, feed after hypothermia correction
normal = 3.12-7.62mmol/L
dehydration
= cause - vom, diarrhoea, decreased milk intake, pneumonia
= signs- check MM and skin turgor
= occurs v quickly
= treat - sc, IV or intrassesou warm fluid
ABC protocol
chest compression 1-2/s with pause for breathing
drugs for neonates
naloxone: IV, SC,IM, sublin, IO
buprenorphine:
butorphanol:
no ACE inhibitors, atropine, NSAIDs,
aminoglcyosidees, tetracyclines or chloranicol
blood in neonates
total volume 7ml/100gn
neonatal hypoglycaemia
combined with hypothermia and other problems
foals need 5-7L in 24h
treatment = NG if no sucking reflex, parenteral feeding always with enteral, check gut function
dont give peritonelal
never give glucose without checking with glucometer
neonatal isoerythrolysis
=colostral antibodies from dam destroy neonaatal RBC
signs = vital foal v. ill in 24h weak, yellow MM, no suckling reflex
treatment = separate from mum, colostrum replacenetm, protect liver, blood transfusion
prevention = indirect Coombs test on mum blood 30 d before parts
also In kittens , test parents before mating
colostrum and milk replacement, return to mother after 2-3d
fading puppy syndrome
neonatal sepsis
signs.= hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, dehydration, infections
therapy = intensive care, ATB, heating
cave excavatum
= swimmer puppy syndrome
- mulicaseous ethology but genetic predisposition -> too muchh milk, too warm environment, slippy surfaces
therapy = massages, physio, rough surfaces, swimming, front limb fixation
meconium retention
should be passed within 4-12h
cause = lack of colostrum, weak vitality- weak persitaliss
signs = restlessness 6-24h PP, loss of suckling reflex, straining, kyphosis, colic like signs
diagnosis = history, digitorectal palpation
therapy= enena, buscopan, acetylcysteine buffered via Foley catheter gastroprotectants
neonatal diarrhea
causes = overeating, changes in milk composition, unhygienic environment, gastritis and oclitis
signs = lethargy, weakness, vomting , decreased appetite, halitosis, straining, sunken abdo, dirty anus, smell
diagnosis.= history, signs,
therapy = remove cause, fluids and probiotics, remove milk, ATB I fever- risk of complications
umbilical problems - omphalorrhagia
= bleeding from umbilicus
- should stop due to changes in BP + thrombosis
- don’t cut with sharp knife
- arterial more common due to higher pressure
-> in streams = arterial, in drops = venous
treatment
= fresh stump - aseptic ligation
= old stump - thermoregulation astringent powder
If blood loss significant - IV fluids or blood transfusion
umbilical infection
during and after parturition
localisation = CT of umbilical membrane, blood vessel ends, both
dangerous due to rapid invasion of peritoneum and internal organs –> parachute rapid exits lethalis
urachus fistula
= patent wachus
- should obliterate normally after umbilical tearing
- most often affects colts
- diagnosis = urine dripping, moist and smelly umbilical + CT
- can lead to peritonitis + sepsis
- therapy = astringente sticks with ATB, catheter and ligation or surgery
prognosis = depends on complications
intrapartum trauma
cause = dystocia, delivery par force
signs = wounds from eye hooks etc, internal bleeding, joint dislocation/closed fractures
prophylaxis = realistic diagnosis and prognosis, experience - C-section or fetotomy
neonatal sepsis
“sleepy” foals = vital at birth and first 24h boy then severely ill and die within 48h
infection intrauterine or umbiliica
signs = septic shock, cold extremities, weakness, coma, death, rarely fever
treatment = intensivee care -ATB, fluids, parenteral feeding, plasma transfusion
neonatal maladjustment
“wobbly” foals
neurochanges - incoordination, absent minded foal
treatment = intensive care, Madigan method
Apgar scoring
immediately for calves
within 1-3 mins for foals
2 = best
A= appearance
P=pulse
G=grimace
A=activity
R= respiration
scores
7-8 = vital
4-6 danger
0-3 avital
foals APGAR
pulse
0 = not found
1= <60
2= >60
grimace
0= no response
1= moving
2= sneezing
activity
0= weak
1= flex limbs
2= sternal position
respiratory
0= not found
1= slow/irregular
2= >60 regular
calves APGAR
grimace
0=nothing
1= decreased
2= active
= check head movements under cold water
activity
= check pupils and interdigital reflex
respiratory
0= nothing
1= arrhytmic
2= rhythmic
MM
0= pale/blue
1= cyanotic
2= pink
reasons for neonatal resuscitation
lack of spontaneous breathing/iregular panting
less than 10breaths per minute
lack of irregular/pulse or less than 40per min
flaccid and non-responsive
C-section
puppies APGAR
pulse
0= <180
1= 180-220
2= >220
respiration
0= none or <6
1= 6-15
2= >15
reflexes
0= no
2= present
MM
0= cyanotic
1= pale
2= pink
gene silencing/gene therapy
“turn off” a specific gene
viral vector delivers siRNA needed to suppress gene and siRNA has to get to the cells that express the gene
targets = kisspeptisn, GnIH, gametes,andorgen receptors
fetotomy
operations performed on fetus to decrease size by divison/removal of parts for vaginal delivery partial or total
when to do fetootmy
dead fetus
emphysematous fetus
fetus toobig/pelvis too narrow
fetus has abnormality
irreducible/incorrect 3Ps
fetus alive?
pinch toes/poke eyes -move away
put finger in mouth - sucke
check retail tone - should contract
kill fetus
use finger knife to cut vascular structures on neck or umbilicus
faster and less painful = head decapitation with fetotomy wire
after care, after fetotomy
remove every piece of fetus, check uterus for cuts/another calf, remove placenta, oxytocin, ATB locally or systemic if infected
advantages of fetotomy
little assistance needed
lower cost
less intense post op
avoids excessive maniupulation
disadvantage of fetooym
possible laceration of birth canal
exhaustion of dam
injury of vet
type of cut in fetotomy
transverse = section perpendicular to long axis of fetotome
oblique = section oblique to long axis of fetotome
longitudinal = section parallel to long axis of fetotome
method of fetotomy
subcutaneous/intrafetal
= remove enough parts of limbs to decrease size of fetus
lost of physical strength needed and time consuming
percutaneous/extrafetal method
danish (zagreb) method
anterior longitudinal presentaiton
head removal
oblique section of forelimb, next and part of thorac
section of pelvis or fetal trunk
bisection of pelvis
dystocia
difficult birth
normal intrauterine 3P
calf
anterior presentionat
transverse position
foal
anterior presentation
ventral position
normal intrapartal 3P
calf
anterior/poseroir presentation
dorsal positioni
head/legs extended in to birth canal
dystocia problems
contractions –> pressure on umbilicus –> poor circulation –> tachycardia, hypoxia and fetla death
stags of calving
1= preparation, dilation of cervix INTERVENEif lasts longer than 4-8h
2= chorioallantoic sac ruptures early , amniotic sac forced through vulva
INTERVENE:
=water sac visible for 2 h and cow not trying
= trying for 30+ mins and no progres
= abnormal 3Ps
= signs of excessive fatigue
= breaks longer than 15-2o mins after progress
3= INTERVENE if placenta not passed within 12 h of delivery §
causes of dystocia
FETAL
oversized dfetus
congenital abnormality
abnormal orientation
MATERNAL
birth canal pathologies
felt membrane abnormalitis
placenta problems
dystocia- what to do
secure every postrure that is normal
replace fetal fluids
retropulse to correct abnormalities
- history
- general exam of mother
- gynae
4+5. diagnosis and treatment - prognosis
torso capitis
head rotated around longitudinal axis by 45-90o
torso wapitis and cervicis
head and neck rotated by 180o
correction = retropulsion and rotate
retroflexion capiti
correction = with snares and hands - hook
later jaw or eyes - pull
snout dorsal and crnaial
ventroflexio capitis
correction = retro pulse and lift nsout
secure forelimbs and repel with flexion, convert ventral flexion to lateral and draw head into canal
retroflex capitis
head resting on fetal spine
correction - move head to lateroflexion and correct that
flex phalanges primae
fetlock felxion
easily corrected
flexoi carpi
in pelvis = engaged
in uterus = disengaged
correction = repeal, take metacarpus proximal to fetlock, lift limb dorsally whilst flexing shoulder and elbow. cup hoof and extend into canal
flexio scapulohumeralis
bilateral = only head in birth canal
correction = grasp leg by radius and pull toward birth canal, convert shoulder flexion to carpal flexion and then correct
flexion scapulohumeralis et cubiti
shoulder and elbow flexion, had lying on hooves
correction = retro pulse then traction 1 at a timee
legs crossed over head
correction - grasp fetlock, omove lateral and downward while repelling head cranially
dorsal vaginal wall laceration possible if prolonged
flex tarsi
posterior presentation
correction = repel metatarsus cranially and laterally until hoof can be drawn caudally and medially always cover hoof to prevent lacerations
flex coxalis
unilateral
correction = grasp tibia of affected leg and more as close as possible to hock. flex hock and stifle then correct hock flexion
bilateral flexion coxalis
true breed preseentation
correct = each leg 1 at a time
Weizmann method, shake method, shake bench method
lateral position
anterior or posterior, fetal lies on R or L abdo wall
correction = rotate in dorsal position
sjöbergs method = pressure on eyes/between toes to cause movement
head rotation can rotate whole body
crossed extraction with snares on limbs
ventral position
anterior or posterior longitudinal presentaiton
put damn in dorsal recumbency with elevated hind end
dont’ rotate damn - dangeous
try movement reflexes and crossed snares to rotate, camera er detorsion fork or bar with ropes tied to limbs
why do pregnancy termination
unwanted mating
bithc too young/old
bitch health proglems
litter of no value
phases of pregnancy termination
1= fertilisation to implantation - insecure diagnosis, CL refractory to luteolytics use estrogen, PGF, progesterone inhibitiors
2= implantation to ossification 100% secure diagnosis, resorption or explosion of foetuses, use PGF, dopamine agonists, progesterone inhibitors
3= after ossification, there is possibility of expulsion of live fetusses
4 mechanisms of preg termination
changing estrogen-progesteroen relation
- estrogen or glucocorticoids
inhibition of luteal function
- PGF or dopamine agonists
blocking progesterone synthesis by inhibiting steroidogenesis
- epostan
blocking progesteron activity on receptor leve
- aglepriston
inflammatory mammary carcinoma
rare, locally aggressive, fast growing, highly malignant,highhlt metastatic form of mammary tumour that affects humans and dogs
7.6% of mmamary tumours in dogs are IMC
IMC histologically
high grade carcinoma with dermal lymphatic invasion
anapaestic carcinoma
tubular, solid or mixed
high % of VEGF immunoreactive tumour cells meaning angiogenic and metastatic potential
forms of IMC
primary =
animals without history of previouss mamary nodules
secondary
= with history of previous mammary tumour
post surfical or non-post surgical
signs of IMC
edema, eryhtema, ucleration, warmth, firmness, pain
maybe lymphadema of limbs
uni or bilateral
can mimic severe mastitis and dermatitis
occurs in luteal phase of cycle due to progesteornr
metastasis of IMC
bladder
ovaries and uterus
rrrely to lung, liver bone and kdinsye
treatment of IMC
surgery not recommended
palliative care
adjuvant theray
chemo, cox-2inhibitors
v.poor prgonsosi - 60 days
pregnancy termination in cats
less common
oestrogen’s
PGF2a (dinoprost and cloprostenol)
dopamine agonist (cabergoline)
antiprogestin
surgical castration
gonadectomy
OVH
long term problems; obesity, rinary incontiencne, endocrine disorders, behaviour changes, neoplasia
non-surgical castration
why= inconvenient estrus timing, pyometra management, contraception
least invasive - separate male and female
contraction havs to be: safe, cheap, efficient and easily applied
hormones for contracepiot
progestogens
androgens
GnRH agonist
GnRH antagonist
vaccines for contraception
zona pellucida
LH receptor
GnRH vaccines
chemicals for contraception
zinc gluconadte
ca chloride
chlorhexiidne gddigluconate
hypertonic saline
sex steroids
suppress GnRH through negative feedback
direct effect on uterus, sperm transport or other mechasnisms
can have side effects
androgesn
steroids that control and stimulate male sex characterisitcs
negative feedback on :Lh, blocking ovulatory surgery
don’t give to pregnany-masculisation of female fetuses
side effects = discharge, vaginitis, clitoral hyperoptrhy, aggression
in males - itnerefers with spermatogensese due to LH suppression
testosteron
weekly IM
