final Flashcards
a- / an-
not, without, lacking, deficient
amphi- / ampho-
on both sides, both, around
ana-
up, back, against
anti- / ant-
against, opposed to, preventing, relieving
apo-
away from
cata- / cat-
downward, disordered
di- / dis-
two, twice, double
dia- / di-
through, across, apart
dys-
difficult, painful, defective, abnormal
ec- / ex-
out of, away from
ecto- / ect-
outside of
en- / em-
in, into, within
endo- , ento- // end- , ent-
within
epi- / ep-
upon, over, above
eso-
within, inner, inward
eu-
good, normal, healthy
exo-
outside of, from the outside, toward the outside
hemi-
half, partial; one side of the body
heter- / hetero-
different, other, relationship to another
homo- / homeo-
same, alike
hyper-
over, above, excessive, beyond normal
hypo- / hyp-
under, deficient, below normal
meta- / met-
change, transformation, after, behind
mono- / mon-
one, single
para- / par-
alongside, around, abnormal, beyond
peri-
around, surrounding
pro-
before (temporal or position)
pros- / prosth-
in place of
syn- / sym-
with, together, joined
-a
state, condition
-ac
pertaining to, located in
-ia
state, condition
-iac
person suffering with
-iasis
disease, abnormal condition/ presence of
-lithiasis
formation and/or presence of calculi
-ic
pertaining to, located in // drug, agent
-in / -ine
substance name
-ist
a person interested in
-itic
pertaining to inflammation
-itis
inflammation, inflamed condition
-itides
plural of -itis
-ium / -eum
membrane, connective tissue; region of the body
-ma (-mat-)
abnormal, diseased condition
-osis
abnormal/diseased condition
-otic
adj. form of -osis
-sia
state, condition
-sis
state, condition, process, procedure
-tic
a person suffering from
-y
state, condition, quality, process, procedure
-logy
study of
-logist
a person who studies
-malacia
softening of tissues
-sclerosis
hardening of tissues
-stenosis
a narrowing of (a part of the body)
-toxic
poisonous to
-toxin
a substance poisonous to
-meter
an instrument for measuring
-al
pertaining to, located in
-ase
enzyme name
-asia / -asis
state, condition
-ema (-emat-)
state, condition
-esis
state, condition, procedure
-etic
pertaining to
-ics
science, field of study
-ism
state, condition, quality
-ismus
state, condition, muscle spasm
-oid / -ode / -id
resembling // a thing resembling
-oma / -omata / -omat-
tumor, disease
-ose
full of, resembling // a sugar
-ous
pertaining to, full of
-tics
science, field of study
-us
condition, person
-ize
to make, to become, to cause to be, to engage in
-ate
chemical name
-ide
chemical name
-ite
chemical name
-one
chemical name
-cystis
bladder, cyst
acanth-
thorn, spine
alg-
pain
alges-
sensitivity to pain
all-
other, divergence, difference from
angi-
vessel, duct
arteri-
artery
arthr-
joint
bi-
life
brady-
slow
cardi-
heart
cephal-
head
crani-
skull
cyt-
cell
encephal-
brain
erythr-
red, red blood cell
lept-
thin, fine, slight
leuk-
white, white blood cell
lith-
stone, calculus
log-
word, study
malac-
soft
mes-
middle, secondary, partial, mesentery
metr-
measure, measuring device
nephr-
kidney
neur-
nerve, nervous system
oste-
bone
prax-
act, action
prot-
first, primitive, early
scler-
hard
sten-
narrow
stere-
solid, having three dimensions
tachy-
rapid, fast
tox(i)-
poison
acr-
extremities
ambly-
dull, faint
carcin-
cancer, tumor, swelling
-cel-
hernia, tumor, swelling
cheir- / chir-
hand
chol(e)-
colon
cyan-
blue
cyst(i)-
bladder, cyst
diplo-
double, twin
enter-
(small) intestine
erg-
action, work
gastr-
stomach
hem- / hemat- / -em-
blood
hepar- / hepat-
liver
lip-
fat
macr-
large or long
mega- / megal-
large or long
melan-
black
micr-
small
nyct-
night
odyn-
pain
onc-
tumor
pachy-
thick
pseud-
false
py-
pus
sarc-
flesh, soft tissue
spasm-
spasm, involuntary muscular contraction
splen-
spleen
stom- / stomat-
mouth, opening
arachn-
spider, web; arachnoid membrane
chlor-
green
chondr-
cartilage
dactyl-
finger, toe
derm(at)- / -derma
skin
(h)elc-
ulcer
hidr(ot)- / -idr-
sweat
hist(i)-
tissue
hydr-
water, fluid
hypn-
sleep
icter-
jaundice
in- , inos-
fiber, muscle
is-
equal, same, similar, alike
mening- / -meninx
meningeal membrane, meninges
my(s)-
muscle
myc(et)-
fungus
myel-
bone marrow, spinal cord
necr-
corpse; dead
narc-
stupor, numbness
olig-
few, dificient
onych-
fingernail, toenail
pod-
foot
poli-
gray matter of brain and spinal cord
poly-
many, excessive
por-
passage, opening, duct, pore, cavity
psych-
mind
som(at)- / -soma
body
sthen-
strength
trachel-
neck, cervix
xanth-
yellow
aut-
self
crin-
secrete, secretion
esthe(s)-
sensation, sensitivity, sense
gen(e) - / -gen
come into being; produce
gram-
a record
graph-
write, record
iatr-
healer, physician; treatment
-idi
concerning the self, of one’s self
kine- // kines-
move // movement, motion
ly(s)-
destroy, break down
myx-
mucus
orth-
straight, erect; normal
ot-
ear
path-
disease
phil-
love; an affinity for
pt-
fall, sag, drop, prolapse
pyr-
fever, burning
pyret-
fever
pyrex-
being feverish
rhe-
flow, secrete
rhag-
flow profusely
rhex-
hemorrhage rupture
rhin-
nose
scop-
look at, examine
sep-
infected
ta-
stretching
tel-
end, completion
ten- / tenon(t)-
tendon
therap(eu)-
treat medically, heal
tom-
a cutting, slice, incision
ton-
tone, tension
-ectasia / -ectasis
dilation, enlargement
-ectomy
surgical removal / excision; removal of all (or part) of an organ
-gen
a substance that produces..
-genesis
the formation, origin
-genic / -genous
causing, producing, caused by, produced by or in
-gram
a record of the activity of an organ
-graph
an instrument for recording the activity of an organ
-graphy
the recording of the activity of an organ
-lysis
dissolution, disintegration, decomposition, breaking down
-lytic
pertaining to dissolution, etc
-pathy
disease
-ptosis
dropping, sagging, prolapse (of an organ or body part)
-rrhagia
profuse discharge, hemorrhage
-rrhea
profuse discharge, excessive secretion
-rrhexis
bursting, rupture
-scope
an instrument for examining
-scopy
the act of examining
-tome
surgical instrument for cutting
-tomy
surgical incision
acou(s)- / acu(s)-
hear
amni-
fetal membrane, amniotic sac, amnion
asc- / ascit-
bladder, sac, bag
bar-
weight, pressure
cente-
pierce
chrom- / chroma- / chromat-
color, pigment
dips-
thirst
echo-
reverberating sound, echo
edema- / edemat-
swelling
eme-
vomit
gno(s)-
know
lal-
talk
lapar-
abdomen, abdominal wall
lex-
read, act of reading
mne-
remember
ne-
new
no-
mind, mental activity, comprehension
orec- / orex-
having an appetite
ox(y)-
acute, pointed; rapid; acid; oxygen
pha-
speak, communicate
phag-
swallow, eat, consume
pharmac(eu)-
medicine, drug
phem-
speech
phob-
fear, aversion towards
phon-
voice, sound
phras-
speak
phren-
mind; diaphragm
phylac-
protection
phys(i)-
nature, appearance
phyt-
plant, growth
poie-
produce, make
prosop-
face
sapr-
rotten, putrid, decaying
stear- / steat-
fat, sebum, sebaceous glands
andr-
male, man
ankyl- , ancyl-
fused, stiffened; hooked, crooked
aphrodis(I)-
sexual desire
brachy-
short
crypt-
hidden, latent
dem-
people, population
dolich-
long, narrow, slender
drom-
a running
er- , erot-
sexual desire
gyn(ec)-
woman, female
helmint(h)-
worm
nemat-
thread ( worm)
nos-
disease, illness
odont-
tooth
pali(n)-
back (direction), again
pan(t)-
all, entire, every
phor-
bearing, carrying
phos- , phot-
light, daylight
plec- , pleg-
to strike, to paralyze
r(h)achi-
spine
schiz- , schist- , -schisis
split, cleft, fissure
spondyl-
vertebra
-staxis , -staxia
dripping, oozing
than(at)-
death
the-
to place, to put
trich-
hair
troph-
nourishment
aden-
gland
aer-
air, gas
blenn-
mucus
cel(i)-
abdomen
ch(e)il-
lip
chron-
time
cla(s)- , -clast
to destroy, to break (up, apart, down)
-desis
binding
desm-
ligament, connective tissue
dynam-
force, power, energy
ger-
old age
gnath-
(lower) jaw
isch- , -sche-
to suppress, to check
klept-
to steal
lei-
smooth
lep-
attack, seizure
man-
to be mad (crazed)
mel-
limb
morph-
form, shape
nom-
law
omphal-
navel, umbilicus, belly button
ped-
child
pen-
decrease, deficiency
-pex-
fixing, (surgical) attachment
plas(t)-
to form, to develop
presby-
old, old age
prostat-
prostate gland
pty-
to spit
ptyal-
saliva, spit
-rrhaph-
to suture
sit-
food
sta(t)-
to stand, to stop
tax-
coordination
therm-
heat, temperature
trop-
to turn / a turning
ab-
away from
ad-
to, towards
ambi-
both
ante-
before, forward
bi-
two, twice, double
circum-
around
con-
with, together; thoroughly, very
contra-
against, opposite
de-
down, away from, absent
dis-
apart, away
ex-
out of, away from
extra-
on the outside, beyond
infra-
below, beneath
inter-
between
intra-
within
mult-
many, much; affecting many parts
non-
not
ob-
against, toward; very, thoroughly
per-
through (direction); very, thoroughly
post-
after, following, behind
pre-
before, in front of
pro-
forward, in front
re-
back (direction), again
retro-
backward, in back, behind
se-
apart, away from
semi-
half, partial
sub-
under, below (direction)
super-
over, above (direction); excessively, extremely
trans-
across, through (direction)
ultra-
beyond, excessively
in-
– in, into
– not
– very, thoroughly
-al
pertaining to
-an
pertaining to, located in
-ar
pertaining to, located in
-arium
a place for..
-ary
a place for.. / pertaining to
-ate
having the form of, possessing
-ia
state, quality, condition
-ian
an expert in a field of study
-ic
pertaining to
-id
pertaining to
-ile
pertaining to, capable of
-ine
pertaining to, located in
-ive
pertaining to
-lent
full of
-ose
full of
-ous
full of
-ty
state, quality, condition
-y
state, quality condition
-ad
indicates direction towards
-cle / -culus
small
-ella / -ellum
small
-il / -illa
small
-ola / -olus
small
-ule / -ulus
small
uni-
one
bi- , bin- , bis-
two, twice, double, both
tri-
three
quadr-
four
quint-
five, fifth
sex- , sext-
six, sixth
sept-
seven
oct- , octa-
eight
non-
nine, ninth
dec- , deca-
ten, tenth, one-tenth
abdomin-
belly, abdomen
adip-
fat
aur-
ear
bacill-
bacillus bacteria
burs-
bursa
calc-
stone, calcium, lime
calor-
heat, energy
capit-
head
cerebr-
brain
cost-
rib
dent-
tooth
dors-
back (of the body)
extern-
outer
fibr-
fiber, filament
fistul-
fistula, abnormal tubelike passage
frig- , frigor-
cold
insul-
island, insulin
intern-
inner
meat-
passage, opening
nas-
nose
pur-
pus
radic- , rad- , radix-
root
ren-
kidney
sangui(n)-
blood
son-
sound
synov-
synovial fluid / membrane
tub-
tube
tuss-
cough
vacc- , vaccin-
cow; vaccine
vir- , virus-
virus; powerful
viscus- , viscer-
internal organ(s)
-able
capable of (being), able to
-ation
action or process, the act of (being), the result of (being)
-ce
the act of being, the state of being
-cy
the act of being, the state of being
-ible
capable of being, able to
-id
in a state of condition of
-ile
capable of being, able to
-ion
the act of
-ive
pertaining to
-ment
an agent or instrument
-or
an agent or instrument
-orium / -arium
a place for..
-ory / -ary
pertaining to ; a place for
-ure / -ura
result of an action
anter-
front, in front
brachi-
(upper) arm
-cid- , -cis-
to cut, to kill
-cip-, -cept-
to take
cresc- , -cret-
(to begin) to grow
digit-
finger, toe
duc- , duct-
to lead, to bring, to conduct
fac- , -fic- , -fect
to make
faci- , -fici- , facies
face, appearance
febr- , febris
fever
fer- , lat-
to bring, to carry, to bear
flect- , flex-
to bend
fung-
fungus
genit-
to bring forth, to product
ger- , gest-
to carry, to bear
immun(i)-
safe, protected
inferior-
below
lab- , laps-
to slip, to fall
later-
side
or- , os-
mouth
oss-
bone
pedicul-
louse, lice
poster- , posterior-
behind, in back
sect-
to cut
somn-
sleep
stabil-, stabl-
stable, fixed
superior-
above
tum(e)-
to be swollen
sagittal plane / medial plane
right and left halves (body)
frontal plane / coronal plane
front and back halves (body)
transverse / horizontal / axial plane(s)
top and bottom halves (body)
amyl-
starch
angin-
choking pain, chest pain
aort-
aorta
arct(at)-
to compress
ather-
fatty deposit
atri-
atrium
bol-
a throwing
capill-
capillary
cirs-
dilated and twisted vein, varix
-clud- , -clus-
to close, to block
cor- , cord-
heart
coron-
crown
cusp, -cuspid
point
dexter, dextr-
right (side, direction)
-form
shape
gurgit- , gurgitat-
to flood, to flow
pector-
chest, breast
phleb-
vein
pulm(on)-
lung, pulmonary artery
rhythm-
heartbeat
sept-
wall
sin- , sinus-
sinus
sinister, sinister-
left (side, direction)
sphygm-
pulse
stal- , stol-
to send, to contract
tens(i)-
to stretch
thromb-
blood clot
top-
a place
vag-
vagus nerve
varic- , varix-
dilated and twisted vein, varix
vas-
duct, vessel, blood vessel
ven-
vein
ventr-
belly, abdomen
alve-
hollow, cavity
amygdal-
tonsil
anthrax, antrhac-
coal; anthrax
aux- , auxe- , -auxis
to grow, to increase
bacter(i)-
bacterium
bronch(i)-
bronchus
capn-
carbon dioxide
cocc- , -coccus
coccus
coni- , koni-
dust
labi-
lip
larynx, laryng-
larynx
paresis
slackening of strength, paralysis
pharynx, pharyng-
pharynx
phys-
air, gas
pleur-
pleura
pne-
to breathe
pneum(at)-
air, gas
pneum(on)-
lung
sider-
iron
spir(at)-
to breathe
staphyl-
uvula, palate; staphylococci bacteria
stern-
chest, breast, breastbone
steth-
chest, breast
strept-
streptococci
sud(or)-
sweat, fluid
thorax, thorac-
chest cavity, pleural cavity, thorax
trach(e)- , thrachy-
trachea
bili-
bile
cardi-
cardia
cec-
cecum
cly(s)-
to rinse out, to inject fluid
copr-
excrement, fecal matter
creat-
flesh
-doch-
duct
duoden-
duodenum
esophag-
esophagus
fec-
excrement, fecal matter
geus(t)-
to taste
gingiv-
gum
gloss-
tongue
ile-
ileum
jejun-
jejunum
lien-
spleen
lingu-
tongue
osm-
sense of smell; odor
peps- , pept-
to digest
proct-
anus
pyle-
portal vein
pylor-
pylorus
rect-
rectum
scat-
excrement, fecal matter
sial-
saliva, salivary duct
sigm-
sigmoid colon
sphincter-
sphincter muscle
splanchn-
internal organ, viscus
typhl-
cecum
zym-
ferment, enzyme, fermentation
blephar-
eyelid
choroid-
choroid
cor(e)-
pupil
cycl-
circle; ciliary body
dacry-
tear; lacrimal sac or duct
herpes, herpet-
herpes, creeping skin disease
ir(id)-
iris
junct-
to join
kerat-
cornea
lacrim- , lachrym-
tear
my-
to close, to shut
ocul-
eye
op(s)-
vision
ophthalm-
eye
opt-
vision, eye
phac- , phak-
lens
ret- , retin-
retina; network, plexus
stigm- , stigmat-
point, mark, spot
xer-
dry
agog-
a leading, a drawing forth
arch- , -arche
beginning, origin
cervic- , cervix
neck, neck of the uterus
colp-
vagina
cye-
to be pregnant
eury(n)-
to widen, to dilate
gal- , galact-
milk
-gn- , nat-
to be born
gonad-
sex glands / organs
gravid-
pregnant
hymen-
membrane; hymen
hyster-
uteris
lact-
milk
mamm-
breast
mast- , maz-
breast
men-
menstruation
metr- , -metra
uterus
oophor-
ovary
ovari-
ovary
ov-
egg
part- , -para
to give birth
pelv-
pelvis
pub-
pubic hair / bone / region; pubis
puber(t)-
puberty
-salping, -salpinx
fallopian tube
syring- , -syrinx
fistula, cavity, oviduct, sweat glands, syringe
thel(e)-
nipple
toc-
childbirth, labor
uter-
womb, belly, uterus
vagin-
vagina
actin-
radiation
-agra
pain, gout
cortic- , cortex
outer layer
cry(m)-
icy cold
glyc-
sugar
inguin-
groin
-lagnia
abnormal sexual excitement or gratification
orchi(d)- , orch(e)-
testicle
pen-
penis
phall-
penis
pyel-
renal pelvis
rhabd-
rod
scrot-
scrotum
sem- , semin-
seed, semen
sperm(at)-
seed, sperm, semen
ur- , uric-
urine, urinary tract
ureter-
ureter
urethr-
urethra
vesic-
bladder
zo-
animal, organism
blast-
primitive cell
eos-
red (stain)
glob-
round body, globe
granul-
granule; secretory vesicle
kary-
nucleus
lymph-
lymph
mon-
single
neutr-
neither
-phil-
having and affinity for
abductor
that which leads away
adductor
that which leads towards
ala
wing
angulus
angle, corner
anus
anus, opening of the rectum
arrector
that which raises, erector
articularis
joint, pertaining to the joints
auricula
ear, external portion of the ear
biceps
two-headed
brevis
short
buccinator
that which has to do with the cheek
corrugator
that which wrinkles, wrinkle
cubitum
elbow
depressor
that which lowers or depresses
digitus
finger, toe
dilator
that which widens
femur, femoris
thigh
flexor
that which flexes or bends
extensor
that which extends
genu, genus
knee
hallux, hallucis
big toe
index, indicis
index finger
levator
that which raises, lifts up
manus
hand
medius
middle
mentalis
of the chin
minimus
smallest
naris
nostril
nasus
nose
opponens
opposing
palpebra
eyelid
pes, pedis
foot
pilus
hair
pollex, pollicis
thumb
pupilla
pupil
rotator
that which turns
supercilium
eyebrow
superior, superioris
upper, higher
sura
calf
tensor
that which tenses
triceps
three-headed
tympanum
ear drum, tympanic membrane
clavicle
collar bone
patella
kneecap
mandible
jawbone
fibula
outer bone of the leg
scaphoid (boat shaped)
bone of the ankle and wrist
zygoma
bone of the cheek
trapezium (little table)
bone of the wrist
cuneiform (wedge shaped)
bone of the ankle
malleus (hammer)
ossicle of the middle ear
incus (anvil)
ossicle of the middle ear
sacrum
base of the vertebral column
lunate (moon shaped)
bone of the wrist
hamate (book shaped)
bone of the wrist
pisiform (pea shaped)
bone of the wrist
tarsus
ankle
phalanges
bones of fingers or toes
cranial #
8 bones
facial #
14 bones
hyoid #
1 U-shaped bone - base of tongue
auditory #
6 ossicles
vertebrae #
26 bones
ribs #
24 bones
sternum #
1 breastbone
arms & shoulders #
10 bones
wrists #
16 bones
hands #
38 bones
legs & hips #
10 bones
ankles #
14 bones
feet #
38 bones
skeleton total
206 bones
ax- , axon-
axis, axon
dendr-
dendrite, dendron
dendrit-
dendrite, dendron
fascicl- , fascicul-
fasciculus (bundle of nerve or muscle fibers)
gangli-
ganglion (collection / mass of nerve cells)
gli- , -glia-
glia, neuroglia (helper cells)
medull-
marrow, medulla oblongata
plex-
plexus
pont-, pons-
pons
synap- , synaps-
synapse
thalam-
thalamus
adrenal cortex
outer portion of the gland on top of each kidney
adrenal medulla
inner portion of the adrenal gland
pancreas
abdominal cavity; adjacent to the duodenum, close to the spleen and kidney
parathyroid
four or more small glands on the back of the thyroid
pituitary (anterior)
front portion of small gland below the hypothalamus
pituitary (posterior)
back portion of small gland below the hypothalamus
testes / ovaries
T = scrotum ; O = pelvic cavity
thyroid
two lobes in the anterior portion of the neck
cortisol
carb. and fat metabolism
aldosterone
salt and water balance
epinephrine & norepinephrine
fight or flight response; increases carbohydrate use
insulin & glucagon
regulate carbohydrate metabolism and blood-sugar
parathyroid hormone
regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism
oxytocin
increases uterine contractions
antidiuretic hormone
increases water absorption in the kidneys
testosterone & estrogen
sexual maturation and secondary sex characteristics
thyroxine & T3
increase metabolic rate and influence growth and maturation
calcitonin
regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism
pituitary gland
affects growth, sexual development, skin pigmentation, thyroid function, etc.
