final Flashcards
types of dopamine receptors
D1 like: 2; excite
D2 like 3; inhibit
nigrostriatal path
substantial nigra —> striatum (basal ganglia)
parkinsons
norepinephrine receptors
A,B
all metabotropic
glutamate receptors
ionotropic:
NMDA: Ca+ channel; triggers plasticity
AMPA: Na+ channel; ESPS
also have metabotropic
what disease is associated with Acetylcholine?
- not enough Acetylcholine
- attention and memory
GABA receptors
ionotropic: GABA(A) Cl- channel
metabotropic: GABA(B) activates G proteins
GABA allosteric agonists
- Benzodiazepines
- Valium, Lorazepam
endogenous epioids receptors
delta, mu, kappa
when does optic nerve become optic tract?
LGN
what releases vasopressin?
pituitary gland
VLPO —->
Lateral hypothalamus —->
- VLPO—> GABA —> ret. form. —> sleep
- L.H—> orexin —> ret form. —> wake
GLP-1
stimulates insulin release
activates POMC
what does leptin do?
- inhibits NPY
- activates POMC
semaglutide
GLP-1 agonist
arcuate nucleus
monitors levels of hunger
anomia
cant find right word
hippocampus vs cortex in memory
- hippocampus: helps create episodic memory
- permanent storage across cortex
what connects Brocas and Wenicke’s?
arcuate fasiculus
what structure is larger in left than right brain?
plantum temporale
noetic attention
both inward and outward
Klurer-Bucy Syndrome
- removal of monkey amygdala:
- reduced fear and aggresion
- strange food consumption
abulia
can’t make decisions because damage to anterioir circulate cortex (ACc)
Yoked control design
rat learned helplessness
mPFC
activated when we control stressors
can take our expereince and apply later
depression
- subgenual cingulate takes up less glucose
- immediate REM, more waking
- reduced hippocampus volume
- disregulated HPA
- cortisol inhibits neurogenesis
what area is thought to be involved with neurogenesis?
subranular dentate gyri in hippocampus
inferior parietal lobe
- voluntary attention
- IPL
superior colliculus
initiates motor commands
what does shrinking do?
opens channels –> depolarizes
non-primary motor cortex
- supplementary motor area: for preplanned movements
- premotor cortex: in reaction to external events
noise too loud:
deprived of input:
loud: damage hair cells
deprived: spiral ganglion cells may die
cornea vs lens
cornea: fixed transpartentthat retracts (focuses) light
lens: flexible to further retract light zoom in/out (blurring of vision)
tapetum lucidium
refelctive structure back through retina, giving rods another chance to detect it
V5 & disease
visual motion
akinetopsia: motion blindness
posterior parietal lobe & disease
where visual info gets synthesized
hemineglect- patient unaware of 1/2 of their visual field
V4 & disease
visual stimuli processing like color and brightness
achromatopia: permanent color blindness
inferior temporal lobe
recognition of specific stimulus
* parahippocampas place area (PPA)- wide establishing shot scenes
* fusiform face area (FFA)- facial recognition
propagosia
- damage to FFA in inferior temporal lobe
- can’t recognize faces
capgrass syndrome
- injury to ventral stream
- significant figures in your life have been replaced with imposters
bottom up
vs
top down
bu: receptor –> cortex
td: cortex–> thalamus
POA vs lateral hypothalamus
POA- physiological responses to temp
lateral hypothalamus- behavioral regulation of temp
narcolepsy
decreased orexin neurons
sleep paralysis
- dorsal pons
- loss of muscle tension during sleep
Claustrum Theory of Consciousness
- the integrated nature of consciousness requires a “conductor” to coordinate
- Claustrum- subcortical region that interconnects multiple coritcal and subcortical regions of forebrain (K-opioid receptors for hallucinogen salivorin-A saliva)
what will make a drug have bigger effect at lower dosages?
- fat soluble
- more attracted to receptor site
what NT is removed in its entirety from synapse?
acetylcholine by enzymatic degradation
what does Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor do?
- opens when acetylcholine binds to it
- allows Na+ and Ca2+ into neuron –> depolarization
oligodendrocytes
create fatty sheath around axons in CNS
Schwann cells
provide fatty sheath for PNS
astrocytes
arms contact blood vessels and make up part of the blood brain barrier
microglia
defend brain by scavenging for pathogens, damaged cells, and debris
agnosia
- acquired deficit in perception
- destruction of V1
fragmented visual processing
distinct regions are specialized for specific aspects of vision
optic chiasm
where axons from both nasal retinas cross midline
opsins
what determine wavelength of light to which that cone is sensitive to
depolarized vs hyperpolarized photoreceptor
de: release more glutamate –> off-center is on
extrapyramidal motor system
- basal ganglia and cerebellum
- influence motor cortices via VA/VL
phasic vs tonic receptors
- phasic- display adaptation
- tonic- response if stimuli is still there
NAcc vs Acc
NAcc: motivation
Acc: empathy
