Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 235: Intro to Cognitive Neuro > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

neurons

A

specialized for temporally and spatially precise communication with other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

glia

A

support cells
-hold nervous system together
-provide nutrients, raw materials, protection, and general upkeep
-oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, Schwann cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dendrites

A

input region that receives info from other neurons
-“dendron” = tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

dendritic spines

A

increase SA and allow for more inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

soma (cell body)

A

integrates info coming from the dendrites by summing the electrical signals generates there
-regulates cell function with the genetic info in nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

axon (nerve fiber)

A

-conducts info collected by dendrites and integrates by soma into axon terminals
-axon hillock is the wider initial segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

axon terminals

A

contacts dendrites and somas of other neurons to communicate
-converts electrical signals into chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

synapses

A

connection between axon terminal and the next neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

part of axon terminal that releases neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

dendrites of target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between pre and post synaptic membranes where neurotransmitter goes through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are made up of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neuron doctrine

A

the brain is comprised of individual neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

-create fatty myelin sheath that wraps around axons
-allow action potentials to occur faster and more efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do Schwann cell do?

A

insulate axons and cause action potential to be quicker and more efficiently in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

astrocytes

A

-star shaped cells with many arms that contact other cells
-help convey vital nutrients from blood to neurons
-the arms that contact blood vessels make up part of the blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

blood brain barrier

A

separates the brain from circulatory system to regulate what enters and protect against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

microglia

A

defend brain by scavenging for pathogens, damaged cells, and debris
-the ‘immune system’ of brain and spinal cord
resting state: cell bodies still while branches move around, surveying area
if threat detected –> reactive state: change shape and move to where needed to engulf and destroy debris/invader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

anterior/ posterior

A

facing towards/ away from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

superior/ inferior

A

top/ bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

medial/lateral

A

center/ outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ipsilateral/ contralateral

A

same side/ opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dorsal/ ventral

A

back/ stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what cells are in PNS?

A

nerves and ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

motor nerves

A

control muscles in efferernt direction (away from CNS) (output and muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

sensory nerves

A

bring sensory info into CNS in afferent direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs that emerge from base of brain
-convey sensory info about vision, taste, smell, balance, etc into brain
-control muscles of neck and head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs that emerge from spinal cord
-sensory info about touch, position of limbs in space, etc
-enter dorsals side of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

somatic nervous system

A

PNS
-sensation and action
-nerves connect CNS to sensory systems and skeletal muscle
-spinal and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

PNS
-nerves connect CNS to organ systems
-energy balance, smooth muscle
-sympathetic and parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sympathetic division

A

PNS autonomic NS
-increase metabolic burn
-tells body that energy is needed
-increase heart rate and respiration
-ex: jogging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

parasympathetic division

A

PNS autonomic NS
-when active, tells body to build up and conserve metabolic energy
-“rest and digest”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

-contain cell bodies (ganglia) that send sensory info from PNS to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

meninges

A

multilayered fluid-filled sack holds brain and spinal cord
-CSF layer allows brain to float
-originates in lateral ventricles –> other ventricles –> spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

major brain divisions

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

theory of localization

A

different parts of the brain carry out separate and distinct psychological functions
-Franz Joseph Gall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

phrenology

A

pseudoscience that skull forms around the brain
FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

psychological processes are localized to ____

A

specific systems and circuits of neurons (instead of centers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

neural system

A
  • a population of neurons that communicate across the boundaries between brain regions
    -along long distance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

neural circuit

A

-a population of neurons that communicate within a brain region or between immediately adjacent brain regions
-communicate in small area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Cortex

A

-wrinkly exterior made up of gyri and sulci
-crucial role from perception to decision making
-6 layers (1= most superficial 6= deepest)
-4 main lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

pyramidal cells

A

have apical dendrites that span across layers
-allows for more synthesis of info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

4 lobes and their functions

A

frontal: attention, planning, decision making, motor control
parietal: somato-sensation (touch, proprioception)
temporal: hearing
occipital: vision

46
Q

gray matter

A

-found throughout brain and spinal cord
-made up of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons (surface of the cortex is gray matter)

47
Q

white matter

A

-throughout the brain
-myelinated axons

48
Q

basal ganglia

A

-initiation of voluntary motion (ex: parkinsons)
-NUCLEI!!! NOT GANGLIA

49
Q

limbic system

A

amygdala: emotion
hippocampus: memory
(in temporal lobe)

50
Q

thalamus

A

directs sensory info in cortex

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

-energy intake and control of endocrine system via PITUITARY GLAND
-regulates hunger

52
Q

tegmentum

A

ventral midbrain
-cell bodies that send axons to basal ganglia and cortex –> release dopamine

53
Q

tectum

A

-dorsal midbrain
-processes audio/ visual info and controls orientation responses

54
Q

post-synaptic potential

A

local changes in electrical change

55
Q

resting potential

A

negative charge inside neuron (-50 to -80 mv)
-different concentrations of ions inside and outside

56
Q

ion channels

A

-allow ions to pass through
-selective or semi-selective
-gated- only allow ions through in response to a signal/ event
-rely on diffusion/ electrostatic force

57
Q

what are the properties of neurons due to?

A

ion gradient and movement of ions across membrane

58
Q

what determines if ion channels allow ions to enter/exit neuron?

A

1) Diffusion- aka chemical pressure
-particles move from more [] to less []
2) electrostatic- ions move away from similar charge towards opposite charge (opposites attract)

59
Q

Na+ / K+ pump

A

-doesn’t rely on diffusion/ electrostatic force
-constantly active because distribution/ gradient of ions across the cell membrane is vital for electrical comm.

60
Q

resting potential

A
  • K+ gradient is at equilibrium
    -Na+/K+ pump and electrostatic force keep K+ inside cell
    -diffusion will push K+ back out through K+ selective ion channel
61
Q

depolarization

A

making inside of neuron more positive

62
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

-ion channels that open when NT bind to them
-cause IPSP and EPSP
-convert chemical signal into electric
ex: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor:
-opens when acetylcholine binds to it
-depolarizes cell (Na+ and Ca2+ in neuron)

63
Q

postsynaptic potentials (PSP)

A

graded changes
1- Excitatory: ionotropic receptors allow + ions into neuron (depolarization around synapse)
2- Inhibitory: ionotropic receptors allow - ions into neuron (hyperpolarization)

64
Q

post-synaptic and temporal summation

A

combining EPSP and IPSP influence
spatial: across space
temporal: over time

65
Q

action potential

A

-happens when spatial and temporal summation of PSP depolarizes axon hillock to its threshold
-never bigger or smaller. same every time
-rapid depolarization followed by hyperpolarization

66
Q

what happens if there is more intense excitatory input?

A

more individual action potentials are fired
-NOT: more intense action potentials

67
Q

what causes depolarization

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels open and let Na+ in

68
Q

what causes hyperpolarization?

A

K+ flow out of axon through K+ channels that are alway open
Cell becomes more negative

69
Q

what does a wider axon mean for action potential?

A

action potential will be faster

70
Q

fatty sheath myelin

A

-speeds up action potentials
-in myelinated axon=
1.) AP generated at Nodes of Ranvier
2.) everything is equally negative

71
Q

saltatory conduction

A

-how AP jumps from node to node of a myelinated axon

72
Q

what happens when there is myelin damage?

A

without insulation -> Na+ diffusion less efficient -> slowing AP or eliminating it completely
ex: MS -> immune system attacks myelin (disrupts AP) because misinterprets myelin for invader

73
Q

local anesthetics

A

-sensations dulled because drug prevents Na+ from working
-prevent AP from happening and silence sensory nerves
-names end in “-caine”
ex: Tetrodotoxin in puffer fish very toxic because potent

74
Q

what happens once action potential reaches axon terminal?

A

1.) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ goes in
2.) once Ca2+ detected, vesicles rupture and eject neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

75
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical signals that get converted to electrical signals (EPSP & IPSP) by ionotropic receptors

76
Q

what are 3 ways to study the electrical activity of the nervous system?

A

1.) electrophysiology
2.) in vitro & in vivo (ex: electrode implanted in rat to listen to action potentials)
3.) EEG in humans (record brain waves of neurons oscillating together)

77
Q

what was Otto Loewi’s experiment?

A

-stimulated the vagus nerve and collected the fluid around it
-added the fluid to second heart and second heart had the same response as the first

78
Q

neurotransmitters

A

-synthesized and stored in axon terminals
-released when action potentials arrive at axon terminals

79
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

-produced by Clostridium botulinum
-toxin incorporates in synaptic vesicles, preventing them from docking with postsynaptic membrane (preventing NT release)

80
Q

Botox

A

-a dilute injection of Botulinum toxin
-prevents nerve endings from communicating w muscles

81
Q

Metabolic receptors

A

-activate G proteins (secondary messengers) inside of post-synaptic cell, which can open ion channels and/or trigger a cascade of intracellular events

82
Q

how can neurotransmitters be inactivated once released?

A

1) enzymatic degradation- enzymes in synaptic cleft break down NT
2) reuptake- transporter molecules on presynaptic cell and glia grab NT and pull out of synaptic cleft back into axon terminal

83
Q

psychopharmacology and its 2 subsections

A

science that deals w the uses, effects of drugs that influence thought and behavior by influencing action of NT
1) pharmacokinetics- absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
2) pharmacodynamics- how drugs exert their effects at site of action

84
Q

what is a ligand?

A

molecule that binds to receptors site

85
Q

endogenous ligands

A

-produced by body
-exert their effects through receptor bindings (ex: NT)

86
Q

exogenous ligands

A

-produced outside the body and bind to receptor sites
-ex: drugs, nicotine

87
Q

agonist and antagonists

A

agonists- bind and mimic endogenous ligand
antagonists- bind and block action of exogenous/ agonist ligands

88
Q

Dose-Response Curve

A

-relationship between dose and response
-if drug is more fat soluble = can get through membrane faster -> site of action faster -> biger effect at low dosage
-if drug is more attracted to receptor site= bigger effect at low dosage

89
Q

therapeutic index

A

range between ED50 and LD50 determines the margin for safety for a drug

90
Q

effects of repeated drug exposure

A

1.) sensitization- drug effects get bigger with repeated exposure
- shifts dose-response curve left because needs less to get same effect
2.) tolerance- body used to functioning with drugs reacts with withdrawal symptoms if drug leaves the system (different from addiction)

91
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A

1.) classical- made in axon terminal
ex: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
2.) non-classical- made in cell body and transported to the terminal
- ex: large precursor protein is produced and chopped into neuropeptides

92
Q

Glutamate

A

-primary excitatory NT in the brain
-ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA & DMDA)
AMPA- Na+ channel, EPSP
NMDA- Ca+ channel, triggers plasticity

93
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory NT in the brain
ionotropic GABA receptors= GABAa opens Cl- channel
metabolic GABA receptors= GABAb activate G-proteins
GABA antagonists- convulsants (remove inhibitory influence and excitatory will take over)

94
Q

ketamine

A

NMDA antagonist
causes dissociative effects but low doses give antidepressant effects (Spravato)

95
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

allosteric agonists for GABA- bind to GABAa receptors at different sites than GABA
- increase degree to which GABAa receptor attracts GABA
ex: Diazepam (Valium) & Lorazepam (Ativan)

96
Q

acetylcholine

A

in PNS- makes muscles contract at neuromuscular junction
in CNS- send axons throughout cortex and limbic system (influencing attention & memory)
only NT that is removed from synapse entirely (by enzymatic degradation)

97
Q

Alzheimer’s treatments

A

many drugs to treat Alzheimer’s inhibit enzymatic degradation of acetylcholine
Sarin- nerve gas that blocks message of acetylcholine

98
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters

A

nuclei are divergent - makes more postsynaptic contacts than usual
ex: dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

99
Q

dopamine

A

motor control, motivation, reinforcement learning
removed from synapse by dopamine transporter
nigrostriatal pathway and mesolimbic pathway

100
Q

dopamine receptors

A

all metabolic
5 types under D1-like and D2-like

101
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

disease caused by death of neurons that make up nigrostriatal pathway

102
Q

what happens when DAT is blocked?

A

dopamine builds up in synapse –> reinforcing –> habit forming

low doses of drugs that block DAT can help focus (Ritalin = slow Cocaine = fast)

103
Q

cocaine

A

agonist of dopamine- facilitate action of dopamine by allowing it to be in synapse longer

104
Q

Norepinephrine

A

arousal, wakefulness, alertness
cell bodies in locus coeruleus in hindbrain
axons to
cortex in limbic system

105
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

there is an optimal level of arousal for peak performance of complex tasks
receptors are all metabolic (alpha & beta)

106
Q

serotonin

A

cell bodies in raphe nuclei in mibrain & hindbrain
axons to
CNS
SSRIs prevent serotonin transporter from clearing serotonin from synapse

107
Q

neuropeptides

A

non-classical NT made from a precursor protein in cell body
metabolic receptors include mu, kappa, and delta
ex: endogenous opioids

108
Q

endogenous opioids

A

reward and pain relief
ex: endorphin (enkephalin)
in periaqce ductal gray of midbrain- produce natural form of analgesia (ex: battlefield anesthesia)

109
Q

exogenous opioids

A

agonists for endogenous opioids
ex: heroin, morphine, codeine
mediated by mu receptors (important for brain stimulation)

110
Q

naloxone

A

drug that can reverse the effects of an opioid OD
antagonist for endogenous opioids at mu receptor
outcompetes endogenous ligands and agonist because receptor is more attracted to naloxone

111
Q

where does CSF originate?

A

lateral ventricle in the brain

Psych 235: Intro to Cognitive Neuro (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions