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final Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Problem solving

A

process of determining how to achieve a goal when an immediate solution is not readily apparent

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2
Q

Knowledge-rich problem

A

Problem requires specific knowledge

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3
Q

Knowledge-lean problem

A

Information included as part of the problem

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4
Q

Reproductive thinking

A

systematic reuse of previous experiences

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5
Q

Productive thinking

A

involves a novel restructuring of the problem, often associated with insight

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6
Q

Metcalfe (1986)

A

gave participants problem
Warmth ratings show more dramatic change for insight problems than algebra problems
Warmth ratings were similar for correct AND incorrect answers
We are poor at
understanding processes ‘
that lead to problem
solving

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7
Q

problem solving coponents and definition

A

initial state
goal state
operators- actions to change your state
path constraints- rules that have to be followed when solving the problem
problem space- ap of every possible solution

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8
Q

hill-climbing strategy

A

choose the option that you think will move you closest to your goal
problem- sometimes you need to move farther away first

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9
Q

means-end analysis

A

compare your current state to your goal state

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10
Q

progress monitoring

A

access the rate of progress made toward a goal

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11
Q

analogical problem solving

A

For the analogy to be effective, you MUST be able to draw the parallel between the old and new problems

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12
Q

functional fixedness

A

tendency to restrict use of an object to its familiar functions

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13
Q

mental set

A

beliefs, habits, or strategies used to solve a problem

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14
Q

how are experts different from laymen (6)

A

experts are faster and ore accurate problem solvers, automaticity, more efficient at processing info, and rely ore on experience and less on formal rules, and experts focus ore on deep structures of a problem than surface-level properties, experts have a larger number and more effective strategies for solving problems

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15
Q

how many hours does it take to become an expert at something

A

10 thousand hours

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16
Q

induction

A

inference of a general principle from specific observations

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17
Q

deduction

A

inference of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle

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18
Q

attribute substitutions

A

the info that u need is not readily available so u substitute another attribute for it

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19
Q

availability heuristic

A

frequency judgements based on how easy it is to retrieve examples from memory

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20
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

category judgement made based on how representative/typical the exemplar is of the prototype

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21
Q

conjunction rule

A

probability of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents

22
Q

base rate info

A

info abt event frequency in the pop

23
Q

utility theory

A

weighing costs benefits

24
Q

confirmation bias

A

greater emphasis and focus on info that confirms vs challenges your views

25
Q

Forms of confirmation bias

A

seek evidence that confirms your belief
Fail to adjust beliefs after disconfirming evidence is found
Belief perseverance
Reinterpret/try to find flaws in disconfirming evidence
Better memory for confirming evidence
Fail to consider alternative hypotheses

26
Q

Categorical syllogisms

A

logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion-
Premise 1: All birds are animals.
Premise 2: All animals eat food.
Conclusion: Therefore, all birds eat food

27
Q

syllogisms can be

A

valid or invalid

28
Q

Falsification principle

A

to test a rule, you must look for situations that falsify the rule

29
Q

Components of Emotions

A

Feelings
Expressive behavior
Physiological responses
Autonomic
Hormonal
Epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (i.e., noradrenaline)
Cortisol

30
Q

Theories of Emotion Classification

A

Categorical
Dimensional

31
Q

6 basic emotions

A

anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness, inate across cultures

32
Q

Complex emotions are

A

learned and vary across cultures
Jealousy
Shame
Guilt
Embarrassment
Politeness
Pride
Loneliness

33
Q

Emotions are classified using a

A

continuous scale
Bartnett and Russell (1998)
Valence (i.e., pleasantness)
Arousal (i.e., intensity)

34
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion vs cannon-bard theory

A

JL- stim-physiological-cognitive
CB-stim-activity in thalamus-cognitive and physiological happens at same time

35
Q

Right-hemisphere hypothesis

A

Emotion primarily processed by right hemisphere
Favorable evidence
Speech prosody (inflection, rhythm, and stress)
Favorable evidence
Left side of an individuals face is more expressive

36
Q

Valence hypothesis

A

Positive emotions processed by left hemisphere
Negative emotions processed by right hemisphere
Frontal asymmetry
Greater left frontal activity to positive stimuli
Baseline left frontal asymmetry greater for controls relative to depressed and anxious adults

37
Q

Motivational direction model (approach/withdrawal

A

Approach behaviors are supported by the left hemisphere
Withdrawal is supported by the right hemisphere
Favorable evidence
Anger is related to greater left frontal asymmetry

38
Q

Vertical Integration Models

A

Considers the effect of cortical and subcortical (e.g., limbic) regions on emotional processing

39
Q

Process model of emotion regulation

A

Dorsal fronto-parietal regions (involved in exogenous attention) more active when trying to regulate emotions
Amygdala and insula are targets of prefrontal modulation and activity increases or decreases based on emotion regulation goal

40
Q

Cognitive appraisal

A

Other-blame- anger
Self-blame- guilt
Threat- fear/anxiety
Helplessness- sadness

41
Q

Happy music when driving lead to

A

Slower speeds
Poorer driving performance

42
Q

Zoom lens model

A

High motivational intensity leads to narrowing
Low motivational intensity leads to broadening
Most negative emotions are high intensity, but sadness is not
More details
recalled for sad
memories than
memories that
evoked anger
or fear

43
Q

Mood congruity

A

Retrieved more pleasant positive memories when positive mood induced, more unpleasant when negative mood induced

44
Q

Mood-state dependent memory

A

Induce mood with music (happy/sad

45
Q

Amygdala activity at encoding ->

A

Better memory

46
Q

inducing emotions-> judgment

A

Fear/anxiety->pessimistic judgments
happiness->optimistic judgements

47
Q

Inducing emotions -> Driving

A

Road rage associated with poorer driving decisions
More lane changes
Greater speed variability
Reduced speed less when approaching pedestrians
More collisions with pedestrians

48
Q

Heuristic

A

reasonably efficient and accurate strategy used to make decisions

49
Q

Factors that Influence Decision Making

A

Framing of Outcomes (e.g., gain vs. risk)
Options present
Anchoring
Affective forecasting

50
Q

affective forecasting

A

the ability to predict future emotions associated with events

51
Q

conditional syllogisms

A

if a (antecedent), then b (consequent)

brain and cognition (4 decks)

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