final Flashcards
Problem solving
process of determining how to achieve a goal when an immediate solution is not readily apparent
Knowledge-rich problem
Problem requires specific knowledge
Knowledge-lean problem
Information included as part of the problem
Reproductive thinking
systematic reuse of previous experiences
Productive thinking
involves a novel restructuring of the problem, often associated with insight
Metcalfe (1986)
gave participants problem
Warmth ratings show more dramatic change for insight problems than algebra problems
Warmth ratings were similar for correct AND incorrect answers
We are poor at
understanding processes ‘
that lead to problem
solving
problem solving coponents and definition
initial state
goal state
operators- actions to change your state
path constraints- rules that have to be followed when solving the problem
problem space- ap of every possible solution
hill-climbing strategy
choose the option that you think will move you closest to your goal
problem- sometimes you need to move farther away first
means-end analysis
compare your current state to your goal state
progress monitoring
access the rate of progress made toward a goal
analogical problem solving
For the analogy to be effective, you MUST be able to draw the parallel between the old and new problems
functional fixedness
tendency to restrict use of an object to its familiar functions
mental set
beliefs, habits, or strategies used to solve a problem
how are experts different from laymen (6)
experts are faster and ore accurate problem solvers, automaticity, more efficient at processing info, and rely ore on experience and less on formal rules, and experts focus ore on deep structures of a problem than surface-level properties, experts have a larger number and more effective strategies for solving problems
how many hours does it take to become an expert at something
10 thousand hours
induction
inference of a general principle from specific observations
deduction
inference of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle
attribute substitutions
the info that u need is not readily available so u substitute another attribute for it
availability heuristic
frequency judgements based on how easy it is to retrieve examples from memory
representativeness heuristic
category judgement made based on how representative/typical the exemplar is of the prototype
conjunction rule
probability of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents
base rate info
info abt event frequency in the pop
utility theory
weighing costs benefits
confirmation bias
greater emphasis and focus on info that confirms vs challenges your views
Forms of confirmation bias
seek evidence that confirms your belief
Fail to adjust beliefs after disconfirming evidence is found
Belief perseverance
Reinterpret/try to find flaws in disconfirming evidence
Better memory for confirming evidence
Fail to consider alternative hypotheses
Categorical syllogisms
logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion-
Premise 1: All birds are animals.
Premise 2: All animals eat food.
Conclusion: Therefore, all birds eat food
syllogisms can be
valid or invalid
Falsification principle
to test a rule, you must look for situations that falsify the rule
Components of Emotions
Feelings
Expressive behavior
Physiological responses
Autonomic
Hormonal
Epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (i.e., noradrenaline)
Cortisol
Theories of Emotion Classification
Categorical
Dimensional
6 basic emotions
anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness, inate across cultures
Complex emotions are
learned and vary across cultures
Jealousy
Shame
Guilt
Embarrassment
Politeness
Pride
Loneliness
Emotions are classified using a
continuous scale
Bartnett and Russell (1998)
Valence (i.e., pleasantness)
Arousal (i.e., intensity)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion vs cannon-bard theory
JL- stim-physiological-cognitive
CB-stim-activity in thalamus-cognitive and physiological happens at same time
Right-hemisphere hypothesis
Emotion primarily processed by right hemisphere
Favorable evidence
Speech prosody (inflection, rhythm, and stress)
Favorable evidence
Left side of an individuals face is more expressive
Valence hypothesis
Positive emotions processed by left hemisphere
Negative emotions processed by right hemisphere
Frontal asymmetry
Greater left frontal activity to positive stimuli
Baseline left frontal asymmetry greater for controls relative to depressed and anxious adults
Motivational direction model (approach/withdrawal
Approach behaviors are supported by the left hemisphere
Withdrawal is supported by the right hemisphere
Favorable evidence
Anger is related to greater left frontal asymmetry
Vertical Integration Models
Considers the effect of cortical and subcortical (e.g., limbic) regions on emotional processing
Process model of emotion regulation
Dorsal fronto-parietal regions (involved in exogenous attention) more active when trying to regulate emotions
Amygdala and insula are targets of prefrontal modulation and activity increases or decreases based on emotion regulation goal
Cognitive appraisal
Other-blame- anger
Self-blame- guilt
Threat- fear/anxiety
Helplessness- sadness
Happy music when driving lead to
Slower speeds
Poorer driving performance
Zoom lens model
High motivational intensity leads to narrowing
Low motivational intensity leads to broadening
Most negative emotions are high intensity, but sadness is not
More details
recalled for sad
memories than
memories that
evoked anger
or fear
Mood congruity
Retrieved more pleasant positive memories when positive mood induced, more unpleasant when negative mood induced
Mood-state dependent memory
Induce mood with music (happy/sad
Amygdala activity at encoding ->
Better memory
inducing emotions-> judgment
Fear/anxiety->pessimistic judgments
happiness->optimistic judgements
Inducing emotions -> Driving
Road rage associated with poorer driving decisions
More lane changes
Greater speed variability
Reduced speed less when approaching pedestrians
More collisions with pedestrians
Heuristic
reasonably efficient and accurate strategy used to make decisions
Factors that Influence Decision Making
Framing of Outcomes (e.g., gain vs. risk)
Options present
Anchoring
Affective forecasting
affective forecasting
the ability to predict future emotions associated with events
conditional syllogisms
if a (antecedent), then b (consequent)
