exam 3 Flashcards
the self-reference effect
Semantic dementia is always associated with damage to which brain region?
Anterior temporal lobe
How many phonemes are used for English?
44
In ordinary speech production, the boundaries between syllables or between words are usually
Not marked, so they must be determined by the perceiver
What is the nature of the relationship between language and thought according to the strong version of the Whorfian hypothesis?
Language determines thought
Semantics
meaning of words and sentences
Syntax:
rules that govern word sequences
Parsing
Process of mentally grouping words from a sentence into phrases
Prosody
where you put emphasis in the sentence can change its meaning
Garden-path model of parsing
Two-stage serial processing model
Syntax processing precedes semantic processing
Constraint-based model of parsing
One stage parallel processing model
Syntax and semantic processing occur simultaneously
Assumption of minimal attachment
garden-path model
We read sentences following the easiest sentence structure
Critique of garden-path model
Semantic information influences sentence processing, and Context influences how people process sentences
The principle of minimal attachment refers to a:
Processing strategy in which the listener seeks the simplest possible phrase structure that will accommodate the words heard to that point
Broca’s aphasia:
impairment in language production
Frontal lobe
Wernicke’s aphasia
impairment in comprehension
Temporal lobe
brain parts reading process
visual cortex->Occipito-temporal cortex (Visual Word Form Area) for Analysis of letter strings/words->Meaning, Left hemisphere dominant for language
Hearing Speech process
Acoustic Analysis Auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
->Recognition of speech sounds/word form, Superior temporal gyrus responds to features, smaller units than phonemes->Recognition of speech sounds, Emotional prosody, Right hemisphere->Meaning, Left hemisphere dominant for language->
Whorfian hypothesis
How people think is dependent on the language they speak
Bilingualism
More people are bilingual than monolingual
Most cognitive research has been with monolingual English speakers
Bilinguals more efficiently complete the Flanker Task
Smaller region of anterior cingulate cortex needed for this conflict task!
Energetic masking
competing auditory signals)
Informational masking
(cognitive load makes speech interpretation harder)
Decoding speech
Selectively attending to speech
Extracting specific elements from the speech
Speech segmentation:
Process of dividing speech into meaning-based units
Coarticulation
Production of phonemes is influenced by surrounding phonemes
Can also help you predict next phoneme
Phonemic restoration effect
We can restore phonemes when their perception is disrupted
Morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
Phoneme
smallest unit of sound
Perceptual priming
Repeated presentation in same perceptual form facilitates processing
Reduced when perceptual characteristics altered (e.g., CAR vs. car)
Supported by sensory cortices for the primed modality
Conceptual priming
Presentation of a prime facilitates processing of conceptually related target
Supported by lateral temporal and frontal lobes
Classical (pavlovian) Conditioning
Learned simple associations between stimuli
Positive punishment:
add a negative stimulus
Negative punishment:
take away a positive stimulus
Positive reward:
add a positive stimulus
Negative reward
take away a negative stimulus
Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence
The posterior dorsomedial striatum is critical for…
instrumental conditioning
Cognitive self
No memories before a concept of self has developed
Social-cultural development
Language is required to explain experiences
Two-stage theory
Absolute amnesia followed by relative amnesia
Neurogenic hypothesis
Memories are lost as new neurons replace old neurons in the hippocampus
Self-reference effect:
memory is better for information related to the self
Increased activation of mPFC
Schematic knowledge
knowledge about the world
Self-schemas
Factors that influence PM success
Higher accuracy for event-cued PM tasks
52% vs. 33% accuracy (Sellen et al., 1997)
Event-cued tasks are
externally signaled
whereas time-cued tasks
are internally signaled
Focal vs. non-focal tasks
Focal tasks involve the processing of the cue as part of the ongoing task whereas non-focal tasks do not
Lower accuracy/slower RTs during non-focal tasks
Frontal lobe especially critical for non-focal tasks
Hebb’s hypothesis
neurons that fire together, wire together
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Enhancement of synaptic strength as a result of repetitive high-frequency associative firing
Caused by
addition of
receptors to
membrane of
postsynaptic
neuron
Subsequent memory effect
Greater activity to later remembered than familiar and forgotten stimuli
Critical regions for memory retrieval
Middle frontal gyrus
Posterior parietal cortex
Dorsal PPC, which is involved in…
endogenous/top-down attention, is more active for familiar and low confidence stimuli at retrieval
Positive SME at encoding/Negative effect at retrieval
Ventral PPC, which is involved in…
exogenous/bottom-up attention, more active for recollected and high confidence stimuli at retrieval
Negative SME at encoding/Positive effect at retrieval
how does retrograde amnesia differ from anterograde?
Often graded and extended for episodic memories
Less extended for semantic memories
The hippocampus is critical for…
episodic memory
Patients with hippocampal damage show retrograde amnesia for events
≤ 5 years before the onset of the amnesia but not earlier
semantic dementia
caused by atropy of the left anterior temporal lobe, have
relatively intact episodic memory
impaired semantic memory
The perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal regions are important for
formation of semantic memories
Semantic memories stored in
anterior temporal lobe
Hub-and-spoke model of semantic memory
Anterior temporal lobe serves as a hub for connecting characteristics for semantic memory
recollection vs familiarity
Recollection: Memory for contextual details
Familiarity: Overall assessment of memory strength
Familiarity: Anterior parahippocampus/perirhinal cortex
Recollection: Hippocampus
Source Memory tasks
measure recollection based on accuracy for a detail learned during the task
Semantic memories are stored as
concepts
mental representations formed from
experience
Superordinate
broad definition
subordinate
very specific
basic categorization
the first answer that would usually come to mind
The basic level maximizes informativeness and distinctiveness
Knowledge Representation
Concepts are arranged in networks
Nodes represent concepts
Relations represented links among sets of nodes
Cognitive economy:
Shared properties only stored at higher-level nodes
Spreading activation
If node is activated, activity spreads to connected links
Concepts often activated are primed and more easily accessed from memory
Ganong effect
is the tendency to perceive an ambiguous speech sound as a phoneme that would complete a real word, rather than completing a nonsense/fake word
Phonemic restoration effect
under certain conditions, sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard
Word frequency effect
recognition times are faster for words seen more frequently than for words seen less frequently.
Word superiority effect
people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword strings.
Reduplication
Boogie-woogie, easy-peasy,a word formation process in which some part of a base (a segment, syllable, morpheme) is repeated, either to the left, or to the right of the word or, occasionally, within the middle of the word.
what part of the brain is responsible for semantic memory
anterior temporal lobe
what part of the brain is responsible for episodic memory
medial temporal
what part of the brain is responsible for skill learning
basal ganglia
