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brain and cognition > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the self-reference effect

A
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2
Q

Semantic dementia is always associated with damage to which brain region?

A

Anterior temporal lobe

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3
Q

How many phonemes are used for English?

A

44

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4
Q

In ordinary speech production, the boundaries between syllables or between words are usually

A

Not marked, so they must be determined by the perceiver

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5
Q

What is the nature of the relationship between language and thought according to the strong version of the Whorfian hypothesis?

A

Language determines thought

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6
Q

Semantics

A

meaning of words and sentences

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7
Q

Syntax:

A

rules that govern word sequences

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8
Q

Parsing

A

Process of mentally grouping words from a sentence into phrases

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9
Q

Prosody

A

where you put emphasis in the sentence can change its meaning

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10
Q

Garden-path model of parsing

A

Two-stage serial processing model
Syntax processing precedes semantic processing

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11
Q

Constraint-based model of parsing

A

One stage parallel processing model
Syntax and semantic processing occur simultaneously

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12
Q

Assumption of minimal attachment
garden-path model

A

We read sentences following the easiest sentence structure

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13
Q

Critique of garden-path model

A

Semantic information influences sentence processing, and Context influences how people process sentences

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14
Q

The principle of minimal attachment refers to a:

A

Processing strategy in which the listener seeks the simplest possible phrase structure that will accommodate the words heard to that point

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15
Q

Broca’s aphasia:

A

impairment in language production
Frontal lobe

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16
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

impairment in comprehension
Temporal lobe

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17
Q

brain parts reading process

A

visual cortex->Occipito-temporal cortex (Visual Word Form Area) for Analysis of letter strings/words->Meaning, Left hemisphere dominant for language

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18
Q

Hearing Speech process

A

Acoustic Analysis Auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
->Recognition of speech sounds/word form, Superior temporal gyrus responds to features, smaller units than phonemes->Recognition of speech sounds, Emotional prosody, Right hemisphere->Meaning, Left hemisphere dominant for language->

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19
Q

Whorfian hypothesis

A

How people think is dependent on the language they speak

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20
Q

Bilingualism

A

More people are bilingual than monolingual
Most cognitive research has been with monolingual English speakers
Bilinguals more efficiently complete the Flanker Task
Smaller region of anterior cingulate cortex needed for this conflict task!

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21
Q

Energetic masking

A

competing auditory signals)

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22
Q

Informational masking

A

(cognitive load makes speech interpretation harder)

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23
Q

Decoding speech

A

Selectively attending to speech
Extracting specific elements from the speech

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24
Q

Speech segmentation:

A

Process of dividing speech into meaning-based units

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25
Q

Coarticulation

A

Production of phonemes is influenced by surrounding phonemes
Can also help you predict next phoneme

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26
Q

Phonemic restoration effect

A

We can restore phonemes when their perception is disrupted

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27
Q

Morpheme

A

smallest unit of meaning

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28
Q

Phoneme

A

smallest unit of sound

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29
Q

Perceptual priming

A

Repeated presentation in same perceptual form facilitates processing
Reduced when perceptual characteristics altered (e.g., CAR vs. car)
Supported by sensory cortices for the primed modality

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30
Q

Conceptual priming

A

Presentation of a prime facilitates processing of conceptually related target
Supported by lateral temporal and frontal lobes

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31
Q

Classical (pavlovian) Conditioning

A

Learned simple associations between stimuli

32
Q

Positive punishment:

A

add a negative stimulus

33
Q

Negative punishment:

A

take away a positive stimulus

34
Q

Positive reward:

A

add a positive stimulus

35
Q

Negative reward

A

take away a negative stimulus

36
Q

Operant/Instrumental Conditioning

A

associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence

37
Q

The posterior dorsomedial striatum is critical for…

A

instrumental conditioning

38
Q

Cognitive self

A

No memories before a concept of self has developed

39
Q

Social-cultural development

A

Language is required to explain experiences

40
Q

Two-stage theory

A

Absolute amnesia followed by relative amnesia

41
Q

Neurogenic hypothesis

A

Memories are lost as new neurons replace old neurons in the hippocampus

42
Q

Self-reference effect:

A

memory is better for information related to the self
Increased activation of mPFC

43
Q

Schematic knowledge

A

knowledge about the world
Self-schemas

44
Q

Factors that influence PM success

A

Higher accuracy for event-cued PM tasks
52% vs. 33% accuracy (Sellen et al., 1997)
Event-cued tasks are
externally signaled
whereas time-cued tasks
are internally signaled

45
Q

Focal vs. non-focal tasks

A

Focal tasks involve the processing of the cue as part of the ongoing task whereas non-focal tasks do not
Lower accuracy/slower RTs during non-focal tasks
Frontal lobe especially critical for non-focal tasks

46
Q

Hebb’s hypothesis

A

neurons that fire together, wire together

47
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

Enhancement of synaptic strength as a result of repetitive high-frequency associative firing
Caused by
addition of
receptors to
membrane of
postsynaptic
neuron

48
Q

Subsequent memory effect

A

Greater activity to later remembered than familiar and forgotten stimuli

49
Q

Critical regions for memory retrieval

A

Middle frontal gyrus
Posterior parietal cortex

50
Q

Dorsal PPC, which is involved in…

A

endogenous/top-down attention, is more active for familiar and low confidence stimuli at retrieval
Positive SME at encoding/Negative effect at retrieval

51
Q

Ventral PPC, which is involved in…

A

exogenous/bottom-up attention, more active for recollected and high confidence stimuli at retrieval
Negative SME at encoding/Positive effect at retrieval

52
Q

how does retrograde amnesia differ from anterograde?

A

Often graded and extended for episodic memories
Less extended for semantic memories

53
Q

The hippocampus is critical for…

A

episodic memory

54
Q

Patients with hippocampal damage show retrograde amnesia for events

A

≤ 5 years before the onset of the amnesia but not earlier

55
Q

semantic dementia

A

caused by atropy of the left anterior temporal lobe, have
relatively intact episodic memory
impaired semantic memory

56
Q

The perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal regions are important for

A

formation of semantic memories

57
Q

Semantic memories stored in

A

anterior temporal lobe

58
Q

Hub-and-spoke model of semantic memory

A

Anterior temporal lobe serves as a hub for connecting characteristics for semantic memory

59
Q

recollection vs familiarity

A

Recollection: Memory for contextual details
Familiarity: Overall assessment of memory strength
Familiarity: Anterior parahippocampus/perirhinal cortex
Recollection: Hippocampus

60
Q

Source Memory tasks

A

measure recollection based on accuracy for a detail learned during the task

61
Q

Semantic memories are stored as

A

concepts

62
Q

mental representations formed from

A

experience

63
Q

Superordinate

A

broad definition

64
Q

subordinate

A

very specific

65
Q

basic categorization

A

the first answer that would usually come to mind
The basic level maximizes informativeness and distinctiveness

66
Q

Knowledge Representation

A

Concepts are arranged in networks
Nodes represent concepts
Relations represented links among sets of nodes

67
Q

Cognitive economy:

A

Shared properties only stored at higher-level nodes

68
Q

Spreading activation

A

If node is activated, activity spreads to connected links
Concepts often activated are primed and more easily accessed from memory

69
Q

Ganong effect

A

is the tendency to perceive an ambiguous speech sound as a phoneme that would complete a real word, rather than completing a nonsense/fake word

70
Q

Phonemic restoration effect

A

under certain conditions, sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard

71
Q

Word frequency effect

A

recognition times are faster for words seen more frequently than for words seen less frequently.

72
Q

Word superiority effect

A

people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword strings.

73
Q

Reduplication

A

Boogie-woogie, easy-peasy,a word formation process in which some part of a base (a segment, syllable, morpheme) is repeated, either to the left, or to the right of the word or, occasionally, within the middle of the word.

74
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for semantic memory

A

anterior temporal lobe

75
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for episodic memory

A

medial temporal

76
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for skill learning

A

basal ganglia

brain and cognition (4 decks)

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