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brain and cognition > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

When using the digit-span task, the capacity of working memory is estimated to be

A

7± 2 chunks

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2
Q

Reading comprehension would be most strongly correlated with working memory as tested using

A

A letter sequencing task

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3
Q

Relative to categorization, individuation (i.e., recognizing an individual exemplar) is

A

More viewpoint dependent

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4
Q

Imagine that participants hear a list of 20 fruits, followed by an unexpected loud noise. The loud noise clears working memory. The effect of the noise will be:

A

A diminished recency effect but no impact on how well the rest of the words are remembered

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5
Q

Hypercomplex cells respond maximally to

A

Bars of a particular orientation and length

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6
Q

According to the recognition by components theory, we can recognize objects by breaking them down into elementary units called

A

Geons

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7
Q

Which effect is demonstrated by recognition for the top half of a face being poorer when the top and bottom halves of a face are aligned than when they are misaligned?

A

Composite face effect

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8
Q

Which of the following represents an example of maintenance rehearsal?

A

Repeating material over and over to remember it

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9
Q

CNU requires students and faculty to change their login password every 3 months. Jen is asked to change her password again. The next day, she goes to sign into Scholar and puts in the old password rather than the new one. This is an example of:

A

Proactive interference

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10
Q

The primacy effect

A

refers to better memory for the first few words on a list and is due to long-term memory

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11
Q

Which of the following is true about the study that examined deep/shallow and intentional/incidental encoding in the same study?

A

Deep incidental encoding resulted in similar performance as intentional encoding

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12
Q

Researchers demonstrated this phenomenon when they had scuba divers memorize lists of words either under water or on land, and later tested them for recall of these words both on land and under water.

A

Context-dependent memory

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13
Q

Participants are shown a pair of similar pictures separated by a blank interval. The pictures are identical except for a single aspect (e.g., a man is wearing a hat in one scene but not in the other). In these kinds of tasks, participants often find it hard to detect the change. This phenomenon is known as

A

change blindness

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14
Q

The auditory N1 ERP effect was

A

Larger for attended than unattended tones

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15
Q

The spotlight model of attention

A

claims that attention can be focused on a relatively small area but moved flexibly

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16
Q

Voluntary attentional control appears to be mediated by the

A

the dorsal attention network, which
includes the intraparietal sulcus and
frontal eye fields

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17
Q

A participant who has just participated in an experiment involving dichotic listening is LEAST likely to remember

A

the meaning of the words presented on
the unattended channel.

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18
Q

While studying for this exam you will be utilizing ________.

A

Endogenous attention

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19
Q

All of the following are task-general resources EXCEPT
a. executive control processes
b. the response selector
c. mathematical skills
d. working memory

A

c. mathematical skills

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20
Q

In one study, participants shadowed a word list while a second list was a) heard in the other ear, b) presented as text (e.g., DOG), or c) presented as pictures. Recognition was best when the second list was:

A

Viewed as pictures

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21
Q

A participant is shown a series of stimuli and is asked to name the color of the ink in which the stimuli are printed. The eighth stimulus happens to be printed in green ink. We should expect the slowest response if the stimulus is

A

the word “RED” printed in green

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22
Q

synaptic consolidation

A

changes to synapses mins to hours following learning

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23
Q

system consolidation

A

reorganization of the brain to support memory, system consolidation can span days-years.

24
Q

SWS

A

memories SWS: slow wave or deep sleep, experience disorientation upon waking- declarative

25
Q

REM

A

dreaming, resembles awake state- nondeclarative

26
Q

Local processing

A

Processing of specific features of a visual stimulus

27
Q

Global processing

A

Holistic processing of a visual stimulus, Global processing precedes local processing

28
Q

Gestalt similarity

A

objects similar in appearance are perceived as the same group

29
Q

Gestalt proximity

A

objects close together are perceived as the same group

30
Q

Gestalt Continuity

A

when our eyes follow a smooth, continuous path we perceive objects as part of the same gorup

31
Q

Gestalt Closure

A

objects that form recognizable images are likely to be perceived as belonging to the same group

32
Q

Gestalt Figure-ground segregation

A

tendency to separate the main object of our perception from the background

33
Q

Uniform Connectedness

A

Principle of object recognition not identified by the Gestalt psychologists
Connected regions that have uniform visual properties tend to be organized as a single perceptual unit

34
Q

Geons

A

Elementary features that comprise objects
Approximately 36 different geons

35
Q

how top-down processes influence object recognition

A

Particularly beneficial when stimuli are degraded or briefly presented

36
Q

neural region that supports top-down effects on object recognition

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

37
Q

Face inversion effect

A

Face recognition is orientation specific

38
Q

Composite face effect

A

Poorer recognition of top half when spatially aligned with different bottom half

39
Q

neural region implicated in face processing

A

Fusiform face area (FFA)

40
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces
Often due to damage to the FFA

41
Q

Expertise Hypothesis

A

Face recognition differs from other objects because
we individuate faces
we are face experts

42
Q

the Bruce & Young model of face recognition

A

Face detection
Structural encoding
View-centered descriptions
Expression-independent descriptions
Coding of
Changeable aspects of faces
Emotion
Speech
Social categories
Gender
Race
Age
Features
For recognized faces (i.e., face memory)
Structural information
Person identity (e.g., occupation)
Name generation
Difference in how we process familiar and unfamiliar faces
Internal features better support memory for familiar faces

43
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repetition without focusing on meaning

44
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Repetition focusing on meaning

45
Q

effect of testing on memory

A

Being tested shortly after learning improves memory, Identify and correct misunderstandings
Strengthen retrieval paths

46
Q

typical memory forgetting curve

A

Forgetting newly learned information occurs quickly, with the most rapid forgetting happening within an hour after learning

47
Q

Decay

A

Gradual loss
of a memory
Likely occurs
during sleep

48
Q

Context-dependent learning

A

: memory is better when a person experiences the same mental, emotional, or biological state as when the material was learned

49
Q

Encoding specificity

A

better retrieval when cue consistent between encoding and retrieval

50
Q

Endogenous Attention

A

Voluntary control of attention toward particular stimuli/aspects of the environment

51
Q

Exogenous Attention

A

Automatic shift in attention due to features of stimuli in the environment

52
Q

the effect of practice on divided attention

A

Reduces demand
Improves performance
Controlled processing becomes Automatic processing

53
Q

Stroop Task

A

color word written in a different color.

54
Q

Working memory

A

Memory system involved in the active maintenance and manipulation of information

55
Q

Long-term memory

A

Memory for facts and events

56
Q

Serial Position Effects

A

Recall is influenced by the position an item appears on a list

57
Q
A

brain and cognition (4 decks)

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