exam 2 Flashcards
When using the digit-span task, the capacity of working memory is estimated to be
7± 2 chunks
Reading comprehension would be most strongly correlated with working memory as tested using
A letter sequencing task
Relative to categorization, individuation (i.e., recognizing an individual exemplar) is
More viewpoint dependent
Imagine that participants hear a list of 20 fruits, followed by an unexpected loud noise. The loud noise clears working memory. The effect of the noise will be:
A diminished recency effect but no impact on how well the rest of the words are remembered
Hypercomplex cells respond maximally to
Bars of a particular orientation and length
According to the recognition by components theory, we can recognize objects by breaking them down into elementary units called
Geons
Which effect is demonstrated by recognition for the top half of a face being poorer when the top and bottom halves of a face are aligned than when they are misaligned?
Composite face effect
Which of the following represents an example of maintenance rehearsal?
Repeating material over and over to remember it
CNU requires students and faculty to change their login password every 3 months. Jen is asked to change her password again. The next day, she goes to sign into Scholar and puts in the old password rather than the new one. This is an example of:
Proactive interference
The primacy effect
refers to better memory for the first few words on a list and is due to long-term memory
Which of the following is true about the study that examined deep/shallow and intentional/incidental encoding in the same study?
Deep incidental encoding resulted in similar performance as intentional encoding
Researchers demonstrated this phenomenon when they had scuba divers memorize lists of words either under water or on land, and later tested them for recall of these words both on land and under water.
Context-dependent memory
Participants are shown a pair of similar pictures separated by a blank interval. The pictures are identical except for a single aspect (e.g., a man is wearing a hat in one scene but not in the other). In these kinds of tasks, participants often find it hard to detect the change. This phenomenon is known as
change blindness
The auditory N1 ERP effect was
Larger for attended than unattended tones
The spotlight model of attention
claims that attention can be focused on a relatively small area but moved flexibly
Voluntary attentional control appears to be mediated by the
the dorsal attention network, which
includes the intraparietal sulcus and
frontal eye fields
A participant who has just participated in an experiment involving dichotic listening is LEAST likely to remember
the meaning of the words presented on
the unattended channel.
While studying for this exam you will be utilizing ________.
Endogenous attention
All of the following are task-general resources EXCEPT
a. executive control processes
b. the response selector
c. mathematical skills
d. working memory
c. mathematical skills
In one study, participants shadowed a word list while a second list was a) heard in the other ear, b) presented as text (e.g., DOG), or c) presented as pictures. Recognition was best when the second list was:
Viewed as pictures
A participant is shown a series of stimuli and is asked to name the color of the ink in which the stimuli are printed. The eighth stimulus happens to be printed in green ink. We should expect the slowest response if the stimulus is
the word “RED” printed in green
synaptic consolidation
changes to synapses mins to hours following learning
system consolidation
reorganization of the brain to support memory, system consolidation can span days-years.
SWS
memories SWS: slow wave or deep sleep, experience disorientation upon waking- declarative
REM
dreaming, resembles awake state- nondeclarative
Local processing
Processing of specific features of a visual stimulus
Global processing
Holistic processing of a visual stimulus, Global processing precedes local processing
Gestalt similarity
objects similar in appearance are perceived as the same group
Gestalt proximity
objects close together are perceived as the same group
Gestalt Continuity
when our eyes follow a smooth, continuous path we perceive objects as part of the same gorup
Gestalt Closure
objects that form recognizable images are likely to be perceived as belonging to the same group
Gestalt Figure-ground segregation
tendency to separate the main object of our perception from the background
Uniform Connectedness
Principle of object recognition not identified by the Gestalt psychologists
Connected regions that have uniform visual properties tend to be organized as a single perceptual unit
Geons
Elementary features that comprise objects
Approximately 36 different geons
how top-down processes influence object recognition
Particularly beneficial when stimuli are degraded or briefly presented
neural region that supports top-down effects on object recognition
Orbitofrontal cortex
Face inversion effect
Face recognition is orientation specific
Composite face effect
Poorer recognition of top half when spatially aligned with different bottom half
neural region implicated in face processing
Fusiform face area (FFA)
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize faces
Often due to damage to the FFA
Expertise Hypothesis
Face recognition differs from other objects because
we individuate faces
we are face experts
the Bruce & Young model of face recognition
Face detection
Structural encoding
View-centered descriptions
Expression-independent descriptions
Coding of
Changeable aspects of faces
Emotion
Speech
Social categories
Gender
Race
Age
Features
For recognized faces (i.e., face memory)
Structural information
Person identity (e.g., occupation)
Name generation
Difference in how we process familiar and unfamiliar faces
Internal features better support memory for familiar faces
Maintenance rehearsal
Repetition without focusing on meaning
Elaborative rehearsal
Repetition focusing on meaning
effect of testing on memory
Being tested shortly after learning improves memory, Identify and correct misunderstandings
Strengthen retrieval paths
typical memory forgetting curve
Forgetting newly learned information occurs quickly, with the most rapid forgetting happening within an hour after learning
Decay
Gradual loss
of a memory
Likely occurs
during sleep
Context-dependent learning
: memory is better when a person experiences the same mental, emotional, or biological state as when the material was learned
Encoding specificity
better retrieval when cue consistent between encoding and retrieval
Endogenous Attention
Voluntary control of attention toward particular stimuli/aspects of the environment
Exogenous Attention
Automatic shift in attention due to features of stimuli in the environment
the effect of practice on divided attention
Reduces demand
Improves performance
Controlled processing becomes Automatic processing
Stroop Task
color word written in a different color.
Working memory
Memory system involved in the active maintenance and manipulation of information
Long-term memory
Memory for facts and events
Serial Position Effects
Recall is influenced by the position an item appears on a list
