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Musical Analysis > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

classical period years

A

1750-1800

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2
Q

characteristics of classical music

A

contrast in mood
rhythm- lots of contrast and patterns
texture- mostly homo but some poly
melody- tuneful and easy to remember
dynamics and the piano- gradual dynamic changes, these dynamics paved the way for the piano to take over the harpsichord
end of the basso continuo
less improvising b/c composed wanted more control

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3
Q

the classical orchestra

A

4 sections of instruments
size varied but more than baroque orchestra
composes exploited individual tone colors of instruments
strings are the most important section
woodwinds add contrasting tone colors and melodic solos
brass brought power and filled out harmony
percussion for rhythmic emphasis

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4
Q

classical forms

A

usually 4 mov:
1) fast 2) slow 3) dance-like 4) fast
symphony- for orch
string quartet-2 violins, 1 viola, 1 cello
sonata- 1 or 2 instruments

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5
Q

sonata form

A

refers to the for of a single mov.
3 main sections:
1) expostion- themes presented
2) development- themes treated in new ways
3) recapitulation- themes return
4) sometimes there’s a final section called the coda

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6
Q

theme and variations

A

basic musical idea (theme) is repeated over and over and changed w/ time
changes of melody, rhythm, harmony, accompaniment, dynamics, and tone color

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7
Q

minuet and trio

A

form often used as the 3rd mov. of classical symphonies, string quartets etc.
originated as dance, stately and dignified dance where the couple exchanged bows and curtsies
minuet mov meant for listening
triple meter
moderate tempo
trio section is quieter

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8
Q

rondo

A

main theme (A) that returns several times in alternation w/other themes
common patterns- ABACA & ABACABA
main theme=lively and simple to remember
can be used an independent piece or as a mov

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9
Q

the classical symphony

A

long composition lasting 20-45 min
4 mov
either a minuet or scherzo section

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10
Q

the classical concerto

A

3 mov. work for soloists
lasts 20-45 min.
very challenging

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11
Q

joseph haydn

A

1732-1809
struggled w career until 29 when he enetered serive of Esterhazys-the richest and most powerful of the Hungarian noble families

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12
Q

mozart

A

1756-1791
child prodigy
by age 6- played harpsichord and violin, improvised, wrote minuets and could sight read
age 12 wrote an opera

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13
Q

mozarts music

A

wrote masterpieces in all forms- symphonies, string quartets, piano concertos and operas
wrote symphonie fast

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14
Q

beethoven

A

musical genius
influenced composers throughout the 19th century
opened new realms of musical expression
studied w/ Haydn
self-educated
became deaf

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15
Q

beethoven’s music

A

a reflection of his powerful and tortured personality
he spent years on 1 symphony
bridged the classical and romantic eras
1) early (up to 1802)- a lot of work influenced by Haydn and mozart
2) middle (1803-1814)- compositions are long and heroic in tone
3) late (1815-1827)- compositions sublime, fugues to express new musical ideas

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16
Q

romantic period years

A

1820-1900

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17
Q

characteristics of romantic period

A

individuality of style
expressive aims
nationalism
program music
expressive tone color
colorful harmony
expanded ranges of dynamics, pitch and tempo
form: miniature and monumental

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18
Q

program music

A

instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene

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19
Q

nationalism

A

created music with specific national identity using folk songs and history of home lands

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20
Q

expressive aims

A

lots of themes

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21
Q

individuality of style

A

lots of self expression

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22
Q

expressive tone color

A

help create a variety of moods, timbre became very important

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23
Q

colorful harmony

A

emphasized rich and colorful harmonies used chromatic harmony (uses chords containing chromatic chords)
lots of rapid modulations

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24
Q

expanded ranges of dynamics, pitch and tempo

A

helps to increase the emotional impact

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25
Q

form: miniature and monumental

A

shortpieces or very long pieces to help express

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26
Q

romantic composers and public

A

composed to meet an inner need
wrote for middle class audience
piano became a fixture for every middle class home

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27
Q

the art song

A

composition for solo voice and piano
fused poetry and piano
common themes-despair of unrequited love, beauty of flowers

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28
Q

the common forms of the art song

A

strophic- same music but diff lyrics
through composed- incleudes new msuic for each stanze
may be grouped into sets (song cycle)

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29
Q

what is a song cycle

A

music grouped into sets
may be unified by a storyline that runs through the poems or by musical ideas

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30
Q

chopin

A

mainly wrote for piano
born in warsaw
preferred to perform in salons
taught piano to the daughters of the rich
died of TB at age 39

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31
Q

chopin’s music

A

by age 18 had developed his own style
most pieces were minatures
nocturnes and etudes

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32
Q

what is a nocturne/ night piece

A

by chopin
slow and lyrical composition

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33
Q

liszt

A

born in hunagry
studied with Beethoven and Schubert in Vienna
wanted to be the Paganini of piano
practiced 8-12 hours a day
taught hundreds of pianists for free and provided financial support for Wagner’s success
influenced a new form of program music
created the symphonice/tone poem

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34
Q

symphonic/tone poem

A

created by liszt
1 mov. orchestral composition based on pictorial. ideas
mainly concerned with the devil or death

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35
Q

main forms of program music

A

Incidental music
Program symphony
Concert overture
Symphonic poem or tone poem

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36
Q

Incidental music

A

· Performed before and during a play

· Todays movie scores

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37
Q

program symphony

A

· Symphony with a program

· Has descriptive title

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38
Q

Concert overture

A

· One movement

· Usually in sonata form

· Independent composition

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39
Q

Symphonic poem or tone poem

A

1 movement but has many forms

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40
Q

Nationalism

A

During Napoleonic wars

Military resistance to Napoleon aroused the citizens’ sense of national identity

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41
Q

“The Moldau” by smetana (1874)

A

A programmatic and nationalistic piece that depicts Bohemia’s man river

1 of 6 symphonic poems in the cycle of My Country

Written in 3 weeks shortly after Smetana became totally deaf

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42
Q

Dvorak

A

followed Smentana as the leading composer of Czech national music
played in opera orchestra under Smentana’s direction
was little known until Brahms recommended him to his publisher
his works breathed folk quality
went to New York to direct the National Conservatory of Music
encouraged American compoers to write nationalistc music

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43
Q

symphony no.9 in E minor (from the new world)

A

written by Dvorak in his 1st year in the US
glorfies American and Czech folk spirit
has 4 mov.

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44
Q

wagner

A

his operas and artistic philosophy influences poets, painters, and playwrights
born in Leipzig- wanted to be a poet until Beethoven influenced him to compose
self taught and took music theory
never mastered an instrument
became conductor of Dresden Opera
was forced to leave Switzerland after participating in an insurrection in the hopes a new society would wipe out his debts
took him 25 years to write the ring cycle

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45
Q

wagner’s music

A

unending meldoy- continous musical flow
revoluntalized opera by shifting the focus from vouce to orchestra
leit motif
tension in msuic created by dissonant harmonies and chromatic harmonies
this lead to the breakdown of tonality in the new musical language of the 20th century

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46
Q

leit motif

A

short musical idea associated w/ a person, an object or a thought
Wagner used this in the orchestra

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47
Q

20th century years

A

1900-present

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48
Q

characteristics from 1900-1945

A

tone color- more important than ever
harmony- dissonance used more
alternatives to traditional tonal system
rhythm- rhythmic vocab was expanded w/ increased emphasis on irregularity and unpredictability, rapidly changing meters
melody- no longer tied to traditional chords or major/minor keys

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49
Q

debussy

A

french impressionist composer that linked the romantic era and 20th
inspired by literary and pictorial ideas
his treatment of harmony was revolutionary, he used chords for the tone color and quality rather than standard harmonic progression
used church modes

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50
Q

stravinsky

A

born in russia
studied w/ korsakov
primitivism had an impact on his works
wrote rite of spring, the firebird, and petrushka
shocked his followers by adopting schoenberg’s twelve-tone system

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51
Q

what is primitivism

A

the evocation of primitive power through repetitive rhythms, harsh dissonances and percussive sounds

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52
Q

romantic composers and their public

A

composed to meet an inner need, rather than for commission, wrote for middle class audience
piano became a fixture in every middle class home and there was great demand for songs and solo piano pieces

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53
Q

the art song

A

composition for solo voice and piano
fused poetry and music
common themes- despair of unrequited love, beauty of flowers, supernatural happenings of folktales

54
Q

the common forms of the art song

A

1) strophic- same msuic but lyrics change
2) through composed= includes new music for each stanza, may be grouped in sets (song cycle)

55
Q

arnold shoenberg

A

born in Vienna
almost entriely self taught, studied scores and went to concerts
abandoned the traditional tonal system and invented the 12 tone system

56
Q

12-tone system

A

developed by schoenberg
systematized form of atonality (absence of key) that gives equal importance to each of the 12 chromatic tones

57
Q

tone row

A

schoenberg
the ordering/ unifying idea, a unique one is created for each piece and the source of every melody

58
Q

characteristics since 1945

A

increased use of 12-tone system
serialism
chance music
minimalist music
musical quotation
polystylism
liberation of sound
mixed media
new concepts of rhythm and form
electronic msuic
tonal music and return to tonality by some composers

59
Q

serialism

A

expanded the use of the 12-tone system to organize rhythm,dynamics and tone color

60
Q

chance music

A

a composer choooses pitches, tone color, and rhythms from random melodies

61
Q

minimalist msuic

A

characterized by steady pulse, clear tonality and insistent repetition of short melodic pattterns

62
Q

musical quotation

A

works containing deliberate quotations from earlier msuic

63
Q

polystylism

A

uses diff. styles. techniques within 1 compositions

64
Q

liberation of sound

A

greater exploitatio of noise-like sounds

65
Q

mixed media

A

music presented together w/ visual counterparts such as slide projections

66
Q

new concepts of rhythm and form

A

some composeres abandoned the concepts of beat and meter, or several diff. speeds at teh same time
little or no obvious repetition of material

67
Q

elements of the msucial

A

type of theater that fuses script, acting, etc.
usually has 2 acts

68
Q

leonard bernstein

A

conductor, pianist, author, lecturer and composer of orchestral vocal works, including WSS
20th century culture hero
born in massacheuts, graduated from harvard and studied piano and conducting at Curtis Institute in Philly

69
Q

early film music

A

started during the silent film era live pianists, organists, and orchestras accompanied films both to heighten the emotional effect to frown out the noise of the move projector

70
Q

what was the first talking movie

A

the jazz singers
sound was recorded on a vinyl disc
by 1929 sound was directly recorded on the celluloid fimstrip

71
Q

functions and styles of film music

A

synrochonzed with images on a screen, film music provides momentum and continuity, suggest mood, atmosphere
can convey unspoken thoughts and emotional implication
clarifies the meaning of a scene

72
Q

creating film music

A

since the 1960s, most film music is composed, arranged and performed by freelance musicians
cue
leit motifs

73
Q

what is a cue

A

musical passage

74
Q

what is a leit motif

A

often become associated w/ characters, objects, etc.

75
Q

jazz

A

rooted in improv. and characterized by synocatpated rhythm and a steady beat and unique tone colors

76
Q

roots of jazz

A

started in new orleans and blended elements from many musical cultures
call and repsonse
american influences come from african americans-chruch services, work songs, spirituals, gospel, hymns and dances

77
Q

ragtime

A

1890s-1915
a style of composed piano music developed primarily by African American pianists who played in Southern and Midwestern saloons and dance halls
duple meter
moderate march tempo

78
Q

who was the king of ragtime

A

Scott Joplin
most famous piece- Maple Leaf Rag or The Entertainer

79
Q

blues

A

form of vocal and instrumental music to a stle of performance
originally sung in country areas in the south
very flexible rhythm
bent notes, scoops and slides
instrumentalists imitate performing style of blues singers and use harmonic pattern of 12 bar blues as basis for improv

80
Q

elements of jazz

A

played by a small group-combo of 3-8 players big band-10-15 players
the backbone of rhythm section
emphaszies brass, woodwinds, percussion
smears- gliding from one pitch to another
shakes- exaggerated vibrato

81
Q

improvisation

A

the heart of jazz
the chords of the tune will repeat while the improviser creates new meldoies
chorus- each statemnet of the harmonic pattern

82
Q

rhythm, melody, and harmony

A

synocaption and rhythmic swing are 2 of the most distinctive features
lots of swing
melodies use a major scale of the 3rd, 5th, or 7th notes and lowered as in vocal blues

83
Q

new orleans style

A

dixieland jazz
played by 5-8 players
a front line- consisted of melodic instruemnts (cornet, trumpet, clarinet and trombone)
louis armstrong

84
Q

what’s a chordal instrument

A

found in new orleans style
banjo, guitar, piano

85
Q

louis armstrong

A

legendary jazz musician
trumpet player
made scat singing-melodic line w/ nonsense syllables

86
Q

swing

A

new jazz stle developed in 1920s
mainly played by big bands-15 musicians grouped in 3 sections 1) sax (3-5 players) 2) brass (3-4 on each instrument) 3) rhythm

87
Q

who was the most important composer, arranger and conductor of the swing era

A

Duke ellington

88
Q

riffs

A

short and repeated phrases in swing

89
Q

bebop

A

a complex style of music usually for small group consisting of 4-6 players and meant for attentive listening and not dancing
* Sophisticated harmonies, unpredictable rhythms, and fast tempos
* Beat marked by pizzicato bass and the ride cymbal of the drum set
* A performance began and ended with a statement of the main themes by a soloist or 2 soloists in unison, the remainder of the piece was made up by solo improv

90
Q

notable performers of bebop

A

Charlie parker, trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, and pianist Thelonious Monk

91
Q

cool jazz

A
  • Emerged in the late 1940s, was related to bop but calmer and more relaxed
  • Tend to be longer then bebop works and relied more heavily on arrangements
  • Sometimes used instruments that were new to jazz (French horn, flute, cello)
  • Tenor sax-Lester Young and Stan Getz, pianist- Lennie Tristano, and trumpeter and bandleader- Miles Davis
92
Q

modal jazz

A
  • Developed in late 1950s, the soloist creates a melody using 1 (or a small number of) modes. The emphasis is thus shifted from harmony to melody
  • Miles Davis introduced the concept to the jazz world with his album form 1959 Kind of Blue, the album was an exploration of the possibilities of modal jazz and it became the best-selling jazz album of all time
93
Q

free jazz

A
  • During the 1960s some musicians created free jazz, a style that was not based on regular forms or established chord patterns
  • b/c of this dominant element of experimentation, free jazz defies characterization. It is more often than not played mostly by individuals or small groups
  • Ornette Coleman was a pivotal figure in starting this movement
94
Q

fusion

A
  • Emerged in late 1960s, new style combing jazz musicians improv approach with rock musical forms, rhythms, and tone colors
  • Fusion bands, often combined electric and acoustic instruments and included synthesizers and electric piano, guitar and bass
  • Bass assumed a more melodic role sin addition to the more traditional functions of providing the beat and emphazing harmonic foundation
95
Q

about popular music

A

music enjoyed by many people
concerts have elaborate theatrical staging
popularity of songs measured in charts issued by Billboard Magazine
verse-chorus form

96
Q

when did billboard start

A

1958
based popularity off of sales

97
Q

1950s

A

1930-1940s, teens listended to the same msuic as parents but by the 1950s they developed their own music taste

98
Q

popular singers in the 1950s

A

frank sinatra, doris day, nat cole, and peggy lee

99
Q

why did folk revival occur

A

in the 1950s, Pete Seeger-bango and lead singer

100
Q

what were folk music performers like

A

sympathized the underprivelage and celebrated diversity in American culture

101
Q

country music

A

during WWII, many southerners migrated to american cities and became a part of the mass audience for country music

102
Q

center of country msuic

A

grand ole opry

103
Q

what is R and B

A

rhythm and blues
fuses blues, jazz, and gospel styles
differed from earlier blues b/c of more emphaszied beat

104
Q

what did R & B infleunce

A

a new popular music-rock and roll

105
Q

rock and roll

A

1st genre that targeted teens who saw rock as an expression of rebellion
hard drivinf beat, eletrci guitars and heavy amplified sound

106
Q

who was the kind of rock

A

elvis presley

107
Q

1960s

A

much social unrest including opposition to military intervention in Vietnam, and the struggle of African Americans to achieve civil rights
hippie movement

108
Q

hippie movement

A

1960s
many young people apart of this
involved a freer attitude towards dress and lifestyle

109
Q

showcase for hippie movement

A

woodstock music festival in 1969

110
Q

soul msuic

A

1960s
most of rock music performed by African Americans
emphazied expressivity and gospel

111
Q

most infleuncitl group of rock

A

the beatles

112
Q

who influenced the 1960s

A
  • Influenced by the Beatles-explored a wider range of sources for sounds and musical ideas, experimented w. electronic effects w/ classical and nonwestern instruments, interesting chord progressions
113
Q

what was rock about

A
  • Rock also absorbed elements of folk music ad often had lyrics dealing w/ such contemporary issues as war and social injustice
114
Q

concept albums

A

the songs are linked by basic ideas
rock performers did this

115
Q

the most influential folk musician

A

Bob Dylan

116
Q

disco

A

a type of dance music characterized by hypnotic rhythm, repetitive lyrics and electronically produced sounds

117
Q

new wave

A

technically refined and stylistically eclectic derivative of rock

118
Q

punk rock

A

lyrics expressing dark aspects of life

119
Q

funk

A

a syncopated developmet of soul music

120
Q

queen

A

gave theatrical shows in America
second British invasion of america

121
Q

rap music

A

came out in mid 1970s
derived from African American msuic
made of rhythmic and rhymed chanting w/ percussive background of steady beats and complex rhythms

122
Q

what song introduced rap internationally

A

rapper’s delight by the sugarhill gang

123
Q

when did hip hop start to grow

A

1980s-1990s

124
Q

1st rap album to hit Billboard 200

A

Licensed to Ill
Beastie Boys

125
Q

when was was rap music the best selling genre

A

1999

126
Q

MTV

A

a cable TV network broadcasting music videos

127
Q

1980s

A

renewed interest in heavy metal

128
Q

grunge

A

1990s
many people became disenchanted w/polished sounds of mainstream rock and embraced grunge-an alternative rock stule that originated in Seattle
harsh electric guitar sounds and angry lyrics of despair

129
Q

2000s

A
  • Napster and other peer-to-peer websites allowed users to directly share digital files, bypassing record companies completely
    artists generate most of their income through touring and the price of tickets rose by 400% between 1981-2012
130
Q

what genres started becoming popular in the 2000s

A

hip hop
rock
country
and electronic dance music (EDM)

131
Q
A
132
Q
A

Musical Analysis (3 decks)

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