FINAL

Question 1

Ecological Approach to Perception

Answer 1

Focus on studying perception in situations where you interact with and move through the environment

Question 2

Optic flow:

Answer 2

appearance of objects as the observer moves past them
Optic flow is more rapid near the moving observer

Question 3

The different speed of flow—fast near the
observer and slower farther away—is called

Answer 3

the gradient of flow

Question 4

The absence of flow at the destination
point is called

Answer 4

the focus of expansion (FOE)

Question 5

invariant information—

Answer 5

information that remains constant regardless of what the observer is doing or how the
observer is moving

Question 6

affordances—

Answer 6

information that indicates how an object can be used
More than just recognizing the object
Guide our interactions with it
Another way of saying this is that “potential for action” is part of our perception of an object

Question 7

action affordance because

Answer 7

it involves both the object’s affordance
(what it is for, for example, “pounding” for a hammer) and the
action associated with it (the grip necessary to hold the hammer
and the movements when pounding in a nail)

Question 8

visual direction strategy

Answer 8

people keep their body pointed toward their
goal.

Question 9

spatial updating

Answer 9

process by which people and animals keep track of their position within a surrounding environment while they move

Question 10

Optic flow provides important information about

Answer 10

direction and speed when walking and this
information can be combined with the visual direction strategy and spatial updating processes to guide walking behaviors

Question 11

landmarks—

Answer 11

objects on the route that serve as cues to indicate where to turn

Question 12

decision-point landmarks—

Answer 12

objects at corners where the participant had to decide which direction to turn

Question 13

non-decision-point landmarks—

Answer 13

objects located in the middle of corridors that provided no critical information
about how to navigate.

Question 14

parahippocampal
gyrus may automatically be “highlighting” landmarks that

Answer 14

indicate when you should continue going straight, turn right, or turn left, even when you may not remember having seen these
landmarks before

Question 15

place cells

Answer 15

only fire when an animal is in a
certain place in the environment

Question 16

area of the environment within which a place cell fires is called

Answer 16

place field

Question 17

grid cell

Answer 17

provide information about the direction of movement
able to code distance and direction
information as an animal moves, and place cells and grid cells probably work together, because they are connected
with each other.

Question 18

visuomotor grip cells

Answer 18

involved in both perception (identifying the object and/or its affordances by seeing) and action (reaching for the object and gripping it with the hand)

Question 19

proprioception—

Answer 19

the ability to sense body position and movement.

Question 20

mirror neurons—

Answer 20

neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else grasping an object such as food on a tray and when the monkey itself grasps the food

Question 21

audiovisual mirror neurons

Answer 21

respond when a monkey performs a hand action and when it hears the sound associated with this action

Question 22

The action-specific perception hypothesis states that

Answer 22

people perceive their environment in terms
of their ability to act on it.

Question 23

cue approach to depth perception

Answer 23

focuses on identifying information in the retinal image that is correlated
with depth in the scene

Question 24

occlusion

Answer 24

cue that one object is in front of another

Question 25

Oculomotor.

Answer 25

Cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles.

Question 26

Monocular.

Answer 26

Cues based on the visual information available within one eye

Question 27

Binocular.

Answer 27

Cues that depend on visual information
within both eyes.

Question 28

oculomotor cues are created by

Answer 28

convergence, the inward movement of the eyes that occurs when we look at nearby
objects, and (2) accommodation, the change in the shape of the lens that occurs when we focus on objects at various distances

Question 29

The feelings you experience as you move your finger closer are caused by

Answer 29

(1) the change in convergence angle as your eye muscles cause your eyes to look inward,
and (2) the change in the shape of the lens as the eye accommodates to focus on a near object

Question 30

Monocular cues

Answer 30

They include accommodation,
which we have described under oculomotor cues; pictorial cues, which are sources of depth information in a two dimensional
picture; and movement-based cues, which are
sources of depth information created by movement.

Question 31

Pictorial cues are

Answer 31

sources of depth information that can be
depicted in a picture

Question 32

Pictorial cues are

Answer 32

sources of depth information that can be
depicted in a picture

Question 33

Occlusion occurs when one

Answer 33

object hides or partially hides another from view. The partially hidden object is seen as
being farther away

Question 34

Cue of relative height

Answer 34

objects with their bases closer to the horizon are usually seen as being more distant. This means that being higher in the field of view causes objects on the ground to appear farther away, whereas being lower in the field of view causes objects in the sky to appear farther away

Question 35

We use the cue of______when we judge distance based on our prior knowledge
of the sizes of objects.

Answer 35

familiar size

Question 36

A depth cue related to familiar size is ____.

Answer 36

relative size. According to the cue of relative size, when two objects are known to be
of equal physical size, the one that is farther away will take up
less of your field of view than the one that is closer.

Question 37

Atmospheric perspective occurs because

Answer 37

the farther away an object is, the more air and particles (dust, water droplets, airborne pollution) we have to look through, so that distant objects appear less sharp than nearer objects and sometimes have a slight blue tin

Question 38

When a number of similar objects are
equally spaced throughout a scene, they create a _____, which results in a perception of depth, with elements seen as being spaced more closely being perceived
as farther.

Answer 38

texture gradient

Question 39

Motion parallax occurs when

Answer 39

as we move, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but
more distant objects appear to move more slowly

Question 40

stereoscopic vision, which creates stereoscopic depth perception…

Answer 40

created by input from both eyes

Question 41

Binocular disparity,

Answer 41

the difference in the images on the left
and right retinas, is the basis of stereoscopic vision.