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sensation and perception > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cells that convey sensory information into the brain, carry out operations, and transmit commands to the body

A

neurons

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2
Q

specialized neurons that respond to specific kinds of energy

A

Sensory receptors

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3
Q

a state in which there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the neuron

A

Polarization

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4
Q

measure of the difference in electrical charge between two points

A

Voltage

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5
Q

difference in charge between inside & outside of membrane of a neuron at rest

A

Resting potential

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6
Q

abrupt depolarization of membrane that allows neuron to communicate, Lasts about 1 millisecond
When neurons are “firing,”-Axon hillocks

A

Action potential

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7
Q

What do we use to Record Electrical Signals in Neurons

A

Small electrodes are used to record from single neurons

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8
Q

Recording electrode

A

Inside the nerve fiber

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9
Q

Reference electrode

A

Outside the nerve fiber

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10
Q

Meter

A

Records the difference in charge between the tips of the two electrodes

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11
Q

Properties of Action Potentials

A

Show propagated response
Remain the same size regardless of stimulus intensity
Increase in rate to increase in stimulus intensity
Show spontaneous activity that occurs without stimulation, baseline, detect an increase or decrease- check the baseline

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12
Q

Properties of Action Potentials- Show propagated response

A

Once the response is triggered, it travels down the full length of the axon without changing in size

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13
Q

Properties of Action Potentials-Increase in rate to increase in stimulus intensity

A

Have a refractory period of 1 ms – upper firing rate is 500 to 800 impulses per second

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14
Q

All or none law

A

once the action potential it’s going to occur at its full strength or not at all (not partial)

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15
Q

Non decremental use

A

when the action potential travels, they don’t decrease in size as they go

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16
Q

What Moves the Ions?

A

1- Force of diffusion
2-Electrostatic pressure
3- Sodium potassium pump

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17
Q

Force of diffusion

A

tendency of ions to move through high concentrated membrane to less concentrated side

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18
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

force where ions are repelled from similarly charged, attracted to oppositely charged

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19
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

large protein molecules that move sodium ions through cell membrane to outside, potassium ions back inside

20
Q

Ion channels

A

gated pores in the membrane formed by proteins; limit the flow of ions into and out of the cell

21
Q

Ion Channels Can be _____ or ____

A

chemically gated, electrically gated

22
Q

Chemically gated

A

neurotransmitters or hormones

23
Q

Electrically

A

change in electrical potential of the membrane

24
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters stored at

A

synaptic vesicles

25
Q

Synapse

A

the connection between two neurons

26
Q

Synaptic cleft:

A

the small gap which separates neurons so they are not in direct physical contact at the synapse

27
Q

Presynaptic is the_____ neuron

A

transmitting neuron

28
Q

Postsynaptic is the ___ neuron

A

receiving neuron

29
Q

Two types of responses
can occur at the receptor sites

A

1- excitatory
2- inhibitory

30
Q

Excitatory transmitters

A

cause depolarization
Neuron becomes more positive
Increases the likelihood of an action potential

31
Q

Inhibitory transmitters

A

cause hyperpolarization
Neuron becomes more negative
Decreases the likelihood of an action potential

32
Q

Specificity coding

A

A specialized neuron that responds only to one concept or stimulus

33
Q

Sparse coding

A

occurs when a particular
stimulus is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small
group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining

34
Q

Population coding

A

proposes that our experiences are represented by the pattern of firing across a large number of neurons
A large number of stimuli can be represented, because large groups of neurons can create a huge number of different patterns

35
Q

Modularity:

A

the idea that specific brain areas are specialized to respond to specific types of stimuli or functions
Each specific area is called a module

36
Q

Phrenology

A

is a process that involves observing and/or feeling the skull to determine an individual’s psychological attributes

37
Q

speech production area

A

Broca’s area

38
Q

area in the temporal lobe which was involved in understanding speech

A

Wernicke’s area

39
Q

Distributed representation:

A

idea that the brain represents information in patterns distributed across the cortex, not just one brain area

The distributed approach to representation focuses on the activity in multiple brain areas and the connections between those areas

40
Q

Structural connectivity is the

A

“road map” of fibers connecting different areas of the brain

41
Q

Functional connectivity

A

is the neural activity associated with a particular function that is flowing through this structural network

42
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Measures electrical activity via electrodes
Can be Inter- or Intra-cranial
Electrodes either on or in the skull
Very good time resolution
Milliseconds

43
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT)

A

Builds a picture of the brain based on the differential absorption of X-rays
Reveals gross features of the brain
Does not resolve brain structure well

44
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Detects changes in blood oxygenation, blood flow
Tied to neural activity
High activity = high oxygen use and high blood flow

45
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

Builds a picture of water movement in the brain using an MRI scanner
Observe blood flow along specific neural tracts
High spatial resolution and directionality

46
Q

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)

A

Measures changes in blood oxygenation
Shines near IR light through the skull
Detects attenuation of reemerging light
Indirect measure of brain activity

47
Q

Connections Between Brain Areas

A

1- Structural connectivity
2- Functional connectivity

sensation and perception (6 decks)

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