Chapter 1 Flashcards
what was The “Perceptron”
computer- to see if the computer could distinguish between specific images (like symbols, shapes, etc)
conscious sensory experience
Experiences that result from stimulation of the senses
Perception
elementary processes that occur at the beginning of a sensory system___
Sensation
Perceptual process
sequence of septs that leads through the external environment to the perception and what we do with it (7steps)
Step 1 in the perceptual process
Distal Stimuli
Distal Stimuli
Environmental stimuli - objects in the environment available to observer
Observer selectively attends to objects
Stimulus impinges on receptors resulting in internal representation
Step 2 in the perceptual process
Proximal Stimuli- proximity to our receptors
Proximal Stimuli
Representation of distal stimulus on sensory receptors- light reflected of the tree (not the tree it self)
Stimulus is “in proximity” to the receptors
Stimuli (and responses created by stimuli) are transformed, or changed, between the distal stimulus and perception- light/sound etc and turn it into action potential (neuro signals)
Principle of Transformation
The transformation of environmental energy (such as light, sound, or thermal energy) to electrical energy is called
Transduction
Perception is based on representations of stimuli formed on the receptors and the resulting activity in the person’s nervous system
Principle of Representation
Step 3 in the perceptual process
Receptor Processes
Sensory receptors
cells specialized to respond to environmental energy(corn in eyes, etc.)- responding to incoming information
Transduction occurs, which changes…..
environmental energy to nerve impulses
Results in electrical representation of the stimulus
Types of sensory receptors
a) cone cell-vision, hair cell-hear, olfactory bulb-smell, etc
Step 4 of perceptual process
Neural processing
Neural processing
they travel through a vast interconnected network of neurons that
(1)transmit signals from the receptors to the brain and then within the brain; and
(2)change (or process) these signals as they are transmitted.
These changes occur because of interactions between neurons as the signals travel from the receptors to the brain.
The electrical signals created through transduction are often sent to a sense’s primary receiving area in the
cerebral cortex of the brain
The cerebral cortex is a 2-mm-thick layer that contains the machinery for
creating perceptions, as well as other functions, such as language, memory, emotions, and thinking
Primary receiving areas in our brain receive the____ input and the more farther away the information travels the more_____ the information gets
receive the raw input(signals go first) and move on from there, the more farther away it gets more intense more broken out
From which sense does the Occipital lobe/primary receiving area receives signals?
Vision
From which sense does the Temporal lobe receives signals?
Primary auditory cortex
Hearing
From which sense does the Parietal lobe receives signals?
Skin, tactile- somatosensory cortex
From which sense does the Frontal lobe receives signals?
frontal lobe- isn’t a primary projection area but integrating area- puts all together- make decisions, detail process
Steps 5-7 of the perception
electrical signals have been transformed into the conscious experience of perception (Step 5), which then leads to recognition (Step 6)
Difference between perception and recognition-
perception is conscious awareness of the tree, and recognition, which is placing an object in a category
any information the perceiver brings to a situation is______
Such as experience or expectations.
Knowledge:
Knowledge influences our ability to _____things into distinct____
1- categorize, categories
Bottom-up processing is also called____ and is____
Processing based on incoming stimuli from the environment
Also called data-based processing
Top-down processing is also called___ and is____
Processing based on the perceiver’s previous knowledge (cognitive factors)
Also called knowledge-based processing
Top-down processing is also called___ and is____
Processing based on the perceiver’s previous knowledge (cognitive factors)
Also called knowledge-based processing
Studying the Perceptual Process
Stimulus
Distal and proximal (Steps 1–2)
Physiology
Receptors and neural processing (Steps 3–4)
Behavior
Perception, recognition, action (Steps 5–7)
The stimulus–behavior relationship relates___
stimuli (step 1 and 2) to behavioral responses (5-7), such as perception, recognition, and action
One way to study the stimulus–behavior relationship is using an approach called Psychophysics which___
measures the relationships between the physical (the stimulus) and the physiological (the behavioral response)
Oblique effect:
people see vertical or horizontal lines better than lines oriented obliquely (i.e., at any angle other than vertical or horizontal)
Grating acuity:
measure the smallest width of lines that participants can detect
Gratings: black and white stimuli
stimulus–physiology relationship is____ and its often studied by___
the relationship between stimuli (Steps 1–2) and physiological responses(3-4), like neurons firing
This relationship is often studied by measuring brain activity (optical brain imaging)
physiology–behavior relationship
relates physiological responses (Steps 3–4 i) and behavioral responses (5-7)
What is measured in an experiment looking at the relationship between stimuli and behavior?
Absolute threshold
What is measured in an experiment looking at the relationship between stimuli and behavior?
Absolute threshold
Gustav Fechner
Elements of Psychophysics, in which he proposed a number of methods for measuring stimulus–behavior relationships using psychophysics
The mind and body should not be thought of as totally separate from one another but as two sides of a single reality
Study the mind by measuring the relationship between changes in physical stimulation (the body) and a person’s experience (the mind)
Classical Psychophysical Methods
The methods of limits, adjustment, and constant stimuli, described by Fechner, that are used for measuring thresholds.
method of limits
Stimuli of different intensities presented in ascending and descending order
Observer responds to whether she perceived the stimulus
Cross-over point is the threshold
Method of constant stimuli
Different stimulus intensities are presented one at a time, and the participant must respond whether they perceive it (“yes” or “no”) on each trial
Stimulus intensities are presented in random order
Method of adjustment
Participant—rather than the experimenter—adjusts the stimulus intensity continuously until they can just barely detect the stimulus
the smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect
-aka difference threshold
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
Measuring Perception Above Threshold
1- What Is the Perceptual Magnitude of a Stimulus?
Technique: Magnitude Estimation(how intense is this? brighter or dimmer? louder/quieter?)
2- What Is the Identity of the Stimulus?
Technique: Recognition Testing (When you name things, you are categorizing them)
3- How Quickly Can I React to It?
Technique: Reaction Time
4- How Can I Describe What Is Out There?
Technique: Phenomenological Report (describe what’s out there)
5- How Can I Interact With It?
Technique: Physical Tasks and Judgments (reach out for an object-the amount of stretch between fingers to the grip-approximately the same size as what we are reaching for)
