Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what was The “Perceptron”

A

computer- to see if the computer could distinguish between specific images (like symbols, shapes, etc)

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2
Q

conscious sensory experience
Experiences that result from stimulation of the senses

A

Perception

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3
Q

elementary processes that occur at the beginning of a sensory system___

A

Sensation

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4
Q

Perceptual process

A

sequence of septs that leads through the external environment to the perception and what we do with it (7steps)

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5
Q

Step 1 in the perceptual process

A

Distal Stimuli

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6
Q

Distal Stimuli

A

Environmental stimuli - objects in the environment available to observer
Observer selectively attends to objects
Stimulus impinges on receptors resulting in internal representation

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7
Q

Step 2 in the perceptual process

A

Proximal Stimuli- proximity to our receptors

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8
Q

Proximal Stimuli

A

Representation of distal stimulus on sensory receptors- light reflected of the tree (not the tree it self)
Stimulus is “in proximity” to the receptors

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9
Q

Stimuli (and responses created by stimuli) are transformed, or changed, between the distal stimulus and perception- light/sound etc and turn it into action potential (neuro signals)

A

Principle of Transformation

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10
Q

The transformation of environmental energy (such as light, sound, or thermal energy) to electrical energy is called

A

Transduction

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11
Q

Perception is based on representations of stimuli formed on the receptors and the resulting activity in the person’s nervous system

A

Principle of Representation

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12
Q

Step 3 in the perceptual process

A

Receptor Processes

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13
Q

Sensory receptors

A

cells specialized to respond to environmental energy(corn in eyes, etc.)- responding to incoming information

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14
Q

Transduction occurs, which changes…..

A

environmental energy to nerve impulses
Results in electrical representation of the stimulus

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15
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A

a) cone cell-vision, hair cell-hear, olfactory bulb-smell, etc

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16
Q

Step 4 of perceptual process

A

Neural processing

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17
Q

Neural processing

A

they travel through a vast interconnected network of neurons that

(1)transmit signals from the receptors to the brain and then within the brain; and
(2)change (or process) these signals as they are transmitted.
These changes occur because of interactions between neurons as the signals travel from the receptors to the brain.

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18
Q

The electrical signals created through transduction are often sent to a sense’s primary receiving area in the

A

cerebral cortex of the brain

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19
Q

The cerebral cortex is a 2-mm-thick layer that contains the machinery for

A

creating perceptions, as well as other functions, such as language, memory, emotions, and thinking

20
Q

Primary receiving areas in our brain receive the____ input and the more farther away the information travels the more_____ the information gets

A

receive the raw input(signals go first) and move on from there, the more farther away it gets more intense more broken out

21
Q

From which sense does the Occipital lobe/primary receiving area receives signals?

A

Vision

22
Q

From which sense does the Temporal lobe receives signals?

A

Primary auditory cortex
Hearing

23
Q

From which sense does the Parietal lobe receives signals?

A

Skin, tactile- somatosensory cortex

24
Q

From which sense does the Frontal lobe receives signals?

A

frontal lobe- isn’t a primary projection area but integrating area- puts all together- make decisions, detail process

25
Q

Steps 5-7 of the perception

A

electrical signals have been transformed into the conscious experience of perception (Step 5), which then leads to recognition (Step 6)

26
Q

Difference between perception and recognition-

A

perception is conscious awareness of the tree, and recognition, which is placing an object in a category

27
Q

any information the perceiver brings to a situation is______
Such as experience or expectations.

A

Knowledge:

28
Q

Knowledge influences our ability to _____things into distinct____

A

1- categorize, categories

29
Q

Bottom-up processing is also called____ and is____

A

Processing based on incoming stimuli from the environment
Also called data-based processing

30
Q

Top-down processing is also called___ and is____

A

Processing based on the perceiver’s previous knowledge (cognitive factors)
Also called knowledge-based processing

31
Q

Top-down processing is also called___ and is____

A

Processing based on the perceiver’s previous knowledge (cognitive factors)
Also called knowledge-based processing

32
Q

Studying the Perceptual Process

A

Stimulus
Distal and proximal (Steps 1–2)
Physiology
Receptors and neural processing (Steps 3–4)
Behavior
Perception, recognition, action (Steps 5–7)

33
Q

The stimulus–behavior relationship relates___

A

stimuli (step 1 and 2) to behavioral responses (5-7), such as perception, recognition, and action

34
Q

One way to study the stimulus–behavior relationship is using an approach called Psychophysics which___

A

measures the relationships between the physical (the stimulus) and the physiological (the behavioral response)

35
Q

Oblique effect:

A

people see vertical or horizontal lines better than lines oriented obliquely (i.e., at any angle other than vertical or horizontal)

36
Q

Grating acuity:

A

measure the smallest width of lines that participants can detect
Gratings: black and white stimuli

37
Q

stimulus–physiology relationship is____ and its often studied by___

A

the relationship between stimuli (Steps 1–2) and physiological responses(3-4), like neurons firing
This relationship is often studied by measuring brain activity (optical brain imaging)

38
Q

physiology–behavior relationship

A

relates physiological responses (Steps 3–4 i) and behavioral responses (5-7)

39
Q

What is measured in an experiment looking at the relationship between stimuli and behavior?

A

Absolute threshold

40
Q

What is measured in an experiment looking at the relationship between stimuli and behavior?

A

Absolute threshold

41
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

Elements of Psychophysics, in which he proposed a number of methods for measuring stimulus–behavior relationships using psychophysics
The mind and body should not be thought of as totally separate from one another but as two sides of a single reality
Study the mind by measuring the relationship between changes in physical stimulation (the body) and a person’s experience (the mind)

42
Q

Classical Psychophysical Methods

A

The methods of limits, adjustment, and constant stimuli, described by Fechner, that are used for measuring thresholds.

43
Q

method of limits

A

Stimuli of different intensities presented in ascending and descending order
Observer responds to whether she perceived the stimulus
Cross-over point is the threshold

44
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

Different stimulus intensities are presented one at a time, and the participant must respond whether they perceive it (“yes” or “no”) on each trial
Stimulus intensities are presented in random order

45
Q

Method of adjustment

A

Participant—rather than the experimenter—adjusts the stimulus intensity continuously until they can just barely detect the stimulus

46
Q

the smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect
-aka difference threshold

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

47
Q

Measuring Perception Above Threshold

A

1- What Is the Perceptual Magnitude of a Stimulus?
Technique: Magnitude Estimation(how intense is this? brighter or dimmer? louder/quieter?)
2- What Is the Identity of the Stimulus?
Technique: Recognition Testing (When you name things, you are categorizing them)
3- How Quickly Can I React to It?
Technique: Reaction Time
4- How Can I Describe What Is Out There?
Technique: Phenomenological Report (describe what’s out there)
5- How Can I Interact With It?
Technique: Physical Tasks and Judgments (reach out for an object-the amount of stretch between fingers to the grip-approximately the same size as what we are reaching for)