Chapter 1

Question 1

what was The “Perceptron”

Answer 1

computer- to see if the computer could distinguish between specific images (like symbols, shapes, etc)

Question 2

conscious sensory experience
Experiences that result from stimulation of the senses

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

elementary processes that occur at the beginning of a sensory system___

Answer 3

Sensation

Question 4

Perceptual process

Answer 4

sequence of septs that leads through the external environment to the perception and what we do with it (7steps)

Question 5

Step 1 in the perceptual process

Answer 5

Distal Stimuli

Question 6

Distal Stimuli

Answer 6

Environmental stimuli - objects in the environment available to observer
Observer selectively attends to objects
Stimulus impinges on receptors resulting in internal representation

Question 7

Step 2 in the perceptual process

Answer 7

Proximal Stimuli- proximity to our receptors

Question 8

Proximal Stimuli

Answer 8

Representation of distal stimulus on sensory receptors- light reflected of the tree (not the tree it self)
Stimulus is “in proximity” to the receptors

Question 9

Stimuli (and responses created by stimuli) are transformed, or changed, between the distal stimulus and perception- light/sound etc and turn it into action potential (neuro signals)

Answer 9

Principle of Transformation

Question 10

The transformation of environmental energy (such as light, sound, or thermal energy) to electrical energy is called

Answer 10

Transduction

Question 11

Perception is based on representations of stimuli formed on the receptors and the resulting activity in the person’s nervous system

Answer 11

Principle of Representation

Question 12

Step 3 in the perceptual process

Answer 12

Receptor Processes

Question 13

Sensory receptors

Answer 13

cells specialized to respond to environmental energy(corn in eyes, etc.)- responding to incoming information

Question 14

Transduction occurs, which changes…..

Answer 14

environmental energy to nerve impulses
Results in electrical representation of the stimulus

Question 15

Types of sensory receptors

Answer 15

a) cone cell-vision, hair cell-hear, olfactory bulb-smell, etc

Question 16

Step 4 of perceptual process

Answer 16

Neural processing

Question 17

Neural processing

Answer 17

they travel through a vast interconnected network of neurons that

(1)transmit signals from the receptors to the brain and then within the brain; and
(2)change (or process) these signals as they are transmitted.
These changes occur because of interactions between neurons as the signals travel from the receptors to the brain.

Question 18

The electrical signals created through transduction are often sent to a sense’s primary receiving area in the

Answer 18

cerebral cortex of the brain

Question 19

The cerebral cortex is a 2-mm-thick layer that contains the machinery for

Answer 19

creating perceptions, as well as other functions, such as language, memory, emotions, and thinking

Question 20

Primary receiving areas in our brain receive the____ input and the more farther away the information travels the more_____ the information gets

Answer 20

receive the raw input(signals go first) and move on from there, the more farther away it gets more intense more broken out

Question 21

From which sense does the Occipital lobe/primary receiving area receives signals?

Answer 21

Vision

Question 22

From which sense does the Temporal lobe receives signals?

Answer 22

Primary auditory cortex
Hearing

Question 23

From which sense does the Parietal lobe receives signals?

Answer 23

Skin, tactile- somatosensory cortex

Question 24

From which sense does the Frontal lobe receives signals?

Answer 24

frontal lobe- isn’t a primary projection area but integrating area- puts all together- make decisions, detail process

Question 25

Steps 5-7 of the perception

Answer 25

electrical signals have been transformed into the conscious experience of perception (Step 5), which then leads to recognition (Step 6)

Question 26

Difference between perception and recognition-

Answer 26

perception is conscious awareness of the tree, and recognition, which is placing an object in a category

Question 27

any information the perceiver brings to a situation is______
Such as experience or expectations.

Answer 27

Knowledge:

Question 28

Knowledge influences our ability to _____things into distinct____

Answer 28

1- categorize, categories

Question 29

Bottom-up processing is also called____ and is____

Answer 29

Processing based on incoming stimuli from the environment
Also called data-based processing

Question 30

Top-down processing is also called___ and is____

Answer 30

Processing based on the perceiver’s previous knowledge (cognitive factors)
Also called knowledge-based processing

Question 31

Top-down processing is also called___ and is____

Answer 31

Processing based on the perceiver’s previous knowledge (cognitive factors)
Also called knowledge-based processing

Question 32

Studying the Perceptual Process

Answer 32

Stimulus
Distal and proximal (Steps 1–2)
Physiology
Receptors and neural processing (Steps 3–4)
Behavior
Perception, recognition, action (Steps 5–7)

Question 33

The stimulus–behavior relationship relates___

Answer 33

stimuli (step 1 and 2) to behavioral responses (5-7), such as perception, recognition, and action

Question 34

One way to study the stimulus–behavior relationship is using an approach called Psychophysics which___

Answer 34

measures the relationships between the physical (the stimulus) and the physiological (the behavioral response)

Question 35

Oblique effect:

Answer 35

people see vertical or horizontal lines better than lines oriented obliquely (i.e., at any angle other than vertical or horizontal)

Question 36

Grating acuity:

Answer 36

measure the smallest width of lines that participants can detect
Gratings: black and white stimuli

Question 37

stimulus–physiology relationship is____ and its often studied by___

Answer 37

the relationship between stimuli (Steps 1–2) and physiological responses(3-4), like neurons firing
This relationship is often studied by measuring brain activity (optical brain imaging)

Question 38

physiology–behavior relationship

Answer 38

relates physiological responses (Steps 3–4 i) and behavioral responses (5-7)

Question 39

What is measured in an experiment looking at the relationship between stimuli and behavior?

Answer 39

Absolute threshold

Question 40

What is measured in an experiment looking at the relationship between stimuli and behavior?

Answer 40

Absolute threshold

Question 41

Gustav Fechner

Answer 41

Elements of Psychophysics, in which he proposed a number of methods for measuring stimulus–behavior relationships using psychophysics
The mind and body should not be thought of as totally separate from one another but as two sides of a single reality
Study the mind by measuring the relationship between changes in physical stimulation (the body) and a person’s experience (the mind)

Question 42

Classical Psychophysical Methods

Answer 42

The methods of limits, adjustment, and constant stimuli, described by Fechner, that are used for measuring thresholds.

Question 43

method of limits

Answer 43

Stimuli of different intensities presented in ascending and descending order
Observer responds to whether she perceived the stimulus
Cross-over point is the threshold

Question 44

Method of constant stimuli

Answer 44

Different stimulus intensities are presented one at a time, and the participant must respond whether they perceive it (“yes” or “no”) on each trial
Stimulus intensities are presented in random order

Question 45

Method of adjustment

Answer 45

Participant—rather than the experimenter—adjusts the stimulus intensity continuously until they can just barely detect the stimulus

Question 46

the smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect
-aka difference threshold

Answer 46

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

Question 47

Measuring Perception Above Threshold

Answer 47

1- What Is the Perceptual Magnitude of a Stimulus?
Technique: Magnitude Estimation(how intense is this? brighter or dimmer? louder/quieter?)
2- What Is the Identity of the Stimulus?
Technique: Recognition Testing (When you name things, you are categorizing them)
3- How Quickly Can I React to It?
Technique: Reaction Time
4- How Can I Describe What Is Out There?
Technique: Phenomenological Report (describe what’s out there)
5- How Can I Interact With It?
Technique: Physical Tasks and Judgments (reach out for an object-the amount of stretch between fingers to the grip-approximately the same size as what we are reaching for)