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BIOL 214 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between isogametic and anisogametic oragnism?

A

Isogametic is a form of sexual reproduction where the morphology of the female and male gametes are similar. Anisogametic differs in gamete structure between the two sex

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2
Q

Differences between Sperm and Egg

A
  1. Size: Sperm is smaller and egg is huge
  2. Cost: sperm is produced in great quantity because it’s cheap while egg is expensive
  3. Mobility: Sperm is mobile while egg is immobile
  4. Adaption: Sperm adapted to disperse while egg is adapted to provide zygote for early development
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3
Q

What are invasive species?

A

When human introduced non native species in which the non native species populated its non native environment, harming it

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4
Q

What is ecological release?

A

Population explosion that occurs when a species (usually in an invasive species) is freed from limiting factors in its environment such as co-adapted predators, pathogens, herbivores, and parasites (limiting factor of invasive species)

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5
Q

What are the types of allelic variation?

A
  1. SNP
  2. Indel
  3. CNV
  4. CSV
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6
Q

What is SNP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism: genomic variant at a single base position in the DNA.

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7
Q

What is Indel?

A

insertion, deletion, or insertion and deletion of nucleotides in genomic DNA.

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8
Q

What is CNV?

A

Copy Number Variant: sections of the genome are repeated

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9
Q

What is CSV

A

Chromosome Scale Variant: inversions, translocations of genome

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10
Q

What is the twofold cost of sex?

A
  1. Sexual reproduction takes longer to increase population than sex because male cannot directly create offspring
  2. Alleles have only a 50% chance of being passed on to the next generation every time an offspring is created, making it costly as twice as many offspring is needed to create the same allele frequency
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11
Q

How can sexual reproduction have evolved when it greatly diminishes the speed of reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction allows for a bigger genetic diversity allowing species to adapt to changes in environment. This is because different mutations can accumulate and the these differences can interact within an organism giving increasing its fitness

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12
Q

What are Wild Type alleles?

A

phenotype that is present in the majority of the natural population.

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13
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

heterozygote phenotype is indistinguishable from that of the homozygous parent

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14
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Offspring expressed an intermediate of the phenotypic characteristics from its parents

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15
Q

What is co dominance?

A

phenotypes of both parents are simultaneously expressed in the same offspring organism.

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16
Q

What causes lactose persistent

A

SNP of a T instead of a C, causing the gene that produce lactose to stay on

17
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

Alleles that produces a phenotype even if there is a presence of another allele

18
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

Alleles that require two copy to produce the phenotype. Only one of the allele will not produce the phenotype

19
Q

What is the mechanism of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Mutation that affects the transmembrane protein (CFTR) to shut, trapping the chloride ion inside the cell. This cause mucus to build up because osmosis draw in water inside the cell.

20
Q

Why does some deleterious gene persistent if natural selection favors genes that increase fitness?

A
  1. The genes are maintained by heterozygous advantage. (heterozygous traits with Sickle cell anemia is advantageous in areas with malaria)
  2. Mutation can maintain the gene
  3. Natural Selection may not have enough time to remove it
  4. They don’t reduce fitness because some disorder arose late in life, when reproduction already took place
21
Q

Factors that can define population boundaries?

A
  1. Food source
  2. Sex, Sociality
  3. Biological Community
  4. Geographical Barrier
  5. Habitat Requirement
22
Q

HWY Ideal population

A
  1. Diploid
  2. Sexual Reproduction
  3. Large and Stable population size
  4. Random mating
  5. No Gene flow between population
  6. No mutation
  7. No selection
23
Q

What are the other evolutionary process besides natural selection?

A
  1. Gene Flow
  2. Genetic Drift
  3. Genetic Bottleneck
  4. Founder Effect
  5. Jackpot effect
24
Q

What is gene flow?

A

movement of gametes, propagules, or mobile individual between population

25
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation
to the next in small populations due to sampling error

26
Q

What is genetic bottle neck?

A

Type of genetic drift where a catastrophe cause population size to dramatically decrease

27
Q

What is founder effect?

A

Type of genetic drift where a new population is established by a subset of individual from a source population.

28
Q

What is the jackpot effect?

A

Increase in survival and/or reproductive success of
an individual or sub-population within a larger population because of luck

29
Q

Why is effective population always less than whole population?

A

Effective population does not include

juvevnille (sexually immature)
post-reproductive indidviduals
injured or diseased

Other factors include
unequal ratio male to female
dominance hierarches
unequal access to available resources

30
Q

Effects of genetic drift?

A

decreased variation because a smaller unit of the population are representation of their genetic pool

31
Q

Name three external environmental factors (biotic or abiotic) that might affect the effective population size but not census population size

A
  1. Pollutant
  2. Resource limitation
  3. Territorial Needs
32
Q

What is balanced polymorphism?

A

Situation where two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population because heterozygous individuals are better to survive than individuals carrying just one of the gene

33
Q

Why are there as any male as female if it’s more efficient to have more female than male?

A

Frequency dependent selection

In a population where the sex ratio is skewed, natural selection will favor the parent that produces the fitter sex to bring back to a 50-50 ratio.

Take a population where there are significant more female than male. The male will be able to mate more often. If a female undergoes a mutation that enables it to produce fitter male, that trait will be selected and more males will be produced, evening the sex ratio

34
Q

What is survival fitness?

A

Capacity to survive predation, herbivory,
pathogens, parasites, starvation, dehydration, etc from zygote, through development, to sexual maturity

35
Q

What is reproductive fitness?

A

ability of individuals to pass on their genes to subsequent generations

Capacity to locate mate(s)

Capacity to obtain mate(s)/attractiveness, and territory
(intrasexual competition)

Capacity to produce gametes (gamete number, esp.
males)

Dispersal capacity (mobility) of gametes

Effectiveness of pollination (attractiveness and rewards
to pollinator)

Gamete hardiness, viability, competitiveness and
longevity

Compatibility of male and female gametes to produce a
viable zygote

36
Q

Anthropogenic factor that leads to small population effective size

A
  1. Habitat loss
  2. Overharvesting
  3. Invasive species
  4. Climate change
  5. Habitat Fragmentation
37
Q

Name three external environmental factors (biotic or abiotic) that might affect the effective population size (Ne) but not census population size (Nc ). Provide hypothetical examples.

A
  1. Resource Limitation
  2. Pollutant
  3. Territorial Needs

BIOL 214 (4 decks)

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