Final Flashcards
What is the difference between isogametic and anisogametic oragnism?
Isogametic is a form of sexual reproduction where the morphology of the female and male gametes are similar. Anisogametic differs in gamete structure between the two sex
Differences between Sperm and Egg
- Size: Sperm is smaller and egg is huge
- Cost: sperm is produced in great quantity because it’s cheap while egg is expensive
- Mobility: Sperm is mobile while egg is immobile
- Adaption: Sperm adapted to disperse while egg is adapted to provide zygote for early development
What are invasive species?
When human introduced non native species in which the non native species populated its non native environment, harming it
What is ecological release?
Population explosion that occurs when a species (usually in an invasive species) is freed from limiting factors in its environment such as co-adapted predators, pathogens, herbivores, and parasites (limiting factor of invasive species)
What are the types of allelic variation?
- SNP
- Indel
- CNV
- CSV
What is SNP
Single nucleotide polymorphism: genomic variant at a single base position in the DNA.
What is Indel?
insertion, deletion, or insertion and deletion of nucleotides in genomic DNA.
What is CNV?
Copy Number Variant: sections of the genome are repeated
What is CSV
Chromosome Scale Variant: inversions, translocations of genome
What is the twofold cost of sex?
- Sexual reproduction takes longer to increase population than sex because male cannot directly create offspring
- Alleles have only a 50% chance of being passed on to the next generation every time an offspring is created, making it costly as twice as many offspring is needed to create the same allele frequency
How can sexual reproduction have evolved when it greatly diminishes the speed of reproduction?
Sexual reproduction allows for a bigger genetic diversity allowing species to adapt to changes in environment. This is because different mutations can accumulate and the these differences can interact within an organism giving increasing its fitness
What are Wild Type alleles?
phenotype that is present in the majority of the natural population.
What is complete dominance?
heterozygote phenotype is indistinguishable from that of the homozygous parent
What is incomplete dominance?
Offspring expressed an intermediate of the phenotypic characteristics from its parents
What is co dominance?
phenotypes of both parents are simultaneously expressed in the same offspring organism.
What causes lactose persistent
SNP of a T instead of a C, causing the gene that produce lactose to stay on
What are dominant alleles?
Alleles that produces a phenotype even if there is a presence of another allele
What are recessive alleles?
Alleles that require two copy to produce the phenotype. Only one of the allele will not produce the phenotype
What is the mechanism of Cystic Fibrosis?
Mutation that affects the transmembrane protein (CFTR) to shut, trapping the chloride ion inside the cell. This cause mucus to build up because osmosis draw in water inside the cell.
Why does some deleterious gene persistent if natural selection favors genes that increase fitness?
- The genes are maintained by heterozygous advantage. (heterozygous traits with Sickle cell anemia is advantageous in areas with malaria)
- Mutation can maintain the gene
- Natural Selection may not have enough time to remove it
- They don’t reduce fitness because some disorder arose late in life, when reproduction already took place
Factors that can define population boundaries?
- Food source
- Sex, Sociality
- Biological Community
- Geographical Barrier
- Habitat Requirement
HWY Ideal population
- Diploid
- Sexual Reproduction
- Large and Stable population size
- Random mating
- No Gene flow between population
- No mutation
- No selection
What are the other evolutionary process besides natural selection?
- Gene Flow
- Genetic Drift
- Genetic Bottleneck
- Founder Effect
- Jackpot effect
What is gene flow?
movement of gametes, propagules, or mobile individual between population
