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Microbiology 2420.008 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Impetigo/erysipelas

A

Causative agent: strep. Pyogenes group A (responsible for necrotizing fasciitis)
Transmission: person-to-person contact/fomites, self infecting
Symptoms: bacteria invades compromised skin, around mucous membranes
-impetigo for kids, erysipelas for elderly
Purulent lesions with honey color crust (impetigo)
Red discoloration of the skin following infection
Diagnosis: presence of vesicles, gram stain diagnosis after culture and hemolysis reactions
Treatment: amoxicillin, clindamycin, carefully cleaning the infected areas
Prevention: proper hygiene and cleanliness

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2
Q

Rx for Impetigo/erysipelas

A

Antibiotics for bacteria
amoxicillin, clindamycin, carefully cleaning the infected areas

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3
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Cat Scratch Fever

A

Causative agent: bartonella henselae- has endotoxins
Transmission: by cat bites or scratches or flea bites
Symptoms/Diagnosis: fever for several days, prolonged malaise (feeling bad), localized swelling of infection site and nearby lymph nodes
Treatment: CIPROfloxacin
Prevention: avoid contact with cats, prompt antisepsis of cat bites or scratches

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4
Q

Rx for Cat Scratch Fever

A

antibiotic: CIPROfloxacin

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5
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Pseudomonas skin infections

A

Causative agent: P. aeruginosa infect wound/burn tissue. Blue-green pus is produced from burn tissue
Transmission: improperly chlorinated water in swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, wash clothes, toilets, contaminated dialysis machines and humidifiers etc.
Symptoms: incubation-days to weeks pseudomonas colonized the hair follicles and raised rash.
Diagnosis:
Treatment/Prevention: very antibiotic resistant but ticarcilline, gentamycin, and carbenicillin are effective as are silver compounds

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6
Q

Rx for Pseudomonas skin infections

A

very antibiotic resistant but ticarcillin (antibiotic), gentamycin (antibiotic), and carbenicillin (antibiotic) are effective as are silver compounds

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7
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Cystic Acne

A

Causative agent: Propionbacterium acnes, anaerobe metabolizes sebum and produces irritants
Transmission: non-communicable
Symptoms: inflammation of skin, pustular rash of the face, neck, and upper body. Chronic condition may cause significant scarring. Onset to overproduction of sebum in skin
Diagnosis:
Treatment/Prevention: antibiotics, tetracycline and TMZ, topical applications of benzoyl peroxide, retin-A and accutane

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8
Q

Rx for Cystic Acne

A

antibiotics, tetracycline and TMZ, topical applications of benzoyl peroxide, retin-A and accutane

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9
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Cutaneous Anthrax

A

Causative agent: bacillus anthracis, spores may survive in soil. FOUND ON ANIMALS
Transmission: DIRECT SKIN CONTACT endospores enter breaks in skin from contaminated items/ spores inhaled/ingested. Eschar forms within 7-10 days from exposure.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: septicemia/toxemia. Black necrotic lesions/eschar form at site of injury
Treatment: CIPROfloxacin and penicillin, toxins are produced by bacterium that are unaffected by antibiotics.
Prevention:prompt antibiotic intervention, vaccines for livestock and humans + boosters

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10
Q

Rx for cutaneous Anthrax

A

CIPROfloxacin and penicillin

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11
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Typhus, Endemic typhus, and Rocky mountain spotted fever

A

Causative agent: various rickettsia species (r. Prowazekii- endemic typhus) (R. typhi) (R. rickettsii0 rocky mountain fever)
Transmission: insect bites/ticks (spotted fever), flares (endemic typhus), and lice (epidemic typhus) biological vectors
Symptoms/Diagnosis: red rashes, high fevers, stupor, and high mortality rates. 5-10 day incubation.
Treatment: antibiotics- DOXYcycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol
Prevention: insect/rodent control, decontamination of clothing and bedding

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12
Q

Rx of Typhus, Endemic typhus, and Rocky mountain spotted fever

A

antibiotics- DOXYcycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol

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13
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Smallpox

A

Causative agent: VARIOLA VIRUS
Transmission: occurs in overcrowded, unsanitary environments. Regular pandemics
Symptoms/Diagnosis: flu-like symptoms, fever, weakness, pustular rash began on face and feet. survivors= life long immunity
Treatment/Prevention: vaccine

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14
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Herpes simplex viral infections

A

Causative agent: herpes simplex viruses I and II (I cold scores and II genital herpes) latent infections
Transmission: direct contact (sexual for HSV II)
Symptoms/Diagnosis: clusters of “cold” sores on mucous membranes which break easily. Lesions appear on other parts of the body. Outbreaks of sores can be triggered by emotional, hormonal changes, UV exposure and disease
Treatment: Acyclovir palliative medication for severe cases. Foscarnet for resistant strains
Prevention: prevent direct contact with lesions and material

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15
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Warts

A

Causative agent: HPV human papilloma viruses
Transmission: direct long term contact with infected individuals or spread by the person to other parts of the body. Genital warts: sexual contact or mother to child during labor incubation 3-4 months
Symptoms/Diagnosis: infected areas become raised and callous
Treatment: removed by lasers, chemicals. Excisions or freezing. Interferon treatments. Duct tape destroys lesions.
Prevention: GARBASIL vaccine to prevent HPV and cervical cancer

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16
Q

Rx for Warts

A

GARBASIL vaccine

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17
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Chickenpox (Herpes-varicella-zoster virus

A

Causative agent: varicella-zoster virus of chickenpox and shingles. Related to herpes viruses, latent infection.
Transmission: high population density/fomites, droplets/contact with lesion fluid from infected. Airborne aerosols.
Symptoms: early symptoms mimic cold with fever, swollen lymph nodes. Pustular rash seen 2-3 weeks in.
Diagnosis: highly virulent and may cause fatal encephalitis. Latent as shingles
Treatment: aspirin used may cause reye’s syndrome. Acyclovir palliative medications only in life threatening cases
Prevention: vaccine varivax. Zostavax for shingles prevention

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18
Q

Rx for chickenpox

A

vaccine varivax. Zostavax for shingles prevention

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19
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Measles

A

Causative agent: morbillivirus- rubeola virus
Transmission: inhaled aerosols, droplets from infected
Symptoms: early symptoms mimic cold with fever, headache, sore throat, conjunctivitis and koplik spots in mouth. Extensive red maculopapular rash is a classic symptom. High contagious by respiratory. COMPLICATIONS: pneumonia, encephalitis
Diagnosis: incubation 7-14 days
Treatment: supportive therapy
Prevention: MMR vaccine from ‘60s

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20
Q

Rx for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

A

MMR vaccine

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21
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of German Measles-Rubella

A

Causative agent: rubivirus- of togaviridae group
Transmission: aerosols, drops from infected
Symptoms: red rash, absent koplik spots. COMPLICATIONS: BIRTH DEFECTS
Diagnosis: incubation 7-14 days
Treatment: supportive therapy
Prevention: MMR vaccine

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22
Q

The diseases of Cutaneous mycoses for diseases of skin and eyes and their Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention

A

Ringworm (tinea capitis)- Ectothrix invasion- fungus develops on the hair shaft. In soil or on animals to be transmitted
athletes foot (tinea pedis)- red, raised lesions on and around the toes and sole of the feet; webbing between toes heavily infected CARPET holding infected skin cells transmitting
jock itch (tinea cruris)- red, raised lesions on and around the groin and buttock; usually spreads from the feet
Pityriasis

Causative agent: above
Transmission: contact with soil, infected individuals/fomites
Symptoms/Diagnosis: intense itching, flaking, and peeling of skin or discoloration
Treatment: antifungals-clotrimazole zinc compounds long term treatment
Prevention: keep body parts dry and clean

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23
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Candidiasis (Yeast infections)

A

Causative agent: candida albicans- dimorphic fungus
Transmission:
Symptoms/Diagnosis: may occur on mucus membranes of mouth, intestinal tract, and genitals. Itching, redness/inflammation, a yeast odor, visible colonies/thrush in affected tissues.
Treatment/Prevention: nystatin, diflucan

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24
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A

Symptoms: progessive impairment of CNS leading to coma and death.
initial symptoms: intense headache, light sensitivity, sudden high fever, inability to bend neck, back spasms, behavioral changes
May be fatal even with treatment
Diagnosis: culture or gram stain from CSF may identify pathogen
Treatment: prompt treatment is crucial since mortality rate can be high
Prevention: vaccines are available and antibiotics-cefriaxone, ampicillins, and vancomycin may be used against disease 1, 4 and 3.

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25
Q

Causative agent of bacterial meningitis: #1 Hemophilus influenzae (50%) age group, transmission and Rx

A

Leading cause in children prior to vaccine (Hib vaccine)
droplet/fomite transmission, opportunistic
Chloramphenicol treatment

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26
Q

Causative agent of bacterial meningitis: #2 Neisseria meningitidis (27%) age group, transmission, and Rx

A

Prevalent in adolescent and young adult populations in crowded areas.
Highly contagious by respiratory routes, saliva, and nasal secretions. droplets
Vaccine and prophylactic antibiotics

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27
Q

Causative agent of bacterial meningitis: #3 Strep. pneumonia (13%) age group, transmission, and Rx

A

Common in infants and hospitalized elderly.
Opportunistic flora that overgrows when impaired immunity
Vaccine- pneumonvax as prevention

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28
Q

Causative agent of bacterial meningitis: #4 Listeria monocytogenes (10%) age group, transmission

A

Dangerous for pregnant women, fetuses and newborns.
Found in unpasteurized milk, cheese, uncooked meats, processed meats

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29
Q

Causative agent of bacterial meningitis: #5 strep. agalactiae- age group, transmission, and Rx

A

Found in vaginal tract of asymptomatic females- causes neonatal meningitis.
Prevention by pre-natal diagnosis, prophylatic antibiotics, and C-section delivery

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30
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)

A

Causative agent: mycobacterium leprae
Bacterium enters through breaks in skin and infects nerve tissue
Transmission: direct, long term person-to-person contact. Nasal secretion from infected. Unsanitary living conditions
Symptoms: degenerative infection leading to gradual destruction of tissue. May begin as tuberculoid form and progress to lepromatous form.
Diagnosis: Acid Fast Bacilli may be seen in culture
Treatment/Prevention: prolonged treatment with dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine will eventually cure the infection.

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31
Q

Rx of Leprosy

A

dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine

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32
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Botulism

A

24-48 hr. incubation
Causative agent: Clostridium botulinum, has endospores that may contaminate foods and germinate if in correct conditions: anaerobic, neutral pH, mesophilic, high protein meats and cheeses. Vegetative cells will produce toxin in food. Outbreaks due to improperly stored foods and incorrect sterilization of canned goods.
Transmission: ingestion of botulism toxin in contaminated foods, non-communicable between individuals.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: rapid onset nausea, dry mouth, constipation, generalized weakness, mental confusion, diplopia, and dysphagia. Flaccid paralysis of the entire body. Death results from paralysis of heart and breathing apparatus.
Treatment: antitoxin (BIG-IV) intestinal washing and cardiopulmonary support. Antibiotics used against infant and wound botulism
Prevention:careful preparation and storage of foods. Endospores will not germinate under acidic conditions or high OP. heating food will destroy toxin.

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33
Q

Rx of Botulism

A

antitoxin- BIG-IV

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34
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Tetanus/Lockjaw

A

Causative agent: tetanospasmin exotoxin from clostridium tetani. Tatanospasmin is release by vegetative cells after germination. Tetanospasmin- powerful ACE inhibitor
Transmission:Endospores may enter the body through penetrating wounds, laceration or burns. Germinates in anaerobic tissue.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: rigid or spastic paralysis due to toxin in a contaminated wound. Prodrome begins with a headache. Fever. Irritability, and rigid paralysis of face and neck muscles. Symptoms progress until eventual opisthotonos and death.
Treatment: antitoxin (HTIG) may be administered to patients with early symptoms
Prevention: immunization with DTap, effective for 5-20 years with boosters required

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35
Q

Rx of Tetanus

A

antitoxin (HTIG)

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36
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Viral meningitis

A

Causative agent: herpesvirus, mumps virus, epstein-barr virus, coxasackie virus, echovirus.
Transmission: shredding of virus from infected, contagious up to 10 days. Some viruses survive in water and chlorinated swimming pools
Symptoms/Diagnosis: typical symptoms of meningitis, tends to be a milder disease than bacterial
Treatment: rest, hydration and palliative treatments
Prevention: frequent handwashing, avoidance of crowded pools

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37
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Polio/poliomyelitis

A

Causative agent: polio virus/picornavirus
Transmission: fecal/oral route and fecal contamination of water sources. Enters through digestive tract and infects the nervous system
Symptoms/Diagnosis: initial symptoms include flu-like or strep throat: headache, sore throat, fever, and nausea. Paralysis of limbs and respiratory apparatus. Virus may infect motor nerve cells in the upper spinal cord and cause paralysis and death from respiratory failure.
Treatment:
Prevention: 2 vaccines- salk vaccine 1954 an inactive vaccine which requires boosters. Sabin vaccine 1963 a live attenuated oral vaccine which gives life-long immunity- hazard to immunosuppressed individuals. CURRENT VACCINE inactive polio vaccine salk vaccine

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38
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Rabies

A

incubation 5-8 weeks
Causative agent: Rhabdovirus
Transmission: animal bites, contact or handling infected animals or their bodily fluids- saliva, blood, urine, tissues. Virus enters through breaks in skin, mucous membranes or inhalation.
Symptoms: fatal encephalitis indicated by progressive CNS disturbances. Initial symptoms: agitated behavior, hallucinations, muscle spasms, stupor. Advanced symptoms: salivation, aggressive behavior, hydrophobia, paralysis and coma. Incurable once symptoms appear
Diagnosis: serological testing or fluorescent antibodies testing of brain sections. Infection causes lesions in the brain of infected individuals called negri bodies, visible in histology slides.
Treatment: immunization and inactive virus vaccine THERE IS NO RELIABLE TREATMENT OR CURE FOR PEOPLE/ANIMALS EXHIBITING THE RABIES SYMPTOMS
Prevention: all pets should be routinely vaccinated against rabies. Stray animal populations should be carefully controlled. People who are bitten by an animal should immediately wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Bites by suspected animals should be reported to the health authorizes to have the animals isolated and observed for signs. A person bitten should be given the rabies immunization to prevent onset of disease.

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39
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Arboviral Encephalitis

A

incubation 7-14 days
Causative agent: 6 different viruses cause encephalitis: East Equine, Western Equine, Venezuelan equine, St. Louis, West Nile, California or LaCrosse
Transmission: mosquitoes carry the virus and their eggs which survive the winter
Symptoms: typical symptoms of meningitis, primary zoonotic but can also infect humans
Diagnosis: high IgM titers are typical in this disease
Treatment: hospitalization, IV fluids, and respiratory support
Prevention: mosquito control/eradication with screens, pesticides, elimination of stagnant water, use of insect repellents while outdoors.

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40
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Cryptococcosis

A

Causative agent: cryptococcus neoformans, dimorphic yeast.
Transmission: opportunistic, immunosuppressed individuals are the targets. inhalation of spores of the fungus present in soil or bird droppings
Symptoms/Diagnosis: typical symptoms of meningitis
Treatment/Prevention: Amphotericin-B and flucytosine for 6-10 weeks

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41
Q

Rx for fungal meningitis/cryptococcosis

A

Amphotericin-B and flucytosine for 6-10 weeks

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42
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Primary amoebic meningoencephalopathy (PAM)

A

Causative agent: naegleria fowleri- amoeba found in stagnant water
Transmission: contact with stagnant, non-chlorinated water. Prevalent during drought conditions. Amoebae enters through the mucous membranes and infects the meanings and brain.
Symptoms: rapidly progressing fatal infection.
Diagnosis: scraping of the eye, CSF, or brain biopsies showing the pathogen.
Treatment: therapy of amphotericin-B, sulfadiazene, and fluconazole but drugs must be given at the early onset or they will be ineffective.
Prevention: avoid stagnant water and natural waterways during drought, proper chlorination of swimming pools.

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43
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy/BSE/“Mad Cow Disease”

A

Human form of BSE: Cruetzfeld-Jakob Disease normal Incubation: 20-30 yrs
Causative agent: prion/infectious protein. Various prions and prion-like proteins that have been shown to exist in cows, sheeps, and humans
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated meat. May have been transmitted to cows by ground-up sheep carcasses put into cattle feed.
Symptoms: chronic degeneration of the brain leading to aberrant behavior. Causes lesion/hole in the brains of victims
Diagnosis: observing symptoms and brain sections under electron microscope. Uniformly fatal
Treatment: no available therapies or cures
Prevention: avoidance of group meats that may contain nerve tissue or meat that originates near the spinal cord, avoidance of brain tissue. Destruction of livestock showing symptoms

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44
Q

Eye infections

A

Pinkeye (Hemophilus)
Hemophilus aegyprius: most common bacterial cause
Treatment: Topical applications of gentamycin
Trachoma (Inclusion Conjunctivitis by Chlamydia)
transmission during childbirth
Prophylaxis with antibiotics of newborns prevents infections
Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia (Neisseria)
Infection of conjunctiva and cornea of newborns with gonorrhea from infected mother
transmission during childbirth
Prophylaxis with antibiotics of newborns prevents infections
Herpetic keratitis (herpes simplex)
Indirect contact with herpes lesion fluid- transmission
trifluridine is used to cure herpes simplex infections of the eye
Acanthamoeba keratitis (Acanthamoeba)
Inflammation of the cornea by amoeba
Transmission via contact with stagnant water or contaminated contact lens solutions
Treatment: ketoconazole

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45
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Septicemia

A

Causative agent: various bacteria- many GRAM NEGATIVE RODS: Escherichia, Serratia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Neisseria meningitidis. GRAM POSITIVE: streptococcus and staphylococcus.
Transmission/Diagnosis: injury with non-sterile objects, infections following burns, lacerations, insect or animal bites. IVs, venipuncture etc. can occur subsequent to surgical procedures
Symptoms: condition where the blood or lymphatic system is invaded by microbes which actively reproduce. INITIAL SYMPTOMS: red streaks extending up the limb/affected area aka lymphangitis, red spots under skin/petechiae, fever, toxemia, low BP, kidney failure and septic shock are all complications
Treatment: antibiotics and therapies using monoclonal antibodies against LPS and tumor necrosis factor.
Prevention: careful attention to aseptic techniques during invasive procedures.

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46
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Bacterial endocarditis and Rheumatic fever

A

Causative agent: Streptococcus pyogenes
Transmission: repeated infections with strep., injuries with non-sterile objects. IV, injections, venipuncture etc. can occur subsequent to surgical procedures
Symptoms/Diagnosis: bacterial endocarditis: infection of the endocardium can lead to tachycardia, severe circulatory compilation and death
Rheumatic Fever: autoimmune response precipitated by strep infections, which attacks the joints, kidneys, and heart.
Treatment/Prevention: penicillin and erythromycin to treat strep. infections

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47
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

autoimmune response precipitated by strep infections, which attacks the joints, kidneys, and heart.
Causative agent: Streptococcus pyogenes
Treatment/Prevention: penicillin and erythromycin to treat strep. infections

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48
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Gangrene

A

incubation 1-3 days
Causative agent: clostridium perfringens
Transmission: contamination of surgical incisions, puncture wounds, gunshot wounds, crushing injuries, compound fractures, non-sterile abortions.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: progressive necrotizing infection. Enters through injuries to skin and begins to digest and destroy tissue. Tissue becomes painful and dark in color, eventually turning black. Microbial fermentation may also lead to formation of gas vesicles and fluid beneath the skin. Fatal if left untreated. DIABETICS have an increased risk due to impaired circulation to extremities
Treatment/Prevention: prompt antisepsis and debridement of traumatic injuries. Penicillin and antitoxins, hyperbaric chambers, and amputations

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49
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Brucellosis/undulant fever/bang’s disease

A

incubation 1-2wks
Causative agent: Brucella melitensis (goats), Brucella abortus (cattle), Brucella suis (pigs)
Transmission: handling of infected animals or their milk, blood, meat, or organs
Symptoms: zoonotic disease with variable signs and symptoms including swollen lymph nodes, chills, headache, and a recurrent spiked fever.
Diagnosis: detected by ELISA test
Treatment: quarantines, doxycycline, and streptomycin therapy
Prevention: immunization of livestock

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50
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Tularemia/Rabbit fever

A

Causative agent: Francisella tularensis, aerobic gram (-)
Transmission:handling or contact with dead, infected rabbits or muskrats. Tick or mosquito bites. Eating flesh of infected animals.
Symptoms:ulcerated skin lesions, swollen lymph nodes, fever, malaise and fatigue, chills, joint and muscle aches, headaches.
Diagnosis: serological testing- ELSIA and aggultination
Treatment: streptomycin and tetracycline treatments
Prevention: avoid handling infected animals and carcasses. Use gloves and masks when butchering wild game

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51
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Bubonic Plague

A

Causative agent: Yersinia pestis, present in rodent population
Transmission: rat fleas infected to humans
Symptoms/Diagnosis: flu- like prodrome: fever, sneezing, malaise and a ring like rash of rose colored spots. Symptoms progress until the lymph nodes begin to swell. Subcutaneous hemorrhages produce black lesions. Death results from a massive septicemia and toxemia. Symptoms appear after 2-10 days.
Treatment: combination of streptomycin and tetracycline
Prevention: good personal hygiene and insect control

52
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Pneumonic Plague

A

Causative agent: Yersinia pestis
Transmission: aerosols and droplets
Symptoms/Diagnosis: acute complications that occur when the infection reaches the lungs. Incubation: 24-48 hrs.
Treatment: combination of streptomycin and tetracycline
Prevention: good personal hygiene and insect control

53
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Relapsing fever and Lyme disease

A

Causative agent: relapsing fever: Borrelia recurrentis
Lyme disease: Borrelia burgdorferii
Transmission: tick bites for both
Symptoms/Diagnosis: Relapsing fever: jaundice, fever, rose colored rash with relapses.
Lyme disease: flu-like symptoms, a bulls eye rash at site of tick bite, advancing disease may produce arthritis-like syndrome, brain and heart damage. Incubation- 7-14 days
Treatment: relapsing fever: tetracycline
Lyme disease: amoxicillin, latent even after treatment sometimes
Prevention: tick precautions when outdoors/insect repellent, pants tucked into boots, avoidance of brushy areas, remove attached ticks. Remove ticks as soon as you can, clean skin immediately with soap and warm water/no alcohol.

54
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Mono/infectious mononucleosis

A

Causative agent: Human Herpes Virus 4/ epstein-barr.
Transmission: kissing/saliva and sharing drinks
Symptoms: sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes in neck, extreme fatigue, enlarged spleen, nausea, loss of appetite, headache. Complications: transient meningitis, fatigue, inability to concentrate. Incubation 1-2 weeks.
Diagnosis: Large B-lymphocytes with atypical nuclei and lowered neutrophil counts
Treatment/Prevention: no cure. Instructed to rest and avoid contact sport to prevent rupturing spleen. Recovery is 2-6 weeks some patients experience latent, long-term syndrome.

55
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Cytomegalovirus CMV

A

Causative agent: Cytomegalovirus/a herpesvirus
Transmission: saliva, mucus, milk, urine, feces, semen, cervical secretions. Sexual intercourse, blood transfusions, organ transplants, vaginal births. Dangerous to fetuses/newborns, and immunocompromised.
Symptoms: fetus-enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice, anemia, birth defects, mental retardation, loss of vision/hearing, death. In immunocompromised- pneumonia, blindness, or CMV mononucleosis
Diagnosis: ELISA testing and DNA probes
Treatment: interferon and gamma globulin slow down disease. Formivirisen to stop growth in eyes.
Prevention: abstinence, mutual monogamy, use of condoms, screening of harvested organs and blood/blood products

56
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Dengue Fever (Break bone fever)

A

Causative agent: dengue virus
Transmission: via mosquitoes
Symptoms/Diagnosis: fever, weakness, edema, severe pain in head and muscles. Followed by a 24 hr. Remission that leads to fever and red rash. Duration: 6-7 days.
Treatment: supportive care
Prevention: mosquito eradication, insect repellents

57
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Malaria

A

Causative agent: various species of protozoan Plasmodium
Transmission: anopheles mosquito found in tropical jungle regions
Symptoms/Diagnosis: debilitating and chronic protozoan infection. Intense headache, nausea, chills, high fever and prostration. Episodes repeat at 3-4 day intervals. Death eventually results from prolonged infection.
Treatment/Prevention: quinine, chlorquinine, hydrozychloroquine, mefloquine, doxycycline

58
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Toxoplasmosis

A

Causative agent: protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, protozoan parasite of rodents
Transmission: humans are infected with cysts of T. gondii in cat feces or uncooked meats from infected livestock
Symptoms: mild undefined disease in adult humans. Immunocompromised: severe complications- inflammation of heart, lungs, liver, paralysis, blindness, myocarditis encephalitis. Can cause severe damage or death in fetuses
Diagnosis: ELISA testing, PCR and Southern blot. Pet cats can be screened by vets using a special ELISA test.
Treatment/Prevention: pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine combo. Some patients develop recurrent infections and may be on maintenance doses of trimethoprim-sulfamehoxazole and clindamycin for 3-4 weeks

59
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of African Hemorrhagic Fever – Ebola and Marburg virus

A

Causative agent: Ebola and Marburg virus
Transmission: direct contact with infected blood and body fluids. Not by respiratory routes/ Outbreaks seen in west africa
Symptoms/Diagnosis:
Treatment/Prevention: supportive care, electrolytes, oxygen, blood transfusions and experimental anti-ebola monoclonal anti-bodies

60
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep throat) and Scarlet fever

A

Causative agent: Streptococcus pyogenes may infect the pharynx or tonsil
Transmission: direct and indirect contact, droplets, and fomites
Symptoms: Fever, pain, swollen tonsils, pustules and a “beefy” red appearance. Scarlet fever produces high fever and a red rash on the upper body. Untreated infections may lead to rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.
Diagnosis: Isolates from throat cultures positive for hemolytic streptococci
Treatment/Prevention: Penicillin and erythromycin

61
Q

Rx of Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep throat) and Scarlet fever

A

Penicillin and erythromycin

62
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Diphtheria

A

Causative agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Transmission: respiratory route (droplets and fomites)
Symptoms: sore throat, fever, malaise, and swelling of the neck. Blockage of the patients airway may occur due to a leather-like membrane that forms in the throat. Diphtherial exotoxin causes interruption of protein synthesis leading to organ failure. The exotoxin is primarily responsible for the debilitating effects of the disease.
Diagnosis: immunodiffusion testing (Elek test)
Treatment: Erythromycin or penicillin
Prevention: Vaccination with diphtheria toxoid confers immunity (DPT shot)

63
Q

Rx of diphtheria

A

Erythromycin or penicillin
Vaccination with diphtheria toxoid confers immunity (DPT shot)

64
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Acute coryza (Common cold)

A

Causative agent: Many types of viruses, Rhinoviruses & Coronaviruses. why no specific vaccine has ever been produced.
Transmission: Self-inoculation with virus in droplets, primarily through indirect contact
Symptoms/Diagnosis: nasal and sinus congestion,runny nose, sore throat, coughing. Recovery time is from one to two weeks. Fever usually not seen. Complications include sinusitis, laryngitis, otitis media and bronchitis (especially in children)
Treatment: Rest and hydration speeds recovery. Analgesics and antihistamines may be used to relieve symptoms.
Prevention: Frequent hand washing can prevent colds

65
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Bacterial pneumonias

A

Causative agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia psittaci
Transmission: opportunistic, they may overgrow from normal flora, some transmitted by infected animals (birds), others found in buildings ventilation equipment.
Symptoms: Fluid accumulation in the lungs, fever, chest pain, abnormal chest sounds and impairment of respiratory function. frequently leads to fatal complications in hospitalized patients
Diagnosis: sputum cultures, symptoms, and serological testing. Incubation - days to weeks.
Treatment/Prevention: Intensive therapy with the appropriate drug: Vancomycin for staph and strep, tetracycline for Chlamydia and Mycoplasma. Cephalosporins for Klebsiella and Hemophilus

66
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Tuberculosis (Consumption)

A

Causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Transmission: droplets, aerosols and fomites. Contributing factors include smoking, old age, poor nutrition, overcrowded/unsanitary living conditions, substance abuse (alcoholism), diabetes and immunosuppression (HIV)
Symptoms: chronic progressive infection of the lungs. Symptoms include; weight loss, coughing, rust-colored sputum, chest pains, malaise, night sweats. In advanced stages blood is coughed up and caseation is seen. “Tubercles” are seen on chest x-ray. Tuberculosis may invade the rest of the body (lymph, bones, brain)
Diagnosis: tuberculin skin tests (PPD), Mantoux test, chest x-rays, acid-fast stain, and/or culture of microbes on Lowenstein-Jensen agar.
Treatment: strict regimen of long term antibiotic treatment: Isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ciprofloxacin, and streptomycin combination. Medicated patients are rendered non-contagious
Prevention: vaccinate with BCG vaccine (attenuated bovine TB) but immunity is not reliably produced and may cause false positive skin tests.

67
Q

Rx for TB

A

Isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ciprofloxacin, and streptomycin combination
vaccinate with BCG vaccine (attenuated bovine TB)

68
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Pertussis (Whooping cough)

A

Causative agent: Bordetella pertussis
Transmission: inhalation of droplets or aerosols
Symptoms/Diagnosis: cold (runny nose, fever) then progresses to the paroxysmal stage where violent coughing is produced due to bacterial toxins destroying the ciliary escalator in the trachea of the infected person. Sudden inhalation after coughing produces the characteristic “whooping” sound. Complications can be severe: tissue destruction, ruptured diaphragm, broken ribs, ruptured blood vessels.
Treatment: antibiotics
Prevention: acellular pertussis vaccine is given to infants

69
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Inhalational Anthrax

A

Causative agent: Endospores of Bacillus anthracis
Transmission: inhalation of spores present in dust, animal hides, or dispersed deliberately. non-communicable from person to person.
Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms; sore throat, muscle aches, cough and malaise. Incubation is rapid (1-5 days). The infection may rapidly progress to respiratory distress, shock and death.
Diagnosis: culturing bacterium, serological and DNA testing.
Treatment: ciprofloxacin, penicillin, erythromycin
Prevention: Vaccine available but usually only given to military personnel.

70
Q

Rx for Inhalational Anthrax

A

ciprofloxacin, penicillin, erythromycin
Vaccine available but usually only given to military personnel.

71
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Influenza

A

Causative agent: influenza virus, RNA virus which may undergo antigenic shift. The virus may infect horses, pigs, geese, ducks, chickens, and various bird species
Transmission: Aerosols, droplets from infected humans and animals. Self-inoculation of virus from surroundings.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: Headaches, chills, fever, muscle aches. Influenza infections may lead to life-threatening complications in elderly patients (bronchitis, pneumonia)
Treatment: reduce the severity and duration of this disease- amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, zanamivir
Prevention: Influenza vaccines

72
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and MERS

A

Causative agent: Coronavirus
Transmission: Droplets
Symptoms/Diagnosis: High fever, headaches, body aches, coughing, pneumonia
Treatment: Steroids and interferon therapy
Prevention: Limit travel during outbreaks, frequent hand-washing

73
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A

Causative agent: respiratory syncytial virus
Transmission: Droplets and fomites
Symptoms: typical symptoms of pneumonia (fever, wheezing, respiratory distress etc.) prevalent in children under the age of 1 year. Common in late winter months.
Diagnosis: Fused cells (syncytia) are seen in sputum samples
Treatment: Aerosol administration of ribavirin
Prevention: Prevented by monoclonal vaccine (Synagis®)

74
Q

Rx of RSV

A

Aerosol administration of ribavirin
Prevented by monoclonal vaccine (Synagis®)

75
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Histoplasmosis

A

Causative agent: Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic yeast
Transmission: inhalation of fungal spores found in soil, and bird/bat droppings
Symptoms/Diagnosis: Poorly defined, but may resemble the onset of tuberculosis. Histoplasmosis is frequently seen among immunosuppressed individuals.
Treatment/Prevention: Itraconazole

76
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Hantavirus pneumonia

A

Causative agent: Hantavirus found in rodent droppings
Transmission: accidental inhalation of dust or particles from rodent droppings
Symptoms/Diagnosis: Acute onset pneumonia with high fever, chest pains, respiratory distress, hemorrhages, and high fatality rates. 14-30 days.
Treatment: hospitalization and intensive supportive care
Prevention: decontamination of areas showing rodent feces. Chlorine bleach solutions should be used prior to feces removal to kill viruses and minimize dust or aerosols

77
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

Causative agent: Pneumocystis jirovecii an opportunistic fungus, part of the normal flora
Transmission: Inhalation of droplets containing fungus, overgrowth of pathogen in immunosuppressed individuals.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: opportunistic pneumonia often an indicator disease of AIDS syndrome. Once rare, this disease is a major cause of mortality in the immuno-suppressed population.
Treatment/Prevention: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

78
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis

A

Causative agent: Streptococcus mutans-dental caries. Porphyromonas gingivalis- gum disease
Symptoms/Diagnosis: pain and/or temperature sensitivity in teeth, tender or bleeding gums, foul breath, loose teeth, tooth loss. Carious lesions may form in teeth and may lead to abscess formation. Gum disease is a progressive, painless, condition which may lead to tooth loss.
Treatment/Prevention: Brushing, flossing, and regular dental cleanings and fluoride treatments. Fluoridation of community drinking water. Good oral hygiene

79
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Peptic ulcers

A

Causative agent: Helicobacter pylori
Transmission: Unclear, likely passed by fecal contamination of food or water
Symptoms: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting (with or without blood), weight loss, bloody stools
Diagnosis: Gram stains of fecal smears, analysis of gasses from the stomach by a specialized breath test.
Treatment/Prevention: Antibiotics given in combination with acid blocking drugs.

80
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Cholera

A

Causative agent: Vibrio cholerae transmitted by fecal contamination of water
Transmission: ingestion of bacteria in contaminated food or water. Outbreaks frequent in unsanitary conditions, natural disasters, and wartime situations.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: rice-water” stool produced in copious amounts (3-5 gallons/day). Fever is usually absent since the bacteria do not invade the intestinal tract. Cholera enterotoxin (an exotoxin) produces the massive water loss. Death results from severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Treatment: rehydration of patient and electrolyte replacement. Doxycycline
Prevention: Disinfection of water supplies

81
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Escherichia coli

A

Causative agent: Escherichia coli
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food/water/ meats
Symptoms/Diagnosis: mild to moderate diarrheal illness transmitted by food and water. Often seen in infants and travelers (Traveler’s diarrhea). Disease is caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli strains
Treatment: rehydrate, Cefotaxime or TMZ to treat serious infections
Prevention: Chlorination of drinking water, sanitary handling and thorough cooking of foods. Bismuth subsalicylate may be taken as a preventative

82
Q

Rx of E.coli

A

Cefotaxime or TMZ to treat serious infections

83
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)

A

Causative agent: Shingella- S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae
Transmission: ingestion of food or water contaminated with fecal matter
Symptoms/Diagnosis: bloody and mucous stool, fever, and abdominal cramps
Treatment: Ciprofloxacin
Prevention: disinfection of water (boiling or chlorination) and by attention to sanitation (proper sewage disposal

84
Q

Rx of Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)

A

Ciprofloxacin

85
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Salmonellosis

A

Causative agent: Various species of Salmonellae may cause salmonellosis.
Transmission: ingestion of food or water contaminated with fecal matter.
Bacteria may be found in meats, fish, poultry, eggs and unpasteurized milk. Improper cooking (less than 150F) allows bacteria to survive and multiply in food. Bacteria may also be introduced into food by contaminated surfaces, utensils, and flies.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: infection of the intestinal tract with: moderate fever, abdominal cramping, nausea and diarrhea with onset of 8-48 hours.
Treatment: rehydration therapy and Salmonella is sensitive to ceftriaxone
Prevention: Proper cooking and storage of foods. Decontamination of utensils, handwashing, fly control

86
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Typhoid fever

A

Causative agent: Salmonella typhi and paratyphi
Transmission: ingestion of food or water contaminated with fecal matter
Symptoms:severe infection characterized by high fever, continual headache, diarrhea. May progress to bacteremia, peritonitis
Diagnosis: Bacteria may be cultured from patient’s stool
Treatment: ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, or trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole combination
Prevention: disinfection of water (boiling or chlorination) and by attention to sanitation (proper sewage disposal)

87
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Pseudomembranous colitis

A

Causative agent: Clostridium perfringens overgrowth
Transmission:
Symptoms/Diagnosis: Diarrhea (with foul smell), pain, fever, blood in stool, may be fatal.
Treatment/Prevention: Probiotics, metronidazole and/or vancomycin antibiotics.

88
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Staphylococcal food intoxication

A

Causative agent: Staphylococcus aureus
Transmission: bacterial contamination of previously cooked foods. Ingestion of food contaminated with toxin. This disease cannot be transmitted person-to-person. cured meats, poultry and tuna salads, casseroles, cream filled breads, custards etc. Contributing factors include improper storage of food. Toxin is heat stable and is not destroyed by boiling.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea (sometimes fever)
Treatment: require oral or intravenous rehydration and electrolyte replacement otherwise no specific treatment is available.
Prevention: Sanitary preparation of food, proper food storage, prompt refrigeration of left-overs can all reduce the incidence

89
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus Gastroenteritis

A

Causative agent: V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus
Transmission: uncooked contaminated shellfish (clams, oysters, mussels)
Symptoms/Diagnosis: rapid onset food intoxication ( <24hrs) abdominal pain, burning sensation, nausea, vomiting and watery stool. Severe intoxications may lead to permanent paralysis and death. Some systemic infections have been reported as a result of contaminated seawater entering a wound.
Treatment/Prevention: Rehydration as needed for uncomplicated symptoms. Doxycycline and Cephalosporins

90
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Campylobacter gastroenteritis, Helicobacter gastritis, Yersinia gastroenteritis, and Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis

A

Causative agent: above
Transmission: contamination of food and ingestion of toxins, non-communicable. cooked or improperly stored foods are the most common cause. Typically milk, meats, and certain vegetables.
Symptoms: universal-diarrhea, fever, cramps, and nausea
Diagnosis:
Treatment/Prevention: rehydration since antibiotics are of limited use.

91
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Mumps

A

Causative agent: Paramyxovirus
Transmission: ingestion/inhalation of saliva droplets and respiratory secretions
Symptoms: swelling of parotid gland, fever, and painful swallowing
Diagnosis: ELISA
Prevention/Treatment: Immunization with MMR vaccine, attention to hygiene, sanitation, and aseptic practices.

92
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Viral Gastroenteritis

A

Causative agent: rotavirus and norwalk virus
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated water and foods (fecal matter)
Symptoms/Diagnosis: diarrhea, fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, cramps. Onset 1-3 days
Treatment: rehydration and anti-diarrhea
Prevention: good hygiene, frequent hand washing, sanitation, and purification of water

93
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of hepatitis

A

Symptoms: malaise, jaundice, swollen tender liver, darkening of the urine and feces.
Diagnosis: ELISA testing and looking for viral antigens (e.g. HBSag). Testing for elevated liver enzymes in bloodstream.
Treatment: oral medication which effectively cures hepatitis C. no vaccines for Hep C and D or E. Interferon treatment.
Prevention: Sanitary practices during food preparation for Hep A and gamma globulin prophylaxis after exposure. Havrix and VAQTA vaccines for Hep A may be given prior to exposures.

94
Q

Hepatitis A- transmission, severity, etc.

A

HAV- fecal oral transmission. Mild severity. Not a chronic carrier.

95
Q

Hepatitis B- transmission, severity, etc.

A

HBV- needles/sex transmission. Occasionally severe. Is a chronic carrier. Associated with hepatic cancer

96
Q

Hepatitis C- transmission, severity, etc.

A

HCV- needles/sex transmission. Low severity. Is a chronic carrier. Chronic hepatitis

97
Q

Hepatitis D- transmission, severity, etc.

A

HDV- needles/sex transmission. Requires Hep. B infection to turn into hep. D. with both severity is very high.

98
Q

Hepatitis E- transmission, severity, etc.

A

HEV- fecal oral transmission. Mild severity.

99
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Giardiasis

A

Causative agent: Giardia lamblia, a protozoan
Transmission: ingesting contaminated fresh water
Symptoms/Diagnosis: Severe foul-smelling diarrhea, cramps, gas, and fever. Illness diagnosed by fecal exam or string test. Incubation 1-2 weeks.
Treatment: Metronidazole
Prevention: Disinfection of drinking water

100
Q

Rx of giardiasis

A

Metronidazole

101
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Crytosporidiosis

A

Causative agent: Crytposporidium parvum (a protozoan). Immunosuppressed individuals at highest risk.
Transmission: fecal contamination of drinking water; ingestion of cysts.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: Severe watery diarrhea, headaches, cramps, nausea, fatigue. Can become life-threatening (malabsorption, hepatitis, pancreatitis)
Treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement, supportive care.
Prevention: Disinfection of drinking water

102
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Amoebic dysentery (Amebiasis)

A

Causative agent: Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan.
Transmission: ingestion of food or water containing the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica. Flies and roaches can also spread the cysts on their outer body parts.
Symptoms: Pain, cramping, and blood in stool.
Diagnosis: Fecal exam will show cysts or trophozoites of the amoeba.
Treatment: Metronidazole. (Flagyl) and iodoquinol
Prevention: avoidance of uncooked vegetables or unpeeled fruits. Drinking purified, bottled water.

103
Q

Rx of Amoebic dysentery

A

Metronidazole. (Flagyl) and iodoquinol

104
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Helminthic disease

A

Causative agent: worm agents, Tapeworms, roundworms, flukes
Transmission: ingestion of worm eggs, or infected larvae present in undercooked meats.
Symptoms/Diagnosis: various symptoms.
Treatment/Prevention: anti-helminthic drugs

105
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Urinary tract infections
urethritis, cystitis
Ureteritis
nephritis (pyelonephritis)

A

Causative agent: normal flora organisms are implicated as the cause of UTI. The most frequent are the gram (-) rods. Escherichia coli is the most frequent cause of UTI and kidney infections.
Transmission: accidental inoculation of fecal matter into urethra.Many nosocomial UTI caused by catheterization of patient.
Symptoms: Frequent painful/burning urination, difficulty voiding bladder, cloudy foul- smelling urine, blood in the urine, pelvic or abdominal pain, fever.
Diagnosis: urine culture (>10,000 cfu/ml) or any coliform bacteria in urine specimen.
Treatment/Prevention: Antimicrobials such as trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole (TMZ) and nitrofurantoin are commonly used against UTI. Microbes may be cultured for Kirby-Bauer sensitivity before treatment.

106
Q

Rx of UTIs

A

Antimicrobials such as trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole (TMZ) and nitrofurantoin

107
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Leptospirosis

A

Causative agent: Leptospira interrogans (gram negative spirochete)
Transmission: Contact with urine from infected animals (cats, dogs, rats, racoons, foxes, horses, cattle, pigs)
Symptoms/Diagnosis: fever, muscle aches, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Incubation 2-26 days.
Treatment: Doxycycline (or IV penicillin for severe cases)

108
Q

Rx of leptospirosis

A

Doxycycline (or IV penicillin for severe cases)

109
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Toxic Shock Syndrome

A

Causative agent: Staphylococcus aureus.
Transmission: overgrowth of S. aureus in tissue and producing septicemia/toxemia due to Tampon use during menstruation, use of IUD’s, newly delivered mothers, surgical patients. Infected wounds (including surgical wounds).
Symptoms/Diagnosis: sudden high fever, vomiting, rash, low blood pressure, sore throat. 2-3 day incubation. May be fatal without treatment.
Treatment: Supportive therapy and vancomycin antibiotics

110
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Candidiasis

A

Causative agent: Candida albicans
Transmission: some cases sexually transmitted. Most are due to normal flora overgrowth, immunosuppression, diabetes, or super-infection during antibiotic therapy.
Symptoms: Vaginitis (irritation/discharge)
Treatment: Antifungals: clotrimazole, miconazole

111
Q

Rx of candidiasis

A

Antifungals: clotrimazole, miconazole

112
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Bacterial Vaginosis

A

Causative agent: Gardnerella vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis.
Transmission: Unknown, but likely due to colonization of vaginal tract with pathogen.
Symptoms: itching, irritation of vaginal area, “fishy” odor.
Treatment: metronidazole, lactobacillus vaginal suppositories

113
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Gonorrhea

A

Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhea (gram negative diplococcus). Incubation 2-5 days.
Transmission: mucous membranes (anus, pharynx, conjunctiva) and can spread to joints and heart. sexual intercourse/contact. 300,000 + infections/year
Symptoms: May lead to sterility if untreated
In males: painful urination and a purulent discharge from the urethra
In females: abdominal/pelvic pain, discharge, involvement of the uterine tubes (salpingitis) and cervix
Treatment: Ceftriaxone and doxycycline combo
Prevention: Barrier methods of contraception

114
Q

Rx of gonorrhea

A

Ceftriaxone and doxycycline combo

115
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Chlamydia (Non-gonoccal Urethritis)

A

Causative agent: Chlamydia trachomatis
Transmission: sexual intercourse. 800,000 cases per year. Males are often asymptomatic and may serve as carriers.
Symptoms: pelvic pain, discharge, often symptoms are subclinical
Diagnosis: Pelvic scrapings may show inclusions in host cells. Fluorescent antibodies
Treatment: antibiotics doxycycline, tetracycline and erythromycin
Prevention: Barrier methods of contraception

116
Q

Rx of chlamydia

A

antibiotics doxycycline, tetracycline and erythromycin

117
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Syphilis

A

Causative agent: Treponema pallidum
Transmission: sexually transmitted but may also be congenitally acquired
Symptoms: three stages to the syphilitic syndrome.
Primary- painless chancre may be seen on the genitalia. This chancre disappears within a few days.
secondary syndrome appears weeks or months later. disseminated rash all over the body.
Tertiary: last 10 years -dementia, circulatory involvement, and lesions/gummas. Death results from gradual cardiovascular and CNS destruction.
Diagnosis- complement fixation test, VDRL flocculation test, fluorescent antibodies (microbe cannot be cultured in vitro)
Treatment: Penicillin G and azithromycin antibiotics.
Prevention: Barrier methods of contraception

118
Q

Rx of syphilis

A

Penicillin G and azithromycin antibiotics.

119
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Chancroid

A

Causative agent: Hemophilus ducreyi
Transmission: sexual intercourse/contact
Symptoms: soft, painful genital ulcers, localized swollen lymph nodes . Incubation 1-4 days.
Treatment: azithromycin, erythromycin antibiotics
Prevention: Barrier methods of contraception

120
Q

Rx of chancroid

A

azithromycin, erythromycin antibiotics

121
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Genital herpes

A

Causative agent: Herpes simplex II is the primary cause of genital herpes. Infected individuals are most infectious when lesions are present.
Transmission: sexual intercourse/contact
Symptoms: Clusters of vesicles on the genitalia. The vesicles break easily and serve to transmit the infection
Treatment: Active cases are treated with acyclovir. No cure
Prevention: Condoms

122
Q

Rx of genital herpes

A

acyclovir

123
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Genital warts

A

Causative agent: HPV viruses
Transmission: sexual contact
Symptoms: sores
Diagnosis:
Treatment: Interferon therapy
Prevention: barrier contraceptives, Gardasil® vaccine against HPV

124
Q

Rx of HPV

A

Gardasil® vaccine

125
Q

Causative, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, Rx, and prevention of Trichomoniasis

A

Causative agent: Trichomonas vaginalis, protozoan
Transmission: sexual contact
Symptoms: vaginitis; irritation, pelvic discomfort, greenish discharge. Symptoms may be vague and confusing
Diagnosis: pelvic washing and specialized culturing techniques
Treatment: Metronidazole (Flagyl)

126
Q

Rx of Trichomoniasis

A

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Microbiology 2420.008 (4 decks)

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