Chapter 2: Chemistry of Microbiology

Question 1

Major chemical elements needed for life

Answer 1

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulfur (CHONPS)

Question 2

Covalent Bonding

Answer 2

Shared electrons, polar and non-polar
water is polar

Question 3

Ionic Bonding

Answer 3

usually seen in salts and result from attracting due to opposite charges Na(-)Cl(+)

Question 4

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 4

weakest bond
helps stabilize large macromolecules

Question 5

Enzymes

Answer 5

the substrate has a specific shape and the enzyme has a specific shape to fit the substrate to break down.
enzymes enable cells to carry out vital metabolic reactions with lower energy of activation for reactions.
recognize specific substrates
composed mainly of proteins and may be inhibited by temps., pH, excess substrate

Question 6

Synthesis Chemical Reactions

Answer 6

“create” energy gained/absorbed (endergonic)
A+B—–energy—-> A(e)B

Question 7

Decomposition Chemical Reaction

Answer 7

“break” energy lost/released (exergonic)
A(e)B ——-> A+B

Question 8

Salts

Answer 8

dissociation—> water separates anions and cations

Question 9

Dissociation of Acids and Bases

Answer 9

Measurement of acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. concentration of these ions determine pH.
Acid: proton (H+) donors, the more protons the more acidic 0-7pH
Base: protons acceptors, more [OH-] 7-14 pH
blood: 7.35-7.45 pH
Moles= 6.022x10^23 avagados number
pH: -log(10) [H+]
example: -log(10)[0.0001] = -4
pH= -[-4]= 4

Question 10

Organic Compounds

Answer 10

carbon based
biological building blocks and energy sources.
ones to study: hydroxyl, amino, phosphate, terminal carbonyl, carboxyl

Question 11

Organic Compound: Hydroxyl

Answer 11

Structure: -OH O——H (single bond)
Class of Compounds: alcohol, monosaccaride, amino acid

Question 12

Organic Compound: Carboxyl

Answer 12

Structure: (COOH) OH—-(-)C====O single and double bond
Class of Compounds: amino acids, proteins, fatty acid

Question 13

Organic Compound: Carbonyl

Answer 13

Structure: CO C===O (double bonded)
Class of Compounds: Aldehyde

Question 14

Organic Compound: Amino

Answer 14

Structure: (-NH2) H—-(-)N—–H
Class of Compounds: Amino Acid, Protein

Question 15

Organic Compound: Phosphate

Answer 15

O
l
l
Structure: -O——–P=====OH
l
l
OH
Class of Compounds: Phospholipid, Nucleotide, ATP

Question 16

Macromolecule: Carbohydrate

Answer 16

Function: energy sources, used for structural components
Composition: CH2O
Types: monosaccaride, disaccarides, polysaccarides
monosaccaride: glucose, frutose, galactose
disaccarides: sucrose, lactose, maltose
glucose + frutose—-energy–> sucrose + H2O (formed via dehydration
synthesis)
Polysaccarides: cellulose, starch, glycogen

Question 17

Macromolecule: Lipid

Answer 17

Non-Polar (hydrophobic)
Fats (triglycerides; oil, grease)
Phospholipids- polar and non-polar
steriods

   glycerides- glycerol + 3 fatty acids chains---->triglyceride (dehydration synthesis)
                      saturated (not good; butter and lard/thick and heavy @ RT) and unsaturated 
                      (good fat, olive oil, canola oil, has a double bond) 
   phospholipids: makes up part of the cell membrane
   steroids

Question 18

Macromolecule: Proteins

Answer 18

Polypeptide
Functions: structure, enzymes, transport, regulations, immune response (defense and offense)
Monomer: Amino Acids- most organisms only use 21 amino acids in protein synthesis
covalent peptide bond is formed between amino acuds
Amino acid 1 + amino acid 2 —dehydration synthesis—-> dipeptide
levels of structure-
primary: chain
secondary: helix/coil
tertiary: crumpled up/folded
Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides