Chapter 1: Microorganisms

Question 1

Microbiology definition

Answer 1

The study of living organisms too small for the human eye to see

Question 2

Protozoa: Pro or Euc? unicellular or multi? characterized by? general characteristics? sexual or asexual? sub groups?

Answer 2

Eukaryotic; mostly unicellular; characterized by locomotion (flagella and cilia) complex cells, flexible cell walls, phagocytic; both sexual and a reproduction; subgroup algae- photosynthetic

Question 3

Fungi: Pro or Euc? unicellular or multi? characterized by? general characteristics? sexual or asexual? sub groups?

Answer 3

eukaryotic; unicellular or multi; saprophytic (feed off of dead matter); chitin cell wall; either sexual or a reproduction; subgroups- mushrooms, molds, yeasts

Question 4

Bacteria: Pro or Euc? unicellular or multi? characterized by? general characteristics? reproduction? sub groups?

Answer 4

Prokaryotic; unicellular; absorb nutrients, display varied shapes, cell walls composed of peptidoglycan; binary fission (asexual) reproduction; motile via flagella; some produce capsules and endospores; sub groups- archaea

Question 5

Virus:

Answer 5

Aren’t true cells but infectious particles (viral particles/virions); intracellular; parasites; capsid (hollow protein shells) that contain genetic coding dna/rna. cannot see via microscope

Question 6

Genus and species

Answer 6

genus- name of related group of organisms (last name) always capitalized
Species- specific individual organisms within a genus (first name) lower case
BOTH WILL BE UNDERLINED OR ITALICIZED

Question 7

Antoni Von Leeuwenboek (1673)

Answer 7

1. Constructed microscope and discovered protozoa in pond water. subsequent observations revealed even smaller organisms (bacteria)
2. His discoveries sparked an interest regarding the origin and significance of microbes and other lifeforms

Question 8

Scientific inquiry challenged established beliefs: demonic theory of disease and replaced by?

Answer 8

belief that disease is caused by evil spirits/sorcery/divine punishment.
Replaced by germ theory of disease

Question 9

Spontaneous generation and what it was replaced by

Answer 9

Air + water + nutrients = living things. belief that life arise from non living matter
Replaced by theory of bio-genesis

Question 10

Francesco Redi (1668) and Lazzaro Spallanzaini (1764)

Answer 10

strong evidence against spontaneous generation
but was finally disproved by Louis Pasteur (1857)

Question 11

Edward Jenner (1789)

Answer 11

practiced vaccinations to prevent smallpox (variolation) by exposing unaffected patients with cowpox resulting in immunity to smallpox

Question 12

Ignaz Semmelweis (1848)

Answer 12

Pioneered practice of hand-washing to prevent infection of patients

Question 13

Florence Nightingale (1855)

Answer 13

Introduced hygiene and sanitary procedures in british hospitals
founded first nursing school

Question 14

Von Behring and Kitasato (1890)

Answer 14

produced an anti-toxin against diptheria

Question 15

Louis Pasteur (1857)

Answer 15

fermentation
Pasteurization- slow heat to kill bacteria
Disproved theory of spontaneous generation
proposed link between microbes and disease
developed and refined vaccinations

Question 16

Joseph Lister (1867)

Answer 16

antiseptic techniques during surgeries
developed antiseptic and disinfectants

Question 17

Richard Koch (1876)

Answer 17

established germ theory of disease
developed essential micro. lab techniques (pure cultures, culture media, staining techniques)
established method of identifying pathogens “Koch Postulates”
isolated causative agents of anthrax, TB, and cholera

Question 18

Dimitri Iwanowski (1892)

Answer 18

deduced the existence of viruses by indirect observation/experimentation

Question 19

Paul Ehrlich (1910)

Answer 19

principle of CHEMOTHERAPY
1st synthetic antimicrobial used against syphilis (salvarsan #606)