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Pharm > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is a dispersion?

A

One substance which is dispersed in another

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2
Q

A true solutions is a ________ molecular dispersion.

A

Homogenous

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3
Q

The dispersed phase is ______ distinguishable from dispersion medium

A

Physically

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4
Q

TF: Dispersions are found in a large number of dosage forms

A

True

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5
Q

Which one of the choices describes a dispersed phase component?Select all that apply
A. Termed the external Phase
B. Termed the internal phase
C. Termed the non continuous phase
D. Termed the Continuous phase

A

B
C

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6
Q

What are dispersed systems classified by?

A

Phase
Particle size

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7
Q

What type of dispersion is small (0.1-1000nm)?

A

Colloidal dispersion

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8
Q

TF: Coarse dispersions are in the micrometer range

A

True

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9
Q

What are the three types of colloidal dispersion types?

A

Lyophilic
Lyophobic
Association

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10
Q

What does lyo refer to?

A

Solvent or medium

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11
Q

TF: Lyophilic means solute has a low affinity for the medium?

A

False
Strong affinity

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12
Q

Lyophilic colloids have ____ regions from ionizable functional groups.

A. Polar
B. non polar

A

Polar (allows hydration in aqueous environments)

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13
Q

Which one of the following is not a lyophilic colloid?

A.Proteins
B.Natural gums
C. Glucose
D. Cellulose derivatives

A

C. Glucose

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14
Q

Some hydrophilic (lyophilic) colloids may exist in both _____ and ____ state.

A

Solid
Gel

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15
Q

In gel state of lyophilic colloids, molecules form connected networks resulting in _____ viscosity.

A

Increased (make more thick and less freely moved)

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16
Q

In the solid state, lyophilic colloids move _____ in a solution

A

Freely

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17
Q

How is xanthan gum made?

A

Fermenting corn sugar with a bacteria

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18
Q

What is Xanthan Gum used for?

A

Emulsifier
Thickening agent

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19
Q

Lyophobic colloids lack ____ groups the give them surface hydrophilicity?

A

Polar

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20
Q

What are some examples of lyophobic colloids?

A

Milk
Lipid emulsions
Nanocrystal suspensiom

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21
Q

What is the major problem with hydrophobic colloids?

A

Their tendency to aggregate

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22
Q

What protein predominates in the plasma?

A

albumin

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23
Q

How are association colloids formed?

A

By association of dissolved particles into a substance in the colloidal size range

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24
Q

What are surfactant micelles and liposomes are made of?

A

Amphipiles

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25
Q

Interactions of association colloid result in _____ contact between the lipophilic portions of the _____ and water.

A

Minimal
Amphiphile

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26
Q

What are microemulsions?

A

Dispersion oil in water or water in oil

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27
Q

What is the difference between a homogenous and heterogenous dispersion?

A

Homogenous - molecular dispersion
Heterogenous - Physically distinguishable

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28
Q

What are the two components of a dispersion?

A

Dispersed phase
Dispersed medium

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29
Q

TF: Dispersed phase is termed the external or continuous region

A

False
It is the internal or continuous phase

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30
Q

How are dispersions classified?

A

By phase or particle size

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31
Q

What are the three phases of dispersions?

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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32
Q

What are three examples of solid dispersion?

A

Suppositories
Gels
Solid foam

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33
Q

What are three examples of liquid dispersion?

A

Crystal suspension
Emulsions
Foams

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34
Q

What are two examples of gas dispersions?

A

Smoke/spray powder
Mist

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35
Q

What are two types of dispersions based on particle size?

A

Colloidal dispersion
Coarse dispersion

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36
Q

What is the size range for a colloidal dispersion?

A

0.1-1000 nm

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37
Q

What is the size range for coarse dispersions?

A

1-200 um

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38
Q

Lyophilic colloids have _____ regions from ionizable functional groups.

A

Polar

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39
Q

What do polar groups enable for lyophilic dispersions?

A

Enables hydration in aqueous environments

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40
Q

What are three types of lyophilic dispersions and some examples of each?

A

Proteins-albumin
Polysaccharides-natural gums, cellulose derivative

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41
Q

TF: Polysaccharide dispersions may be in the solid or gel form

A

True

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42
Q

Lyophobic dispersions lack ____ groups to give them surface hydrophilicity.

A

polar

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43
Q

What are some examples of lyophobic dispersions?

A

Milk
Lipid emulsions
Nanocrystal suspensions

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44
Q

What is the major problem with hydrophobic colloids?

A

Their tendency to aggregate

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45
Q

In what size range are association dispersions?

A

Colloidal

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46
Q

What is the predominate plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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47
Q

The pressure exerted by blood against the wall of a capillary is called ____ ____ pressure.

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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48
Q

TF: Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the same as capillary blood pressure

A

True

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49
Q

Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the force that drives fluid ____ of capillaries and ____ tissues.

A

Out of caps
Into tissues

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50
Q

As fluid exits a capillary and moves into tissues, the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid correspondingly RISES/DECREASES

A

rises

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51
Q

What is another name for oncotic pressure?

A

Colloid osmotic-pressure

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52
Q

What is oncotic pressure induced by?

A

Proteins (albumin) in the plasma

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53
Q

Where do water molecules move back into the circulatory system due to oncotic pressure?

A

Lower venous pressure end of capillaries

54
Q

Tf: Oncotic pressure has opposing effects of both hydrostatic blood pressure and interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure?

A

True

55
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure do?

A

push water and small molecules out of the blood and into interstitial spaces within the arterial end of capillaries

56
Q

What effect will administering hypertonic solution have on intracellular and extracellular volume?

A

It will increase extracellular volume
Decrease intracellular volume

57
Q

What effect will adminstering hypotonic solution have on intracellular and extracellular volume?

A

Increase both extracellular and intracellular volume

58
Q

What effect will administering isotonic solution have on intracellular volume and extracellular volume?

A

Will increase extracellular volume but not effect intracellular volume

59
Q

What effect will administering colloidal dispersions have on intravascular volume?

A

It will increase intravascular volume

60
Q

TF: Administering colloidal dispersions will decrease interstitial and intracellular volume?

A

False there is not effect

61
Q

Surfactant micelles will form ________ when CMC is reached 2-5 nm

A

Spontaneously

62
Q

Microemulsions are oil in ____ or water in ____ dispersions.

A

Water
Oil

63
Q

TF: Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable and often formed with co-surfactants

A

True

64
Q

Which association colloid is more complex bilayer structures and can become large enough to exceed colloidal size range?

A

Association

65
Q

What is brownian motion?

A

Random, irregular movements of particles

66
Q

What is brownian motion caused by?

A

Bombardment of particles by the molecules of the dispersion media

67
Q

What affects particle movements?

A

Particle size
Viscosity of medium
temperature

68
Q

What factors decrease effects of brownian motion?

A

Decrease in temp (less movements)
Increase in viscosity (thicker so less easy to move)
Increase in particle size (more bulky and less freely movable)

69
Q

TF: colloidal particles are not kept suspended by brownian motion due to their small size?

A

False
Particles are small enough that brownian motion keeps them suspended

70
Q

TF: colloidal particles can counteract gravitational forces

A

True

71
Q

Dispersions (except colloids) are affected by gravitational forces in a ______ manner

A

Predictable

72
Q

TF: Particle sediment is going down only

A

False
it can go up or down

73
Q

What type of emulsion will sediment up?

A

Oil in water (creaming)

74
Q

Particles will sediment based on _____ Law

A

Stokes

75
Q

The interfacial molecules will have _____ binding energy with interior molecules and this creates _____ surface energy

A

Lower
Postitive

76
Q

What does magnitude of the surface energy depend on?

A

The collective cohesive and adhesive forces within a particular system

77
Q

As particle size decreases,
Surface area is _____
More molecules are in contact with dispersion _____
Free surface energy _____
Results in _____ and dispersion stability is ______

A

Increased
Media
Rises
Aggregates; Impaired

78
Q

What determines if aggregation occurs or does not occur within a particular system?

A

Forces surrounding particle interactions

79
Q

What is the DVLO Theory?

A

Two primary forces (potentials) determine whether aggregation in a suspension will occur

80
Q

What are the two primary forces that determine whether aggregation in a suspension will occur?

A

Van der Waals attraction potential
Electrostatic repulsion potential
These happen simultaneously to differing degrees

81
Q

Van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion potential approach zero as distance between particles increases/decreases

A

Increases

82
Q

What are the two non-dvlo forces?

A

Hydration forces
Steric Forces

83
Q

Hydration forces occur with _____ colloids

A

hydrophilic

84
Q

What is the net result in hydration forces?

A

Repulsion which keeps the colloidal particles apart

85
Q

What do steric forces do?

A

Coat particles with polymeric materials
Creates a physical barrier that prevents van der Waal attractive forces

86
Q

What is Ostwald Ripening?

A

Creation of large particles at the expense of smaller ones

87
Q

When adding particles to a solution, smaller particles will undergo dissolution ____ faster than larger particles. The solutes from smaller particles diffuse toward and deposit on ____ particles.

A

Faster
Larger

88
Q

TF: temperature increase will increase the rate of dissolution and increase ripening

A

True

89
Q

What are van der waals forces?

A

Attractive forces between molecules created from fluctuations in electron density

90
Q

Van der Waals Forces creates what type of interactions?

A

Dipole-induced dipole

91
Q

What does electrostatic forces depend on?

A

Magnitude of surface charge

92
Q

What does magnitude of surface charge come from?

A

Ionizable groups on particle molecules (depends on pH of medium and pKa of particle molecules)
Adsorption of ions from solution onto uncharge particle surface

93
Q

What is the shear plane?

A

Boundary between the diffuse layer and the dispersion medium surrounding the particle

94
Q

What is the zeta potential?

A

The net electric charge at the outer diffuse layer and occurs at the shear plane

95
Q

The greater the zeta potential, the more _____ between particles is present

A

Repulsion

96
Q

What do salts do when adding to a suspension?

A

Add counterions to the diffuse layer
This will reduce the electrostatic barrier (repulsion)
Creates floccules which are easily resuspended

97
Q

What is a flocculated suspension?

A

A suspension in which particles have undergone flocculation

98
Q

What is the rate of sedimentation for flocculated suspensions?

A

The rate of sedimentation is high

99
Q

What is the volume of sedimentation in flocculated suspensions?

A

High

100
Q

Flocculated suspensions form porous/non-porous sediments

A

Porous

101
Q

How can the re-dispersion of sediment be easily done in flocculated solutions

A

By agitation

102
Q

What are the three factors affecting adsorption from solution?

A

Solubility
pH
Temperature

103
Q

How does solubility affect adsorption from a solution

A

Higher the solubility the lower the solubility

104
Q

TF: unionized forms will be more adsorbent than ionized species

A

True

105
Q

Adsorption is an _______ process

A

Exothermic

106
Q

Decreasing/increasing temperature will enhance the adsorption process

A

Decreasing the temperature

107
Q

Critical Micelle Concentration is reach as surface is saturated/unsaturated

A

Saturated

108
Q

What are micelles?

A

Aggregates of surface active agents

109
Q

Micelles will always be in equilibrium with _____

A

Monomers

110
Q

Critical micelle concentration _____ as hydrophobic groups on surfactant increases

A

Decreases

111
Q

TF: Ionic surfactants have a much lower CMC than non ionic surfactants even with identical hydrophobic groups

A

False
They have a much lower CMC than non ionic surfaces

112
Q

CMC increases/decreases with electrolytes in solution because electrolytes reduce repulsion between micelles

A

Decreases

113
Q

What is hydrophile-lipophile balance?

A

A number that describes the hydrophilic-lipophilic nature of the surface active molecule

114
Q

What is the HLB scale?

A

An arbitrary scale that made it possible to organize information about surface active agents

115
Q

What is the use of zwitterionic as surfactants ?

A

Co-surfactant to boost foaming properties

116
Q

TF: Depending on pH of the medium they are in zwitterions can be anionic cationic or zwitterionic

A

True

117
Q

Non ionic surfaces are/are not affected by prescence of salts or by pH

A

Not affected

118
Q

What is the difference between SPAN and TWEEN?

A

SPAN- sorbitan fatty acid esters are water in oil emulsions
TWEEN-polyoxyethylene sorbitan in fatty acid esters- are oil in water emulsions

119
Q

What are the uses of non ionic surfactants?

A

Pharmaceuticals, cosmetic, foam stablizers, viscosity enhancers, food industry, dishwashing detergents and shampoos

120
Q

What are the uses of cationic surfactants

A

Bacteriocidal
Adsorb to negative charged surfaces
Fabric softeners
Hair conditioners

121
Q

What are cationic surfactants compatible with?

A

Non ionic and zwitter ionic surfactants

122
Q

What are the uses of anionic surfactants

A

Toothpaste
Shampoos
Cosmetics
fabric detergents
Cleansers

123
Q

What are anionic surfactants compatible with?

A

Non ionic and zwitterionic surfacts

124
Q

Surfactants are _______

A

amphiphiles

125
Q

Surfactants will move _____ to interfaces

A

Spontaneously

126
Q

What combination will tell the spreading coefficient

A

Surface tension inherent to particle
Surface tension inherent to liquid
Interfacial tension between the particle and liquid

127
Q

What is the spreading coefficient

A

How well liquid will spread over solid particle

128
Q

What is the measure of spreading coefficient

A

Contact angle

129
Q

In pharmaceuticals, we often try to _____ surface tension to obtain a positive spreading coefficient

A

Decrease
We do this by decreasing the contact angle

130
Q

What forces affect surface (interfacial) tension?

A

Cohesive
Adhesive

131
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The energy needed to create new surfaces

132
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The work needed to separate two immiscible liquids

Pharm (6 decks)

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