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Pharm > Exam 3 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a powder?

A

A single solid or a mix of solids in a finely divided state

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2
Q

What kind of uses can powders do?

A

Internal or external uses

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3
Q

TF: powders have limited use in therapeutics

A

True

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4
Q

What are prepared agglomerates of powdered materials used for?

A

Medicinal value of content an dpharmaceutical purposes

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of small particles?

A 
Particle Size
Shape
Angle of repose
Porosity
True and bulk volume
Apparent density 
Bulkiness
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6
Q

How are particle size determined?

A

Sieving
Microscopy
Other methods

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7
Q

What is sieving?

A

Mechanical shaking through sieve

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8
Q

What does microscopy use for particle size?

A

Use of grid background

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9
Q

What are some other methods of measuring particle size?

A 
Centrifugation
Permeation
Elutriation
Adsorption
Light Obstruction
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10
Q

What does particle size play a role in?

A

Stability
Drug Absorption
Side effects
Manufacturing aspects

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11
Q

What are the two ways to get particle size reduction?

A

Communition

Levigation

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12
Q

What is communition?

A

Reducing the size of particles of solid substance to finer state

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13
Q

What is used for communition/trituration in small scale?

A

Mortar and pestle

rougher the surface the finer the particles

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14
Q

What is used for large scale communition?

A

Mills

Pulverizers

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15
Q

What is used for small scale preparations of ointments and suspensions?

A

Levigation

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16
Q

What is levigation?

A

Reduction in particle and grittiness of added powders

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17
Q

What does levigation use for tools?

A

Ointment tiles

Mortar and pestle

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18
Q

What is step 1 of levigation?

A

Make a paste by adding insoluble powder and liquid (levigating agent- glycerin or mineral oil)

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19
Q

What is step 2 of levigation?

A

Add the paste to an ointment base and mix it to make it uniform on the ointment tile

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20
Q

What is the bulk volume of a powder?

A

True volume and the void (space between particles)

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21
Q

What is the true volume?

A

Space occupied by powder without intramolecular space

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22
Q

What is porosity?

A

Measure of the void volume

Void x 100

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23
Q

What is void?

A

Vbulk-V/Vbulk

Space between particles

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24
Q

What are the three types of densities?

A

True density
Envelope Density
Bulk Density

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25
Q

What is true density?

A

The density of the powder without the void volume

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26
Q

What is envelope density?

A

Density of powder that includes pore volume but not inter particle space

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27
Q

What is bulk density?

A

Pore volume and intermolecular particle space

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28
Q

What is the angle of repose?

A

Used for estimating the flow properties of powders

The larger the angle the more interparticle friction (bad flow)

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29
Q

When are blending powders used?

A

When powdered substances are the be combined to form a uniform mixture

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30
Q

What are 4 ways of mixing powders?

A

Spatulation
Trituration
Sifting
Tumbling

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31
Q

What is the geometric dilution method?

A

Small amount of potent substance with large amount of diluent
Add equal powder and diluent until all used

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32
Q

What is segregation?

A

Undesirable separation of components in the bled caused by air entrapment (fluidization) and particle entrapment (dusting)

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33
Q

What amounts of powders do you mix with spatulation?

A

Small amounts with a spatula

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34
Q

What is trituration?

A

Comminute and mix with glass mortar and pestle

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35
Q

What kind of blending can not be used for potent drugs?

A

Sifting

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36
Q

What blending technique is thorough but time consuming?

A

Tumbling

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37
Q

What are the two types of medication powders?

A

Internal

External

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38
Q

What are the routes for internal medicated powders?

A

Inhalation for local effects

Orally packed for reconstitution

39
Q

What is the route for external medicated powders?

A

Dusted on affected area from sifter container

40
Q

What must external medicated powder containers have on it?

A

External use only label

41
Q

What are advantages of internal uses for medicated particles?

A

Lowers the bulkiness

Can be mixed with soft foods or liquids

42
Q

Disadvantages of medicated powers being used internally?

A

Undesirable taste

43
Q

What are the two types of supplying powders?

A

Bulk and divided doses

44
Q

What are bulk supplying powders used for?

A

Antacids, laxatives and external uses

45
Q

What is done to divided dose supplying powders?

A

Weighed and block and divide

46
Q

What are the different types of powders?

A 
Bulk
Oral
Insufflations
Inhalation
Dusting
Douche
47
Q

What are insufflations?

A

Fine powders that go into the body cavities by mechanical means

48
Q

What are bulk powders?

A

Reasonably dosed powders with inaccurate measuring devices and are sensitive to degradation (like protein powders)

49
Q

What are inhalation powders?

A

Powders that are inhaled into the lungs

Advair discus

50
Q

What are dusting powders?

A

Topical powder that is medicated, protectant, absorbent or coolant
(Baby powder)

51
Q

What is an oral powder?

A

Bulk or divided dosed powder with effervescent granules used for suspension
(Asprin)

52
Q

What are douche powders?

A

Added to solutions to increase portability
Acidic powders
(Arden’s Powder)

53
Q

How are wet granulations made?

A

A paste of moistened powder that is mixed through a sieve and spray dried

54
Q

How are dry granulations made?

A

They are roller pressed then passed through a granulator and compressed into large tablets (SLUGS) then granulated

55
Q

What are the 4 powders that require special handling?

A

Efflorescent powders
Hygroscopic powders
Deliquescent powders
Pharmaceutical eutectic mixture

56
Q

What are efflorescent powders?

A

Drugs that contain water of hydration that may be released when powders are manipulated or stirred under low humidity

57
Q

What are hydroscopic powders?

A

Solid drugs that absorb moisture from air

58
Q

What are deliquescent powders?

A

Hygroscopic powders that absorb sufficient moisture and dissolve and form solution

59
Q

What is a pharmaceutical eutectic mixture?

A

2 or more solids that may liquify when intimately mixed at room temperature

60
Q

What capsule size range is there for hard gelatin capsules?

A

000 to 5

1.4 mL to 0.13 mL

61
Q

What kind of closures are found for hard gelatin capsules?

A

Conisnaps (snap together)

Capsule seals

62
Q

What kind of formulations can be found in hard gel capsules?

A 
Powder/granules
Pellet
Paste
Capsules
Tablets
63
Q

How do you fill a hard gel capsule?

A

Manually with a mold like tablet molds

64
Q

What are the formulations found in soft gelatin caps?

A

Liquid
Pastes
Powders
Tablets

65
Q

TF: Soft gel capsules have more moisture than hard gel capsules?

A

True

66
Q

What do soft gel capsules have that hard gel capsules dont?

A

More moisture
Preservatives like methyl and propyl parabens
Hermetically seal

67
Q

What are the blend defects for a tablet?

A

Flow (electrostatic charge of fine particles impede flow - measured by angle of repose)
Segregation (separation due to size, shape, and density)

68
Q

What are the three main types of tablet formation?

A

Direct compression
Wet granulation
Dry granulation

69
Q

What kind of drugs can be formed through direct compression?

A

Ones that have good flow and good compressibility and are of medium dosing

70
Q

What are the advantages of direct compression?

A

Simple
Time effective
Cost effective

71
Q

What are the disadvantages to direct compression?

A 
Segregation can occur 
Static charge (due to lack of moisture)
72
Q

When would you use wet granulation for tablets?

A

When you want to densify materials, improve flow, improve compressibility and improve uniformity

73
Q

What are the advantages of wet granulation?

A

Decrease fine particles (improve density)
Decrease electrostatic charges (improve flow)
Can process drugs susceptible to high shear

74
Q

What are the disadvantages of wet granulation?

A

Multiple steps

Costly and timely

75
Q

What kind of APIs cannot be used for wet granulation?

A

Heat and moisture sensitive APIs

76
Q

When would you want to use dry granulation?

A

When you want to increase the density
Improve the flow
Improve the compressibility
When you have a moisture sensitive API

77
Q

What are the advantages of dry roller granulation?

A

Improve flow, compressibility, density, less timely and more cost effective

78
Q

What are the disadvantages of dry granulation?

A

Cannot process drugs susceptible to high shear

Creates dust and fine particles

79
Q

What does compression testing test for?

A 
Tablet hardness
Disintegration testing
Friability (mechanical shock)
Weight variation
Content uniformity
Assay of API
80
Q

What are the three types of defects to tablet compression?

A

Capping
Lamination
Picking and sticking

81
Q

What is capping?

A

Top of tablet broken

82
Q

What is capping caused by?

A

Caused by trapped air on compression

83
Q

What is lamination?

A

Layering of particles instead of bonding together

84
Q

What is picking and sticking?

A

Logos, lettering, imprint codes are shaven off due to particles sticking to machinery

85
Q

What are the types of tablets?

A 
Compressed tablet
Multi-compressed tablet
Sugar coated
Gelatin coated
Film Coated
Enteric Coated
86
Q

What are compressed tablets?

A

Tablets of any shape and size that are scored or unscored all determined by punches used

87
Q

What are multi-compressed tablets used for?

A

Overcoming incompatibilities
Altering drug release
Unique appearance
(tablet within a tablet)

88
Q

What are the advantages of sugar coated tablets?

A

Improve taste
Protect formulation
Easier for imprenting
Improve the appearance

89
Q

What are the disadvantages of sugar coated tablets?

A

Increase bulkiness

Difficult to coat tablet

90
Q

What are the advantages of film coated tablets?

A

More durable due to a thin polymer coat
Less time consuming to make
Less bulky
Can be designed to rupture at specific locations in the GI tract

91
Q

What are gelatin coated tablets used for?

A

To make the dosage form smaller than when in the capsule
Facilitate swallowing
More tamper evident

92
Q

What are enteric coated tablets used for?

A

Delayed release drugs

They pass through stomach unchanged

93
Q

When are enteric coated tablets used for?

A

When stomach degrades API
API is irritating to stomach lining
Enhance absorption of drug

Pharm (6 decks)

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