Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm > Exam 3 part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 3 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components that form a one-phase system which is homogeneous down to the molecular level (monomolecular dispersion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the advantages of a solution?

A 
More molecules are absorbed than particles 
Uniform
Dose adjustments can be made
Easy to swallow
Fluidity
Eye appeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the disadvantages of a solution?

A 
Chemical instability
Prone to microbial invasion
Dosing precision is lost
Bulky
Difficult to hold in place and they dont taste good
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the common solvents for solutions?

A

Water, alcohol, and diluted alcohols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the usual solvent before alcohol for solutions?

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are co-solvents good for?

A

Mixture of alcohol and water is good for solubilizing drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the percentage of alcohol for rubbing alcohol?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How denatures rubbing alcohol?

A

Ketones

To prevent distillation of alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is isopropyl rubbing alcohol used for?

A

Topical preparations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percentage of isopropyl alcohol is disinfectant?

A

91%

70% is used for a soothing rub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is glycerin used for as an excipient?

A

IT is a sweet viscous vehicle
Does not have CNS depressant activity
Preservative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When do solutes in glycerin dissolve?

A

When the temperature is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is propylene glycol used for?

A

Excipient used as a substitute for glycerin
Preservative
No CNS depressant activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When are solubilizers used as excipients?

A

If the API dose is large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do buffers do as excipients?

A

Control the pH of the solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are common buffers?

A

Acetates, citrates, phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do preservatives do as excipients?

A

Protect from microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are common preservatives?

A

Benzoic acids and salts, sorbic acids and salts, parabens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do viscosity enhancers do as excipients?

A

enhance the accuracy of measurements and increases palability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are common Viscosity enhancers?

A

CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)

Sodium alginate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do antioxidants do as excipients?

A

They inhibit oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are common antioxidants?

A

Potassium and sodium metabisulfite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do chelating agents do as excipients?

A

Bind to metals to inhibit oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can aid in dissolution of a solute in a solvent?

A

Size reduction (increase in surface area)
Increase heat
Higher viscosity added to lower viscosity
Dissolve salts in water before adding
Volatile materials added last

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How are solutions classified?

A

Route of administrations

26
Q

What vehicle do oral aqueous solutions use?

A

Water (purified)

27
Q

What do oral solutions contain?

A

Active ingredients and inactive excipients

28
Q

What are syrups?

A

Oral solutions that are concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar or sugar substitutes for bitter drugs

29
Q

Why are syrups good?

A

They mask the taste of medicated syrups and are hyperosmolar so prevent microbial growth

30
Q

What are elixers?

A

Clear hydroalcoholic oral solutions

31
Q

How must elixers be stored?

A

Cool, tight, and light resistant containers because of alcohols and volatile oils

32
Q

What are the advantages of elixers?

A

They can be used for insoluble drugs
Self preserving
Less viscous
Less sugars

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of elixers?

A

Not for children or people on antidepressants due to alcohol content
May precipitate

34
Q

What are mouthwashes?

A

Concentrated aqueous oral solutions with 1 or more inactive ingredients and excipients

35
Q

What are the common APIs for mouthwashes?

A 
Thymol
Hexetidine
Eucalyptol
Menthol
Chorhexidine gluconate
36
Q

What are the common excipients for mouthwashes?

A 
Alcohol
Preservatives
Humectants (glycerol and sorbitol)
Antioxidants
Chelating excipients
Flavors and coloring agents
37
Q

What are mouthwashes used for?

A

Treatment, diagnostic and cosmetic maintenance of the mouth/ gums

38
Q

What are gargles?

A

Aqueous oral solutions that have antiseptics, antibiotics, and anesthetics for sore throats

39
Q

TF: gargles have a high concentration of active ingredients?

A

True

40
Q

TF: Gargles are NOT to be swallowed.

A

False

41
Q

What are common gargles?

A

Betadine and chlorhexidine gluconate

42
Q

What are opthalmic solutions?

A

Sterile solutions for eyes (conjuctiva and eyelids)

43
Q

What are common forms of opthalmic liquids?

A

Eyedrops

Irrigation solutions

44
Q

What are the solvents for eye drops?

A

Water for injection

Boric acid

45
Q

What are otic solutions?

A

Small volumes of solutions used for the ear

46
Q

What are the solvents in ear drops?

A

Glycerin
Propylene glycol
Polyethylene glycol
Dehumidifying agents

47
Q

What does propylene glycol do for ear drops?

A

Decrease surface tension

Increase drug contact time with affected area

48
Q

What do dehumidifying agents do in ear drops?

A

Isopropyl alcohol is used to decrease the moisture content to prevent the spread and growth of bacteria

49
Q

What type of otic solution is used as an active analgesic and local anesthetic?

A

Antipyrine and benzocaine otic solution

50
Q

What are the common forms of nasal solutions?

A

Nasal drops or sprays

51
Q

For what purposes are nasal solutions used for?

A

Local and systemic purposes in water and cosolvents

52
Q

What are enemas?

A

Oily or aqueous solutions used rectally

53
Q

What purposes are enemas used for?

A

Local
Systemic
Topical

54
Q

What are the two types of external solutions?

A

Tinctures and liniments

55
Q

What are tinctures?

A

Vegetable minerals or chemical substrates that have alcohol

56
Q

What are liniments?

A

External solutions to be rubbed on the skin with friction and massaged onto the skin
(not for broken skinO

57
Q

Where can you find information about sterility of parenterals?

A

USP 797

58
Q

TF: parenterals are pyrogen free?

A

True

59
Q

What are the 5 classes of parenteral solutions?

A 
Solutions
Emulsions
Liquid concentrations
Suspensions
Dry solids
60
Q

What volume is considered a large parenteral ?

A

Single dose over 100 mL

Pharm (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions