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Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is Tetraplegia?

A

A.k.a. Quadriplegia

Cause: SCI in the Cervical region.

• Functional impairment in arms, trunk, legs, & pelvic organs.

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2
Q

What is Paraplegia?

A

Motor & sensory impairments at thoracic, lumbar, or sacral segments of the cord. These individuals typically have full function of their arms but limitations with their lower extremities.

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3
Q

What is the typical prevalence of SCI in the general population? Yearly incidence? Age of onset?

A

Prevalence: 450,000
Incidence: 17,000/year
Age: between 16 & 30.

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4
Q

What are the causes of SCI?

A

Younger population: MVA

Oldies: Falls

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5
Q

What is the typical prevalence of TBIs in the general population?

A

3 million ER, HP, & deaths. HP visits have risen while deaths have fallen in recent years.

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6
Q

What are the typical causes of TBI?

A
  • Falls
  • Struck by object
  • Self-inflicted
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7
Q

What is ASIA A?

A

Level of SCI rating:

• Injury is complete, with no remaining sensory or motor function below the level of the injury.

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8
Q

What is ASIA B?

A

Level of SCI rating:

• Injury is incomplete, with complete motor function loss but some sensory function intact below the level of the injury.

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9
Q

What is ASIA C?

A

Level of SCI rating:

• Some motor movement remains below the injury, but MORE than half of the muscles below injury having MMT grade less than 2/5; meaning less than half of the muscles can move against gravity.

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10
Q

What is ASIA D?

A

Level of SCI rating:

• Some motor movement remains below the injury, with More than half of the muscle groups below the injury ABLE to move against gravity with MMT grade more than 3/5.

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11
Q

What is ASIA E?

A

Level of SCI rating:

• No motor or sensory function impairment.

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12
Q

Paraplegia:

A

Cause: SCI in the Thoracic or Lumbar region.

Symptoms: Motor & sensory impairments at the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral segments of the cord.

LEs>UEs

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13
Q

What does the ASIA scale test?

A

• Specific motor functions of different muscles innervated by different nerve roots & sensory dermatomes along the spinal cord.
– Dermatome: Specific location of the body associated with sensory information of a particular nerve root.

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14
Q

Anterior Cord Syndrome:

A

Loss of motor function, pain, temperature, & tactile (crude touch) sensation below injury.

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15
Q

Brown- Séquard Syndrome:

A

Cause: Only one side of the spinal cord is damaged, or one side is damaged more than the other.

Symptoms:
• Ipsilateral loss of motor function.
• Ipsilateral DCML deficits.
• Contralateral ACST deficits.

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15
Q

Brown- Séquard Syndrome:

A

Cause: Only one side of the spinal cord is damaged, or one side is damaged more than the other.

Symptoms:
• Ipsilateral loss of motor function.
• Ipsilateral DCML deficits.
• Contralateral ACST deficits.

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16
Q

Central Cervical Cord Syndrome:

A

Cause:

Symptoms: Loss of UE functions while LE are good.

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17
Q

Spinal Shock:

A

Often occurring immediately after SCI. Typically lasts 1-3 months.

Symptoms:
• Complete flaccidity or paralysis of muscles below injury.
–May also impact muscles above injury.
• Absence of reflexes.

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18
Q

Experiences if SCI is above T12?

A

Respiratory Complications:
• Abs innervated at T7.
• Intercostals at T1-T12.
• Diaphragm at C4.

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19
Q

Autonomic Dysreflexia:

A
  • An exaggerated response by the autonomic nervous system.
  • Fight or flight response to any irritation, uncomfortability, etc. The way of the brain letting the individual know something is up.
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20
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale:

A

Tool used to identify severity of TBI.
• Assess consciousness & neurological level of functioning.

Standardized 15pt test.
Measures:
• Eye-opening
• Best motor response
• Best verbal response
Results added up & range from 3-15.
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21
Q

What are the categories of TBI classifications according to the GCS?

A
  • Mild/Minor: 13-15pts.
  • Moderate: 9-12pts.
  • Severe: 3-8pts.
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22
Q

What is the prevalence of TBI-related disability?

A

3-5 million.

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23
Q

What are the Medical Complications from a TBI?

A
  • Seizures: Moderate to severe TBIs. 3-12pts on GCS.
  • Post-traumatic hydrocephalus: (Most common medical complication post-TBI) Increased fluid in the brain.
  • Dysautonomia (Storming): Increased bp, hr, sweating (diaphoresis), inability to regulate body temp, & decerebrate/decorticate posture.
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): Due to prolonged immobilization. Can lead to pulmonary emboli.
  • Pulmonary emboli: Most common, preventable, cause of death in post-TBI patients.
  • Heterotrophic ossification: Bone formation at an abnormal soft tissue site, usually hips, knees, elbows.
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24
Q

Common Impairments in TBI:

A 
Cognitive Impairments (most common type of impairment in TBI):
• Retrograde amnesia: Memory loss of information PRIOR to TBI.
• Anterograde amnesia: Impaired ability to learn new, long term, declarative info (usually last to improve). 
• Impaired executive functioning: Initiate, plan, organize, & execute adaptive behavior (seen in ALL levels of TBI).
• Neurobehavioral deficits: Perseveration, impulsivity, irritability, aggression, disinhibition, & apathy (common in all levels of TBI–mild, moderate, severe).
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25
Q

Psychosocial Impairments due to TBI:

A
  • Depression
  • Suicide Ideation
  • Aggressive Behavior
26
Q

Visual Impairments due to TBI:

A

• Diplopia (double vision)

27
Q

Post-traumatic hydrocephalus

A

Most common medical complication post-TBI–Increased fluid in the brain.

28
Q

Dysautonomia (Storming)

A

Increased bp, hr, sweating (diaphoresis), inability to regulate body temp, & decerebrate/decorticate posture.

29
Q

Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning

A

Neuro assessment tool. 1-8 levels.

1 = No response. 
2 = Generalized response. 
3 = Localized response. 
4 = Confused-agitated (heightened state of activity. Behavior is bizarre.) 
5 = Confused-inappropriate (pt is able to respond to simple commands fairly consistently, but more complex task responses are non-purposeful, random or fragmented.) 
6 = Confused-appropriate (pt shows goal-oriented behavior, but is dependent on external input or direction). 
7 = Automatic-appropriate: Pt appears appropriate and oriented within the hospital and home setting but frequently robot-like. 
8 = Purposeful-appropriate (pt is able to recall and integrate past and recent events and is aware and responsive to environment).
30
Q

What is the typical prevalence of CVA in the general population>

A

3% of adults had stroke at some point in their lives.
150,000 deaths/year.
Men>Women.
Black, Hispanic, American Indian, Alaska natives >

31
Q

What are the risk factors of CVA?

A 
Lifestyle factors
Family history of CVA
Being older
High bp or cholesterol
Diet
Physical inactivity
Alcohol & tobacco use
32
Q

What are the leading casuses of stroke?

A

Ischemic strokes (clots)

33
Q

What type of stroke causes “locked in syndrome?”

A

Brain-stem strokes.

Affects the whole body.

34
Q

What is the typical prevalence of ALS, MS, & Parkinson’s in the general population?

A

ALS: ~16,000 people
MS: 1 million
Parkinson’s: 1 million

35
Q

What are the symptoms of ALS?

A
  • Progressive muscle weakness & eventual paralysis.
  • Clumsiness
  • Fatigue
  • Slurred speech
  • Muscle cramps
  • Pseudobulbar affect
36
Q

What are symptoms of MS?

A
  • Weakness & coordination
  • Fatigue
  • Difficulty walking
  • Spasticity
  • Diplopia
  • Dizziness
  • Pain & itching
  • Cognitive changes
  • Depression
37
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease:

A 
TRAP–Indirect pathway is affected
• Resting tremors
• Cogwheel rigitidy
• Bradykinesia
• Postural changes
38
Q

What is the prevalence of dementia?

A

5 million adults (primarily affects ppl over age of 65)

39
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

Alzhiemer’s

40
Q

What causes Vascular dementia?

A

Issues with blood fow in the brain.

41
Q

What are the symproms of Lewy body dementia?

A
  • Cognitive impairments

* Significant motor impairment = movement & balance issues

42
Q

What are risk factors for dementia?

A

Age, family history, being African American or Hispanic, low education level, poor health, type II diabetes, head injuries.

43
Q

Ischemic vs. Hemorrhagic stroke:

A 
Ischemic: (most common type of stroke)
• Due to Blockage of bloodflow.
• 3 Types:
– Ihrombosis: clot in the Brain.
–Embolic: clot in the Body that Travels to the brain.
– Lacunar/Stenosis

Hemorrhagic:
• Due to Rupturring of weakened Blood Vessel in the brian (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)
or
• Due to Bleeding in the Subarachnoid space (Subarachnoid Hemorrhage).

44
Q

What is the yearly Incidence of strokes in the US?

A

800,000/year.

4th leading cause of death.

45
Q

Symptoms of ALS:

A
  • Weakness of fine motor muscles & asymmetrical foot drop (most common)
  • Night cramps
  • Spasticity
  • Emotion regulation
  • Difficulty speaking & swallowing
  • ALS leads to eventual respiratory failure.
46
Q

What is the Etiology of MS?

A

Unknown.

Hypothesis: Polygenetic, environmental factors, viral infection, smoking.

47
Q

Symptoms of Delirium:

A
  • Disturbances in attention: decreased focus, sustain, or shift attention.
  • Change in cognition (memory, disorientation, or language) OR perceptual disturbance (hallucinations or paranoid thoughts).
  • Rapid onset–out of nowhere. Severity of symptoms fluctuate throughout course.

All symptoms MUST be present to diagnose Delirium.

• Can result from UTI, high fever, unfamiliar environment, medication side effects, head injury.

48
Q

Risk Factors for Delirium:

A
  • Increased severity of physical illness.
  • Prescription meds
  • Recovery from Hip Fractures
  • AIDS
  • Terminal cancer
49
Q

What are the Subtypes of Delirium?

A

1) Hyperactive
2) Hypoactive
3) Mixed

50
Q

What are the stages of dementia? How long do they last? Symptoms associated with each?

A

Mild: 2-3 years. Aphasia, visuospatial abilities, irritability.
Moderate: 2-10 years. Severe impact on function, problem-solving, memory, prosopagnosia.
Severe: 8+ years. Fully dependent. Wernicke’s, dysphagia.

51
Q

What are the types of non-Alzheimer’s Dementia?

A
  • Vascular dementia
  • Frontotemporal dementia (personality & communication)
  • Dementia with Lewy Bodies
  • Reversible Neurocognitive disorder
52
Q

Ligament Tear Grades:

A

1) Stretching & small tears
2) Larger tear
3) Complete rupture

53
Q

Skier’s Thumb:

A

Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) or the thumb MCP joint.

• Often occurs when falling while skiing.

54
Q

After a Tendon Laceration, when can a client begin light-weight functional tasks?

A

5-6 weeks.

Forceful AROM is a no go

55
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis:

A
  • Autoimmune & inflammatory disease.

* Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in the US.

56
Q

What is the most Common type of Arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

57
Q

Primary vs. Secondary OA:

A

Primary: Typical wear & tear of joint cartilage over time.

Secondary: Injury to joint, such as fracture = premature erosion.

58
Q

Signs OA may be present:

A

Join stiffness, pain, & swelling.

59
Q

Common locations for OA:

A
  • Fingers & hands (Happy Gilmore lady)
  • Lower Back (Ben Stiller)
  • Hip
  • Knees
  • Spine
60
Q

Progressive Hip OA… & precautions?

A

May lead to a total hip replacement–total hip arthroplasty (THA)

Precautions:
• No hip flexion/rotation.
• Crossing midline or adduction.

61
Q

Diabetes leads to…

A
  • Kidney Damage
  • Eye Damage
  • Peripheral Nerve Damage
  • Damage to Blood-flow
  • Hearing
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Skin problems
62
Q

Diabetes signs & symtoms:

A 
Increased thirst & pee
Increased hunger
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
•Slow healing sores or frequent infections
• Dark or Decolored skin
• Blurred vision

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