Exam 1

Question 1

Etiology: Definition

Answer 1

The cause/investigation of the cause of a particular condition.

Question 2

Epidemiology

Answer 2

Study of distribution & frequency of disease in a population.

Question 3

Incedence

Answer 3

Number of cases within a year.

Question 4

Prevalence

Answer 4

Total number of given cases at any given time.

Question 5

Etiology: Chronic Disease

Answer 5

The etiology of chronic diseases is often attributed to lifestyle factors (poor diet & lack of exercise, tobacco use).

Question 6

Acquired Disease

Answer 6

Conditions that develop over the lifespan that may be genetic/environmental/a combination of both.

Question 7

Congenital Conditions

Answer 7

Apparent at birth or shortly after birth.

Question 8

Genetic Conditions

Answer 8

Caused by a change in DNA structure–polygenic.

Question 9

Heritable Disease

Answer 9

Genetic conditions called monogenic diseases–caused by a mutation of a single gene.

Question 10

Idiopathic Condition

Answer 10

Cause of condition is unknown

Question 11

Etiology: Mental Health Conditions

Answer 11

Most mental health conditions are a combination of environmental (infection, trauma, toxins) and genetic components (neurotransmitters).

Question 12

Dominant Gene

Answer 12

Only one parent needed to pass the mutation to the child.

Question 13

Recessive Gene

Answer 13

Both parents must carry the mutation for the child to have it.

Question 14

X-linked Gene

Answer 14

Trait/mutation linked to the X-chromosome.
Can be dominant or recessive.
Appears more often in males because they carry just 1 X chromosome.

Question 15

Terratogen

Answer 15

Drug or substance that causes a birth defect.

Question 16

Translocation

Answer 16

When a chromosome divides then recombines incorrectly.

Question 17

Genotype

Answer 17

Genetic composition of an individual.

Question 18

Phenotype

Answer 18

Traits/external appearance.

Question 19

Autosomal Recessive

Answer 19

Only one parent carries trait–Aa, aa, causing gene to skip a generation.

Question 20

Autosomal Dominant

Answer 20

One parent has disease (not merely a carrier)–effect of gene is apparent.

E.g., Huntington’s.

Question 21

Trisomy

Answer 21

3 copies of a chromosome instead of 2.

Question 22

Immune Response

Answer 22

Body’s defense system:

Network of cells, tissues, & organs that work together to defend the body against harmful substances.

Question 23

Why should OTs understand the immune system?

Answer 23

To recognize the abnormal responses associated with disorders of the immune system.

Question 24

Phases of adaptive immune response:

Answer 24

1) Rapid, non-specific cellular response.
2) Acute inflammatory response containing infection–begins within 9-96 hours after onset.
3) Antigen presentation.
4) Humoral immunity.
5) Cell-mediated immunity.

Question 25

3 Phases of Inflammatory Response:

Answer 25

Phase 1) Acute Vascular: Increased blood flow initiating healing.
- OTs: Focus on Pain & Edema reduction.

Phase 2) Repair & Regeneration: Collagen fibers form scar tissue. Healing lasts anywhere from 2 days to 8 weeks.
- OTs: Focus on scar tissue buildup prevention, increasing ROM through stretching.

Phase 3) Remodeling & Maturation: Remodeling & strengthening of tissue; lasts months to years.
- OTs: Focus on ROM, Stretching, & Strengthening.

Question 26

Secondary Healing

Answer 26

Closed reduction healing process–no surgery required.
• E.g., non-displaced fracture.
• Controlled AROM begins at 6 weeks.
• Strengthening at 8-10 weeks.

Question 27

Primary Healing

Answer 27

Surgery, Open Reduction & Internal Fixation (ORIF) required.

• Necessary for displaced, unstable fractures.
• AROM begins 1 week post-surgery.
• Strength training begins 8-10 weeks after.

Question 28

Phases of Tissue Healing

Answer 28

1) Inflammatory Phase:
Hematoma Development. Lasts 1-7 days.

2) Repair Phase:
Soft callous formation. Lasts 6 weeks.

3) Endochrondral Ossification Phase:
Hard callous.

4) Remodeling Phase: Bone tissue replaced & reorganized–good as new.

Question 29

Phases of Wound Healing

Answer 29

Inflammatory Phase: Vasoconstriction limits blood loss. Phagocytosis cleaning site. Lasts 1-3 days.

Proliferative/Fibroplasia Phase:
Fibroplasts develop weak collagen fibers. 4-21 days.

Maturation: Collagen fibers reorganized, developing scare tissue. Lasts 9 days - 24 months.

Question 30

Neuropathy

Answer 30

Pathogenic condition of the Peripheral Nerve

Question 31

Autosomal

Answer 31

• Sex Chromosomes.
• Combination of Chromosomes.
• Diploid series.