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Conditions > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical prevalence of ASD?

A

1/59 births.

4x more likely to impact boys.

The rate has risen significantly in the last decade.

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2
Q

Symptoms associated with ASD:

A
  • Not showing interest in objects, people, and/or environments.
  • Having difficulty relating with others.
  • Challenges understanding others’ feelings.
  • Lack of eye contact.
  • Prefer not to be touched.
  • Unusual reactions to sensations.
  • Repetitive actions of speech.
  • Lose communication abilities as they develop–difficulty expressing needs.
  • Challenges adapting to changes in routine.
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3
Q

Risk factors for ASD?

A
  • Genetic.
  • Chromosomal abnormalities.
  • Exposure to certain meds in utero.
  • Having old parents.
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4
Q

Early signs of ASD:

A
  • No smiling by 6 months.
  • No words by 16 months.
  • No meaningful gestures by 1 year.
  • Poor eye contact.
  • Doesn’t respond to sounds, voices, or names.
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5
Q

ASD: Common meds prescribed.

A
  • Antipsychotics
  • Antidepressants
  • Anti-anxiety
  • Anticonvulsants (if seizing present)
  • Stimulants
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6
Q

Prevalence of CP

A

Most common childhood diagnosis

1.5-4/1000 newborns/year

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7
Q

Spastic CP:

A

Increased muscle tone–awkward movement.

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8
Q

Dyskinetic CP:

A
  • Inability to control movement.
  • Affects sitting & walking.
  • If face is affected, speech & eating may be impacted.
  • Fluctuates for hyper to hypotonia.
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9
Q

Ataxic CP:

A
  • “Shakiness.”
  • Imbalance, poor coordination.
  • Difficulty walking, writing, & reaching.
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10
Q

Mixed CP:

A

Combination of 1 or more types of CP:

• Spastic & Dyskinetic is most common.

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11
Q

Spastic CP Types:

• Hemiplegia/Hemiparesis

A

One entire side of body is affected.

•Arms > Legs

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12
Q

Spastic CP Types:

* Diplegia/Diparesis:

A

Effects are mostly within legs.

• Scissoring walking pattern

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13
Q

Spastic CP Types:

• Quadriplegia/Quadriparesis

A

Most severe type of CP
• All 4 limbs
• Often accompanied by intellectual disabilities, seizures, issues with vision, speech, & hearing.

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14
Q

What is the cause of Down Syndrome (DS)?

A

Having an extra copy of chromosome 21

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15
Q

What is the trend of DS diagnoses of 18-60 year olds? Why?

A

Incerased dramatically over past few decades because significant increases in life expectancy.

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16
Q

Specific Mental Function issues common in DS

A
  • Cognitive decline and memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s.
  • Mood & behavioral changes associated with depression.
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17
Q

Global Mental Function issues common in DS

A

• Sleep disturbances associated with obstructive sleep apnea.

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18
Q

Sensory Function issues common in DS

A

• Diminished hearing associated with conductive and/or sensorineural hearing loss.

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19
Q

Issues with the Functions of Joints & Bones common in DS

A
  • Increased risk of fractures–osteoporosis.
  • Neck joint instability–cervical spine disease.
  • Decreased joint mobility–osteoarthritis.
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20
Q

Muscle function issues common in DS

A

Hypotonia

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21
Q

Cardiovascular System Function issues common in DS

A

• Endurance, and fatigue associated with congenital heart disease.

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22
Q

Digestive, Metabolic, and Endocrine system function issues common in DS

A
  • Increased risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cancer due to excess body fat.
  • Digestive problems–celiac disease.
  • Metabolic disturbances–diabetes mellitus.
  • Endocrine dysfunction–hypothyroidism.
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23
Q

Who would the interdisciplinary team for DS be comprised of?

A

Health Educators, Public Health Officials, Dietitians, & Caregivers (may include training).

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24
Q

Adults with DS are less likely to receive __________, increasing risk of developing ________.

A

Less likely to receive preventative care, increasing risk of developing secondary health conditions.

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25
Q

How can OTs play a role in reducing secondary health risks?

A

Client and policy Advocacy, Preventative Care Services, conduct Screenings at residential, vocational, & day treatment programs, Assistive Tech or Environmental Modifications.

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26
Q

CP Risk Factors

A 
Congenital issues:
• Assisted reproductive treatments
• Oxygen in birth
• Birth weight
• Premature birth
• Multiple births
• Birthing complications
• Infections during pregnancy
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27
Q

Common Meds for CP

A
  • Anticholinergics: uncontrolled movement.
  • Antispastic: relaxing muscles.
  • Antiinflammatories: pain.
  • Anticonvulsants: seizures.
  • Stool softeners: dodoo.
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28
Q

Purpose of the DSM

A
  • Diagnose mental health disorders.
  • Treatment.
  • Influence disability status–social service support.
  • Involved in court–criminal activity related to mental health conditions.
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29
Q

Mental Disorder:

A

• Cognition, emotion, behavior reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological or developmental process.
• Always–distress or disability in social, occupational or other important activities
* Does NOT include deviance that solely conflicts with societal, political, religious, or sexual norms UNLESS a result of dysfunction.

30
Q

Components of the DSM

A
  • Diagnostic criteria & features.
  • Prevalence.
  • Risk & prognostic factors.
  • Development & course.
  • Functional consequences.
  • Comorbidities.
31
Q

Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders?

A

19.1% (females > males)

32
Q

Types of Anxiety

A
  • GAD
  • Panic disorder
  • Phobic disorders
  • OCD
  • PTSD
33
Q

Signs of GAD

A

Displaying excessive anxiety on most days of 6 months.

34
Q

Symptoms of GAD

A 
Symptoms: 
• Feeling restless
• Fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability 
• Muscle tension (unique)
• Sleep disturbances
35
Q

Risk factors for Anxiety

A
  • Shyness or behavioral inhibition.
  • Stressful life or environmental events in early childhood.
  • Family history.
  • Health conditions (thyroid disorder) & use of substances/meds.
36
Q

Common meds for Anxiety

A
  • Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.
  • Antidepressants.
  • Benzodiazepines.
  • Beta Blockers.
  • Oxidase inhibitors.
37
Q

Prevalence of Depression & Bipolar disorder in adults?

A
  • Major depressive disorders affect 7.1% of adults (females>men).
  • 2.8% of adults have bipolar disorder (males=females).
38
Q

Types of Depressive disorder

A
  • Depression: persistent depressive disorder or dysthymia. Depressed mood lasts at least 2 years.
  • Postpartum depression: within a few weeks of having baby.
  • Psychotic depression: so severe that person develops delusions or hallucinations.
  • Seasonal affective disorder: depression during winter months when there is less natural light.
39
Q

Types of Bipolar disorder

A

• Bipolar disorder I: Manic episodes more than 7 days & depressive episodes lasting a few weeks.
• Bipolar disorder II: Depression & hypomanic episodes that don’t turn into major manic episodes.
• Cyclothymic disorder: Hypomanic symptoms with periods of depression lasting more than 2 years.
(There are bipolar disorders that don’t fit into specific categories).

40
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Depression:

A 
Feeling:
• Hopeless (unique)
• Pain without cause (unique)
• Guilty (unique)
• Irritable
• Empty
• Fatigued
• Restless
• Difficulty concentrating
• Changes in appetite
• Thoughts of suicide
41
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

A
  • Periods of Intense Emotion
  • Changes in sleep patterns & activity levels
  • Unusual behaviors
42
Q

Manic Bipolar episodes

A
  • Feeling very high, elated (unique)
  • Lots of energy (unique)
  • Talking quickly (unique
  • More active than usual)
  • Irritable
  • Racing thoughts
  • Risky behavior
43
Q

Meds for Depression & Bipolar disorder

A 
Depression:
• Serotonin & Norepinephrine inhibitors
• Antidepressants
• Dopamine inhibitors (unique)
• Natural remedies

Bipolar disorder:
• Mood stabilizers: Lithium (unique), Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Antianxiety.

44
Q

What are OTs areas of focus with regard to anxiety disorders?

A
  • Education
  • Play & Leisure
  • Social participation
  • ADLs
  • IADLs
  • Sleep & Rest
  • Work
45
Q

When is Anxiety problematic vs beneficial

A
  • Beneficial when: helping cope with challenging situation, such as a test through motivation to study.
  • Problematic: Anxiety is constantly present & appears to be an irrational fear of familiar activities or situations–no longer coping mechanism but disabling condition.
46
Q

When can Anxiety disorders begin?

A

• Can begin in childhood as early as 6, or in adolescence.

47
Q

Effective treatment of Anxiety disorders

A
  • Family-based CBT

* Social skills training

48
Q

Components of emotional health that are affected by anxiety

A
  • Self-esteem
  • Self-image
  • Habits
  • Routines
  • Roles
49
Q

OTs role in addressing Anxiety in Children

A

Settings: Schools, communities, & home.

Intervention areas: routines & habits, activities, symptom management strategies.

50
Q

OTs role in the Home with Anxiety

A
  • Routines
  • Educate about symptoms
  • Coping strategies
  • Encourage Activities
51
Q

Prevalence of PTSD

A
  • 3.6% of adults

* Females > Males

52
Q

PTSD Risk Factors

A
  • Dangerous events
  • Getting hurt
  • Seeing another get hurt
  • Childhood trauma
  • Lack of social support after a traumatic event
  • Excessive stress after traumatic event
  • History of mental illness
  • History of substance abuse
53
Q

PTSD Symptoms

A

All of the following for at least a month:
• 1 Reoccurring symptom (flashbacks, bad dreams, frightening thoughts)
• 1 Avoidance symptom
• 2 arousal/reactivity symptoms (easily startled, tense, sleeping, anger)
• 2 Cognitive & Mood symptoms (memory, negative thoughts, guilt or blame, loss of interest in activities)

54
Q

Meds for PTSD

A

•Prazosin

55
Q

Prevalence of Schizophrenia

A

.25-.64% of the population

• Still one of the top causes of disability worldwide despite the low prevalence.

56
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • Positive Symptoms: Psychotic behaviors (hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, movement disorders)
  • Negative Symptoms: Inappropriate emotional & behavioral symptoms (flat affect, depressive symptoms, attentiveness, decreased talking).
  • Cognitive Symptoms: Executive functioning, attentiveness, memory.
57
Q

Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

A
  • Genetics
  • Viruses
  • Malnutrition before birth
  • Birthing complications
  • Psychosocial factors
  • Alterations in brain chemistry & structure
58
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

Similar to Schizophrenia: Hallucinations, delusions but ALSO symptoms of Mood Disorder (e.g., depression or bipolar)

59
Q

Meds for Schizophrenia

A

• Antipsychotic: Haloperidol

60
Q

Prevalence of Eating Disorders

A
  1. 2% have Bing-eating disorder (females 2x than men)
  2. 3% have Bulimia (females 5x)
  3. 6% anorexia (females 3x)
61
Q

Signs & Symptoms: Anorexia

A
  • Severe food restriction.
  • Appear abnormally thin
  • Lack of nutrition: bones, muscles, hair, nails, skin, bp.
  • Possible brain damage due to lack of nutrition
62
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Bulimia

A
  • Unusual large amount of food consumption followed by means of purging.
  • May be slightly underweight, normal, even overweight.
  • Typically have chronic sore throats, swollen glands, difficulty with teeth, gastrointestinal issues, chronic dehydration.
63
Q

Signs & Symptoms: Binge-Eating Disorder

A
  • Unable to control overeating episodes

* Typically overweight or obese

64
Q

Risk Factors for Eating Disorder

A

• Typically develop in early teen years

Cause:
• Genetic, Biologic, Psychological, Social factors, Family history.

High comorbidity with Anxiety Disorders

65
Q

Prevalence OCD

A

1.2%

Females > Males

66
Q

Risk factors for OCD

A

• Typically diagnosed in late-teens.

Cause: Genetics, brain structure & function, environment

•PANDAS

67
Q

Signs & Symptoms for OCD in adults

A
  • Urges or mental images that cause Anxiety (fear of germs or needing to have things perfect.
  • Symptoms tend to develop overnight, out of the blue.
68
Q

Meds for OCD:

A 
Serotonin inhibitors (higher doses than depression)
Antipsychotic
69
Q

Prevalence for Substance Abuse Disorders

A
  1. 6% over 18
  2. 4% have comorbidities

of the 18.7 million with substance abuse:
•36% were addicted to drugs
• 75% were addicted to alcohol
• 11% to both.

70
Q

Meds for substance abuse

A 
Buprenorphine
Methadone
Naltrexone
Acamprosate
Disulfiram
Naltrexone

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