Filosofie Voor KI Flashcards
Van het vak Filosofie voor KI, cursuscode KI2V18001 aan de Universiteit Utrecht.
Weak AI
Het produceren van gedrag alsof je intelligent bent, zonder dat je het echt begrijpt.
Strong AI in Searle’s article
The approriately programmed computer that really is a mind. It can be said to understand and have other cognitive states.
What is the aim of Schank’s program?
To simulate the human ability to understand stories.
The systems reply in Searle’s article
The person inside the box is part of a system that understands the story.
What is Searle’s response to the systems reply of Berkeley?
Let the person inside the box internalise the system. It still doesn’t understand the story, because only adding some paper doesn’t do the trick.
The robot reply in Searle’s article
Put a computer inside a robot and let it operate the robot. Then that robot understands other mental states.
What does the robot reply in Searle’s article imply?
That cognition is not just formal symbol manipulation, but some set of causal relation to the world.
The brain simulator reply in Searle’s article
A program that doesn’t represent information that we have about the world, but simulates the sequence of neural firings at the synapses of the brain of a native Chines speaker.
Searle’s response to the brain simulator reply of Berkeley and MIT
If we had to know how the brain worked to make this AI program, we wouldn’t bother with AI. Plus the system still doesn’t understand.
The combination reply in Searle’s article
Take the system, the robot and the brain simulator reply and put them together.
Searle’s response to the combination reply by Berkeley and Stanford
We might think it has intentionality because of its behavior. But still no understanding.
The other minds reply in Searle’s article
You only know that other people know Chinese by their behavior.
Searle’s response to the other minds reply by Yale
The problem is what do I attribute to other people when I say they have cognitive states? Can’t be only computational processes and output since that exists without assigning cognitive states to it.
What does Searle ultimately give as requirement for a machine to ‘understand’?
It needs to have the biological structure of the brain. No formal model will ever satisfy the requirements of intentionality.
What does Searle say about when strong AI will make sense?
Strong AI only makes sense given the dualistic assumption that, where the mind is concerned, the brain doesn’t matter.
Praktische filosofie
Wat moet ik doen?
Theoretische filosofie
Wat moet ik geloven?
Filosofie van de geest
Hoe moet ik nadenken over de wil en de rede?
Conceptuele vragen
vragen over hoe concepten met elkaa samenhangen
Intentioneel handelen
Handelen dat ergens op gericht is
Hoe zou je intentionaliteit ook kunnen noemen?
gerichtheid, devoutness
Abduction
When an inference is made not based on purely logical reasoning, but by taking the best explanation of the facts. Also called “Inference to the best explanation”.
Abhidharma
A system of thought/scholastic movement that presents the Buddha’s teachings in technical terms.
Dispositions
The properties of things that can exist even when not manifested.
EXAMPLE: a glass may be fragile even when it is not broken, a person has the ability to raise an arm even when she is not raising an arm.
Abilities are powers. What two requirements must a power meet for it to be an ability?
1) It is a power of an agent.
2) It relates agents to actions.
Every entity falls within two categories. Name these two categories.
1) concrete
2) abstract
causalism
the contemporary causal theory of action
Intentional explanation
Explains an action by providing the reason why the agent acted.
ARC
Action, reasons and causes. An account of the nature of rationalizing explanations of actions, written by Donald Davidson.
What are the two theses in ARC by Donald Davidson?
1) The explanation of an action involves a primary reason, which is a belief and desire pair.
2) This primary reason is the cause of the action.
Individual autonomy
The capacity to be one’s own person, to live according to reasons and motives that are taken as one’s own and not the product of manipulative or distorting external forces.
Corporeal thing
A thing that has physical existence and is capable of being seen and touched.
What does Descartes say about corporeal things?
Their images are formed by tought tested by the senses.
EXAMPLE: wax that changes form when melting, but is still wax. Thus understanding does not come through the senses.
How does Ryle speak of the theory of Descartes?
the Ghost in the Machine
What is Ryle’s main critique on Descartes theory?
Descartes makes a category-mistake.
According to Ryle, the mind is not another complex organised unit like the body, but has a completely different logical structure.
Wat zijn de twee grootste stromingen in het beantwoorden van het lichaam-geest probleem?
1) monisme
2) dualisme
Monisme
Zegt dat lichaam en geest één zijn.
Materialisme
Substroom van het monisme, zegt dat alles lichaam is.
Idealisme
Substroom van het monisme, zegt dat alles geest is.
Dualisme
Zegt dat lichaam en geest anders zijn.
Substantialisme
Substroom van dualisme, zegt dat lichaam en geest een andere substantie zijn.
Met welke stroming werd Descartes geassocieerd?
Het dualisme
Welke methode introduceerde Descartes?
De methode van de twijfel.
Begin met aan alles te twijelen tot er iets overblijft wat zeker is.
Cogito ergo sum
Ik denk dus ik ben
Noem 3 problemen voor het dualisme
1) Hersenschade leidt tot geestelijke schade.
2) De geest lijkt ontstaan te zijn in evolutie.
3) Mentale veroorzaking
actualism/possibilism debate in ethics
The debate about the relationship between an agent’s free actions and her moral obligations.
Adaptationism
View natural selection among individuals within a population as the only important cause of the evolution of a trait.
Aesthetic experience
A perceptual experience focused on the beauty of an object
Altruistic behavior
Behavior that is motivated by a desire to benefit someone other than oneself for that person’s sake.
What are the two claims of the capability approach?
1) The freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance.
2) Well-being should be understoood in terms of people’s capabilities and functionings.
Category mistake
The error of assigning to something a quality or action which can only properly be assigned to things of another category
EXAMPLE: treating abstract concepts as though they had a physical location
What is the conclusion of the Chinese room experiment?
A digital computer may make it appear to understand language but cannot produce real understanding. The Turing Test is inadequate.
epiphenomenalism
The view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects on any physical events.
Externalism
The view that what is going on in an individual’s mind is not determined by what is going on inside her body, including her brain.
Functionalism
The doctrine that what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but on the way it functions/the system of which it is part.
Madman pijn (Lewis)
Een man voelt pijn die niet de typische causale rol van pijn vervult.
Martian pijn (Lewis)
Een man voelt pijn, maar fysiek is die pijn heel anders dan die van ons.
Wat zijn 2 realisaties van pijn volgens Lewis?
1) Fysieke realisatie
2) Causale rol
Identity theory over pijn (Lewis)
Verklaart mad pijn, maar geen martian pijn. Zegt dat de staat en de processen van de geest identiek zijn aan de staat en de processen van het brein.
Behaviorism over pijn (Lewis)
Verklaart martian pijn, maar niet mad pain. Zegt dat gedrag een reflex is die veroorzaakt wordt door het koppelen van bepaalde stimuli van de omgeving in combi met geschiedenis van individu + de huidige staat van individu.
Functionalisme (Lewis)
Mentale staten worden geïdentificeerd met wat ze doen in plaats van waar ze door gemaakt worden, dus met hun causale rol tot andere mentale staten en input.
Wat is het standpunt van Lewis en D.M. Armstrong op pijn?
Het concept van pijn is een staat die een bepaalde causale rol inneemt, eentje met typische oorzaken en effecten. Een individu heeft pijn als haar huidige staat de causale rol van pijn heeft voor die populatie.
Welk onderscheid maakt Dennett in hoe filosofen naar geloof/overtuiging kijken?
Ze bestaan wel of niet, maar er is geen tussenpositie. Realisme aan de ene kant, eliminitief materialisme aan de andere kant.
isomorphism hypothesis
the idea that a given kind of change in consciousness will always reflect/ be the result of a given kind of change in the brain.
Wie was de (soortvan) grondlegger van de psychologie?
William James
Wie was de (soortvan) grondlegger van het behaviorisme?
John Watson
Wat voor impact had john Watson op de psychologie als wetenschap?
Hij wilde het een wtenschap zoals andere maken, met empirisch onderzoek. Tegen introspectie en psychoanalyse, voor stricte wetenschap: analyseren en beïnvloeden van gedrag.
Dispositie
Neiging om iets te doen
Mind brain identity theorie
Mentale toestanden zijn hersenprocessen. Soort monisme.
Eliminatief materialisme
Geen reductie. Ontkent dat bijv. pijn te vertalen is naar neurowetenschap. Wegdoen van de geest.
Ontological
About the nature of being
Folk psychology (Dennett)
Interpretation of each other as believers, intenders and the like. Used to predict what people will do next
Noem de 5 filosofen uit Dennett’s artikel op volgorde van realisme tot eliminatief materialisme.
1) Fodor
2) Davidson
3) Dennett
4) Rorty
5) Churchland
Wat zegt Davidson over hoe we over lichaam en geest kunnen praten?
Dat kan met mentale taal of fysieke taal.
Argument
System of statements consisting of premises and a conclusion. The premises are what’s argued from and the conclusion what’s argued for.
Deductively valid
If it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.
Ìnductively valid
if the premises are true, then it is likely that the conclusion is treu.
Sound (argument)
If it is deductively valid AND all its premises are true.
Circular (argument)
If the argument assumes what it is trying to prove.
Infinite regress
If a formulated condition is in itself something that requires a condition to obtain, which again requires a condition to obtain, which…
Occasionalism
Core claim: God is the one and only true cause. Theory about nature of causation and relation between natural and divine causality.
Omniscience
The property of having complete or maximal knowledge.
Ontological arguments
Arguments that reason for the conclusion that God exists, from reason alone.
Ontological commitments (of a theory)
The entities or kinds of entity that must exist in order for the theory to be true.
Operationalism
Theory of meaning that says we cannot know the meaning of a concept unless we have a method of measurement for it.
panentheism
Considers God and the world to be inter-related with the world being in God and God being in the world.
Panpsychism
The view that mentality is fundamental and ubiquitous in the natural world. Kind of a middle way between physicalism and dualism.
Pantheism
The view that God is identical with the cosmos, so nothing exists outside of God.
Paternalism
The interference of a state or an individual with another person against that person’s will, motivated by the claim that that person will be better off/protected from harm.
Patriotism
A special love for one’s own country, sens of personal identificaiton with that country and willingness to sacrifice for that country’s good.
Phenomenology
The study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. Central structure of experience is intentionality.
Physicalism
The thesis that everything is purely physical. Sometimes also known as materialism.
Practical reason
The general human capacity for resolving, through reflection, the question of what one is to do.
Pragmatism
Understands knowing the world as inseparable from agency within it. Claim is true only when it is useful.
Principle of sufficient reason
Any fact requires an explanation.
Progress (as a theory/principle)
States that the human condition has improved over the course of history and will continue to improve.
Eliminative materialism
the radical claim that our ordinary, common-sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist and have no role to play in a mature science of the mind.
Question of mental causation
How could mental properties be causally relevant to bodily behavior?
Mind/brain identity theory
A theory of mind that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain.
Qualia
The introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives.
What are the two kinds of experience?
1) sense experience
2) reflective experience
Sense experience
Involving our five world-oriented senses.