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Year 3 of UU > Experimental Psycholinguistics > Flashcards

Experimental Psycholinguistics Flashcards

1
Q

Linguistics

A

The scientific study of language and its structure.

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2
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

The psychology of language. The study of the relationships between linguistic behaviour and psychological processes.

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3
Q

Neuropsychology

A

The study of the relationship between behaviour, emotion and cognition on the one hand, and brain function on the other hand.

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4
Q

Syntax

A

The rules of word order of a language.

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5
Q

Lexicon

A

The mental dictionary.

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6
Q

Inflection

A

A grammatical change to a verb or noun, changing tense or number.

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7
Q

Broca’s area

A

A region of the brain concerned with the production of speech, located in the frontal lobe.

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8
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

A region of the brain concerned with comprehension of speech, located in the temporal lobe.

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9
Q

Model

A

An account that explains the data we’ve collected, but which goes beyond it.

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10
Q

Falsification

A

Proving a theory wrong by observing a counterexample.

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11
Q

Nativism

A

The idea that knowledge is innate.

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12
Q

Empiricism

A

The idea that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses.

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13
Q

Modularity

A

The idea that the mind is built up from discrete modules, sometimes said to be corresponding with identifiable neural structures in the brain.

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14
Q

Interactivity

A

The idea that different modules involved in language can communicatie with and influence each other.

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15
Q

Domain specificity

A

The idea that different aspects of cognition are built upon specialized learning devices.

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16
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of language in use and the contexts in which it is used.

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17
Q

Segmentation

A

Splitting speech up into constituent phonemes.

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18
Q

Specific Language Impairment (SLI)

A

A developmental disorder affecting just language.

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19
Q

Poverty of the Stimulus

A

The argument that children are not exposed to rich enough data within their linguistic environment to acquire every feature of their language.

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20
Q

Linguistic Universals

A

A pattern or feature that occurs across all natural languages.

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21
Q

Parameter

A

A component of Chomsky’s theory that governs aspects of language and is set in childhood by exposure to a particular language.

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22
Q

Universal Grammar

A

The core of grammar that is universal for all languages, and which specifies and restricts the form that individual languages can take.

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23
Q

Critical period

A

The period after which language acquisition is much more difficult and less succesful.

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24
Q

Aphasia

A

A disorder of language, including a defect or loss of expressive or receptive aspects of written or spoken language as a result of brain damage.

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25
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded grey matter and playing an important role in consciousness.

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26
Q

Lateralization

A

The tendency of neural functions to be specialized to one side of the brain.

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27
Q

Hemisphere

A

Half of the brain.

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28
Q

Lobes

A

Divisions of the cortex based on the locations of the gyri and sulci. The brain has six lobes.

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29
Q

Name the 6 lobes of the brain:

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insular and limbic.

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30
Q

Neuroimaging

A

The process of producing images of the structure or activity of the brain by different techniques.

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31
Q

Dichotic listening

A

A psychological test in which multiple auditory messages are presented at the same time.

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32
Q

Right ear advantage

A

The observation that when two different speech stimuli are presented simultaneously to both ears, listeners report stimuli from the right ear more correctly.

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33
Q

Paraphasia

A

Spoken word substitution, words are mixed up.

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34
Q

Speech errors

A

A deviation from the apparently intended form of the utterance.

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35
Q

Substitution error

A

The automatic replacement of one item in a sentence, word or phoneme when forgotten or unknown.

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36
Q

Speech planning

A

The process that speakers do not plan a whole utterance, but continue planning while they are articulating.

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37
Q

Intrusion error

A

A speech error that occurs because of thinking something whilst speaking.

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38
Q

Freudian slip

A

A speech error that occurs when the surpressed subconscious surfaces.

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39
Q

Lexicalization

A

The process of going from meaning to sound in speech production.

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40
Q

Picture word interference

A

A paradigm where participants have to name pictures while hearing words. The time of the auditory signal compared to the appearance of the picture varies.

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41
Q

Cascade processing

A

A model in which processes further down the line are already activated whilst the first are still completing.

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42
Q

Feedback

A

A model in which the later levels of processing can feed back and affect earlier levels.

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43
Q

Lexical bias

A

The tendency of speech errors to result in existing words at a higher rate than would be predicted by chance.

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44
Q

Similarity bias

A

The finding that speech errors are more likely to occur the more similar the target and intrusion sound are.

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45
Q

Semantic priming

A

The idea that words are easier to process when the preceding words are related in meaning.

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46
Q

Syntactic priming

A

The finding that the syntactic structures of speakers can be influenced by exposing them to sentences with a particular structure.

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47
Q

Mediated priming

A

When a target word is activated that relates indirectly to the given word, through an intermediate word.

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48
Q

Tip of the tongue

A

When you know that you know a word, but you can not immediately retrieve it.

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49
Q

Incremental processing

A

A model of processing where information is directly integrated with earlier information as soon as possible.

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50
Q

Parsing

A

Analysing the grammatical structure of a sentence.

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51
Q

Global grammatical ambiguity

A

A sentence that has at least two interpretations.

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52
Q

Local grammatical ambiguity

A

A sentence that has a phrase that is ambiguous, but the whole sentence is not ambiguous.

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53
Q

Garden path sentence

A

A grammatical correct sentence that starts in a way that the perceptor’s first interpretation will be incorrect.

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54
Q

Reanalysis

A

A change in a word or phrase resulting from replacing an unfamiliar form by a more familiar form.
[when something is heard wrong]

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55
Q

Minimal attachment

A

The strategy where the syntactic structure with the least nodes is built, the simplest.

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56
Q

Late closure

A

The principle that new words tend to be associated with the phrase currently being processed instead of structures further back in the sentence.

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57
Q

ERP

A

Event Related Potential

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58
Q

Event Related Potential

A

Electrical activity in the brain after a particular event. Measured by EEG.

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59
Q

Constraint based model

A

Theory that all possible interpretations of a sentence are activated and the most probable is then selected.

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60
Q

phoneme

A

A sound of the language: changing a phoneme changes the meaning of a word.

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61
Q

allophone

A

A realization of a phoneme: does not contribute to differences in meaning.

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62
Q

speech gesture

A

Non-verbal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages.

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63
Q

vowel

A

A speech sound with very little construction in the airstream.

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64
Q

consonant

A

A sound produced with some obstruction of the airstream.

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65
Q

source

A

The thematic role where the theme is moving from.

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66
Q

filter

A

The learner’s attitudes that affect the relative success of second language acquisition.

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67
Q

voicing

A

consonants produced with vibration of the vocal cords.

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68
Q

pitch

A

The relative low/highness of voice. Determined by the frequency of the vibration of the vocal cords.

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69
Q

fundamental frequency

A

The lowest frequency that is produced by the oscillation of the whole of an object

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70
Q

harmonic

A

A component frequency of an oscillation.

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71
Q

prosody

A

The melody of speech, to do with duration, pitch and loudness.

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72
Q

spectrum (of sound)

A

The amount of vibration at each individual frequency

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73
Q

Formant

A

Each band of frequency that determine the phonetic quality of a vowel.

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74
Q

bottom-up processing

A

Purely data-driven.

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75
Q

top-down processing

A

Processing that involves knowledge coming from higher levels.

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76
Q

Lexical access

A

Accessing a word’s entry in the lexicon.

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77
Q

Lexical decision task

A

Press a key when you identify a word in the string of letters passing on the screen, and another key if it is a non-word.

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78
Q

Lexical decision

A

Deciding whether a word is familiar or not without accessing the meaning.

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79
Q

Naming task

A

Name the word that you see on the screen. The time it takes to start speaking, is measured.

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80
Q

cross-modal priming

A

Participants have to listen and watch.

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81
Q

Uniqueness point

A

A point, measured from the beginning of the word, from which the word is phonetically different from all other words in the lexicon.

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82
Q

cohort

A

All the lexical items that share an initial sequence of phonemes (thus activated by that sequence)

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83
Q

Gating

A

A task where the sound of a word is progressively more revealed.

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84
Q

Pseudo-words

A

A string of letters that forms a pronounceable non-word.

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85
Q

Non-word

A

A string of letters that does not form a word.

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86
Q

Dyslexia

A

Disorder of reading.

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87
Q

Homophone

A

Two words that sound the same.

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88
Q

Lexical neighbors

A

Words that can be formed with the target word through deletion, addition or substitution of a single phoneme.

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89
Q

Eye-mind assumption

A

Says that the eye keeps fixating on a word until it is completely processed.

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90
Q

statistical model

A

A mathematical model which is modified/trained by the input of data points.

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91
Q

Mathematical model

A

Specifies a relation among variables in either input to output or (x,y) relation.

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92
Q

Probabilistic model

A

Specifies a probability distribution over possible values of random variables.

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93
Q

Trained model

A

Takes a collection of possible models as input and a collection of data points and selects the best model.

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94
Q

on-line technique

A

Measure variables that tap into language processing as it happens.

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95
Q

off-line technique

A

Measure variables related to the subsequent outcomes of processing.

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96
Q

incrementality

A

The phenomenon that each word in the sentence is interpreted immediately when it is encountered.

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97
Q

encapsulation

A

The extent to which different knowledge sources are formally separated. Critical property of modularity.

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98
Q

predicate proximity

A

A preference to attach as close to the head of a predicate phrase as possible.

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99
Q

Click location task

A

Participants listen to an utterance and have to point at the place of a click that occurs somewhere in the utterance.

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100
Q

Dichotic switch monitoring

A

Participants have to indicate when the speech moves from one earphone to another.

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101
Q

What does fMRI measure?

A

Blood flow in the brain.

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102
Q

What do PET-scans measure?

A

Emissions from a radioactive substance that is injected in the bloodstream.

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103
Q

What is a CAT-scan?

A

An X-ray taken from different angels.

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104
Q

What methods measure electrical activity?

A

MEG and EEG.

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105
Q

SAT

A

Speed-Accuracy Trade-off

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106
Q

Speed accuracy trade-off task

A

Participants have to response to a linguistic stimulus as soon as they hear a tone after the stimulus. Longer interval between stimulus and tone -> less errors.

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107
Q

Priming techniques

A

Research the effect of processing a prime item on the processing of a target item.

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108
Q

Cross-modal priming

A

Priming where the prime item is (for example) spoken and the target item is (for example) written.

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109
Q

Gating technique

A

Establishes when listeners interpret words in relation to information in the speech stream, and whether the uniqueness point predicts recognition time.

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110
Q

What does eyetracking tend to show?

A

That comprehension is incremental and immediate.

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111
Q

RSVP

A

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation

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112
Q

Rapid serial visual presentation

A

Presents sequences of words at a fixed fast rate. Participants have to do a second task while reading the words.

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113
Q

Saccades (in RSVP)

A

Fast eye movements from one letter or word to another.

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114
Q

Regressions (in RSVP)

A

Saccades moving right to left instead of left to right.

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115
Q

Moving window technique

A

When the window of text moves depending on where the reader is fixating.

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116
Q

What does the moving window technique show?

A

That readers only take in information from a small region of text and try to integrate everything they read with the information processed.

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117
Q

Implicit priming task

A

Participants have to learn pairs of two words. In one condition, all 2nd words start with the same syllable and this speeds up articulation.

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118
Q

Referential communication task

A

A task to study dialogue.
P1 describes visual patterns and P2 has to identify the right pattern from a set.

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119
Q

EEG

A

Electro-encephalography

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120
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

Electrical activity at the scalp.

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121
Q

MEG

A

Magneto-encephalography

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122
Q

What does an MEG measure?

A

Changes in magnetic fields associated with electrical activity in the brain.

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123
Q

+ and - of fMRI

A

Precise about the location, but not about the time course.

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124
Q

+ and - of ERP (EEG)

A

Precise about the time course, but difficult to find the source of the activity.

125
Q

+ and - of MEG

A

Good localization and temporal resolution, but only sensitive in certain neural parts.

126
Q

N400

A

A peak in the negative change around +- 400ms after stimulus. Associated with integration of words into the sentential context.

127
Q

P600

A

The positive change around +- 600 ms after stimulus, associated with syntactic integration processes.

128
Q

Why is ERP mainly used for immediate processes?

A

It gets noisy after sometime.

129
Q

What fields are the five questions of psycholinguistics in?

A

Development, structure, production, comprehension and attrition.

130
Q

What are the two main approaches in cognitive sciences?

A

Generativism and connectionism.

131
Q

Serial account

A

Says that people initially adopt one analysis and reanalyze when inconsistency is realized.

132
Q

Ranked parallel account

A

Says that people adopt more than one analysis, but rank one higher than others. Difficulty occurs when they have to rerank.

133
Q

Garden-Path theory

A

Assumes serial processing.

134
Q

Active-filler strategy

A

Minimal chain principle, deals with unbounded dependencies and assumes that analysis with gap filling is preffered over analysis without.

135
Q

Interactive accounts

A

Assume all potentially relevant sources of info can be used immediately and affect earlier processing decisions. = constraint-based

136
Q

Construal theory

A

Claims that structural parsing principles operate for primary syntactic relations (with arguments) and that the processor uses non-syntactic information for non-primary relations.

137
Q

Referential theory

A

The principle of parsimony.

138
Q

The principal of parsimoiny

A

The processor accepts the analysis that requires the fewest unsupported presuppositions.

139
Q

Revision-as-last-resort principle

A

Says that reanalysis only happens when no other option is possible. This is incorrect for correct grammatical sentences.

140
Q

DNN

A

Deep Neural Networks

141
Q

Artificial neural networks

A

Mathematical objects that compute functions from one sequence of real numbers to another sequence, using different layers of neurons.

142
Q

Word embeddings

A

Distributed representations of words in vectors.

143
Q

RNN

A

recurrent neural networks

144
Q

Recurrent neural network

A

Processes the sentence from left to right, maintaining a single vector h.t (the first t words of a sentence).

145
Q

Gated RNNs

A

Possess a mechanism that allows them to better control the extent to which information in their hidden state is updated after each word.

146
Q

LSTM

A

Long short-term memory networks

147
Q

Attention (in DNN)

A

Relaxes the hidden-state bottleneck and allows the network to take into account all the previous hidden states when computing the next state.

148
Q

Transformer

A

A processing architecture that relies on attention only to carry information across time. Can be trained effectively on very large corpora.

149
Q

In what three common settings are DNNs used?

A

1) Classifier
2) Language model
3) Sequence-to-sequence setting

150
Q

How is a DNN used as a classifier?

A

The network outputs a discrete label for a sequence. A supervised setup trained on a corpus of sentences.

151
Q

How is a DNN used as a language model?

A

The network receives the first n words of a sequence and assigns a probability to each word that could come up next. Unsupervised, only a text corpus needed.

152
Q

How is DNN used in the sequence-to-sequence setting?

A

The network generates an output sequence for each input sequence, configured by chaining two RNNs. Requires pairs of input and output sequences, but no further annotation.

153
Q

Number prediction task (DNN)

A

The DNN is exposed to a sentence prefix in which the word following the prefix is expected to be a verb and is asked to predict whether the verb that comes next should be singular or plural.

154
Q

Attractor

A

Nouns that intervene between the head of the subject and the verb.

Example: ‘the length of books’. Books = attractor.

155
Q

Large Language Models (LLMs)

A

Large computational models that try to guess words in their context, using probabilities. They are non-modular.

156
Q

Neural substrate

A

The part of the central nervous system that underlies a specific behavior, cognitive process or psychological state.

157
Q

ICE

A

Intercranal electrophysiology

158
Q

LFP

A

local field potentials

159
Q

What has been the method to test the claim of lexical selection by competition?

A

The picture-word interference paradigm.

160
Q

REH

A

Response exclusion hypothesis

161
Q

Response Exclusion Hypothesis (REH)

A

States that lexical selection does not depend on the number and activation of potential competitors
And that spreading of activation only has a facilitative effect.

162
Q

What does it mean when a model is called discrete?

A

They make the claim that the stages of word retrieval or lexical access are operating in strict temporal succession: first lexical-semantic and then phonological word forming.

163
Q

AoA

A

Age of Acquisition

164
Q

The age-of-acquisition effect

A

Words and pictures with earlier learned labels are processed faster than words and pictures with later learned labels.

165
Q

Word frequency effect

A

When a word that occurs highly frequently in a language is processed faster or more accurately than those that are less frequent.

166
Q

Which one is stronger: the AoA effect or frequency effect?

A

AoA

167
Q

Why do some researchers dismiss the effect of AoA in lexical processing?

A

They say it is just another measure of word frequency.

168
Q

What two types of multiple regression have been used in studying AoA?

A

Simultaneous multiple regression and stepwise multiple regression.

169
Q

Simultaneous multiple regression

A

Multiple predictors are entered into the regression equation at the same time.
Each predictor’s unstandardized regression coefficient represents the change in dependent variable when the predictor is changed by 1.

170
Q

Multicollinearity

A

When multple independent variables in a model are correlated.

171
Q

Stepwise multiple regression

A

Variables are entered into the regression equation in a specific order

172
Q

Factor analysis

A

Intercorrelations between variables are examined as a measure of association.

173
Q

Name 5 theories that have been proposed to account for AoA effects.

A

1) the bilateral representation hypothesis
2) the phonological completeness hypothesis
3) the cumulative frequency hypothesis
4) the semantic locus hypothesis
5) the lexical-semantic competition hypothesis.

174
Q

The bilateral representation hypothesis

A

Says that AoA effects exist because early acquired words are represented in both hemispheres and later acquired words only in the left hemisphere.
Not supported.

175
Q

The phonological completeness hypothesis

A

Earlier learned words are easier to pronounce than later acquired words. The later ones have to be generated every time whilst the early words are stored as an entity.

176
Q

The cumulative frequency hypothesis

A

Early words have been encountered more times than later words. Predicts whether the number of encounters predicts processing time.

177
Q

The semantic locus hypothesis

A

Early acquired words have more connections in the semantic systems than later acquired words. Search for lexical items might be biased towards more/better connections.

178
Q

The network plasticity hypothesis

A

AoA effects should be larger when the mapping from input to output is arbitrary (mapping hypothesis)

179
Q

The lexical-semantic competition hypothesis

A

Size of frequency effect & AoA effect are equivalent and correlated. Says they stem from the same learning process.

180
Q

Immediate naming

A

A word is presented on a computer screen and the participant has to name the word aloud as quickly and accurately as possible.

181
Q

Speeded naming

A

Like immediate naming, but with a deadline.

182
Q

Delayed naming

A

Immediate naming but with a delay.

183
Q

What is found to be the best predictor for naming latency for noun?

A

word length

184
Q

Have AoA effects been found in delayed naming?

A

no

185
Q

LDT

A

lexical decision time

186
Q

visual lexical decision task

A

Letter strings are presented on a computer screen and participants need to decide whether they make up a word or not.

187
Q

Self-monitoring

A

The processes that speakers use to monitor their own speech and intervene when necessary.

188
Q

Theory of mind

A

The idea/conscience that other people’s ideas and stuff are different than your own.

189
Q

Why do only humans have language? (g vs c)

A

G: language module
C: bigger/better brain

190
Q

How do we learn a language? (g vs c)

A

G: innate rules
C; statistical learning

191
Q

How do we produce words? (g vs c)

A

G: stepwise (concept, meaning, form)
C: parallel (all levels activated together)

192
Q

How do we parse sentences? (g vs c)

A

G: Incrementally (word by word)
C; Competing structures

193
Q

What is lost in aphasia? (g vs c)

A

G; Specific knowledge
C: general ability

194
Q

Self-paced reading

A

Participants read a sentence one word at a time, at their own pace. The reading times per word are recorded.

195
Q

What words are seldom fixated on during reading?

A

Function words & short words (2-3 letters)

196
Q

Foveal

A

A region in the visual field, representing the center 2 degrees.

197
Q

Parafoveal

A

A region in the visual field, representing the 5 degrees next to the foveal area.

198
Q

Peripheral

A

The outer region of the visual field.

199
Q

Visual world paradigm

A

Participants look at a visual scene constructed by the experimenter while they listen to audio. Eye movements are tracked.

200
Q

Surprisal theory

A

Says that reading time (RT) is proportional to the surprisal of the word in the context (the P that the upcoming word is not predicted in the context).

201
Q

Agreement attraction (error)

A

when a verb gets a wrong agreement form because of an attractor

202
Q

Referential theory of meaning

A

The meaning of a word is the object in the world to which it refers. (critique: ‘empty references’ are still meaningful)

203
Q

Image theory of meaning

A

Meanings are ‘mental pictures’ associated with the word. (critique: more detail in pictures, abstract words_

204
Q

Definitional theory of meaning

A

Meaning of a word is its definition

205
Q

Family resemblence (theory of meaning)

A

A word is defined by its relations to other members of a set.

206
Q

Prototype theory of meaning

A

The set is defined by its memvers and prototypical elements. (critique: not every set has a prototype)

207
Q

Globules

A

Theory of ML where a word is a bundle of features. Related words have atoms/fields in common.
cancelled.

208
Q

Wordwebs

A

Theory of ML where a word is defined by the words that are connected to it.

209
Q

Free association

A

A concept where the participant has to name everything that comes to mind, without censorship.

210
Q

coordination relation (words)

A

Words that cluster together as a group (ex. colors)

211
Q

Collocation relation (words)

A

Words that can be found together

212
Q

Super-ordination relation (words)

A

Words that define the group of the stimulus word. Ex. red-color.

213
Q

Graph

A

Underlies every semantic network, consists of a set of nodes/vertices and a set of edges/arcs.

214
Q

Arcs

A

Joins a pair of nodes, directed.

215
Q

Edge

A

An undirected link between two nodes.

216
Q

Undirected graph

A

A graph consisting of only edges.

217
Q

directed graph

A

A graph containing only arcs.

218
Q

neighborhood (in semantic networks)

A

Á subset of nodes consisting of some node and all of its neighbords.

219
Q

in-degree (of a node)

A

the number of arcs going in that node.

220
Q

k.i (in directed networks)

A

The degree of node i.

221
Q

Path (in undirected graph)

A

A sequence of edges that connect one node to another.

222
Q

Path (in directed graph)

A

A set of arcs that can be followed along the direction of the arcs from one node to another.

223
Q

Path length (semantic networks)

A

The number of edges or nodes along that path.

224
Q

Strongly connected graph

A

A directed graph where a path exists along the arcs between any pair of nodes.

225
Q

L (semantic networks)

A

The average distance

226
Q

D (semantic networks)

A

Diameter

227
Q

C (semantic networks)

A

clustering coefficient: the probability that two neighbors of a random node are themselves neighbors.

228
Q

P(k) in semantic networks

A

degree distribution

229
Q

formula for C

A

C.i = T.i / (k.i / 2).
Met T.i = the number of connections between the neighbors of node i.

230
Q

Small-world structure

A

A combination of short average path lengths L and relatively high cluster coefficients C.

231
Q

bipartite graph

A

A graph with two different kinds of nodes: word and semantic category, with connections allowed only between nodes of different kinds.

232
Q

preferential attachment (network models)

A

A kind of network growth process in which nodes are added to the network successively by connecting them to a small sample of existing nodes selected with probabilities proportional to their degrees.

233
Q

On the basis of what three principles are new nodes added probabilistically to existing nodes?

A

1) Differentiation
2) P(differentiating a particular node) is proportional to its current complexity (how many connections it has)
3) Utility variation

234
Q

Differentiation (principle of semantic network growth)

A

The idea that the meaning of a new word or node typically consists of some kind of variation on the existing word

235
Q

Utility (semantic network growth)

A

Modifies the probabilitiy that a node will be the target of new connections.

236
Q

LSA

A

A machine learning model that makes a high-dimensional semantic space based on how words are used in passages. Static and distributed representation.

237
Q

Localist representation

A

Each concept is associated with a single distinct node in the semantic network.

238
Q

Lemma

A

Semantic and syntactic info

239
Q

Lexeme

A

phonological form

240
Q

SOA

A

Stimulus onset asynchrony

241
Q

stimulus onset asynchrony

A

The time between the onset of the picture and the auditory-presented word.

242
Q

SA

A

speech sensorimotor adaptation

243
Q

Speech sensorimotor adaptation

A

An alteration of the performance of a motor task that results from the modification of sensory feedback.

244
Q

Compensation

A

A response to a feedback perturbation that is in the direction opposite to the perturbation.

245
Q

Adaptation (Villacorta)

A

Compensatory responses that persist when feedback is blocked or when the perturbation is removed.

246
Q

proprioceptive feedback

A

feedback pertaining to limb orientation and position and visual feedback.

247
Q

RSA model

A

Rational Speech Act model

248
Q

Conversational maxims

A

A set of principles described by Grice as a theory about how people think about speaker’s intended meaning and so arrive at pragmatic implications.

249
Q

Implicature

A

An inference about the meaning of an utterance in context that goes beyond its literal semantics.

250
Q

Rational speech act model

A

A class of probabilistic model that assumes that language comprehension in context arises via a process of recursive reasoning about what speakers would have said, given a set of communicative goals.

251
Q

Scalar implicature

A

arises when a speaker did not use a stronger alternative term, leading to narrowing of the interpretation.

252
Q

Social recursion

A

Reasoning that involves two people thinking about each other

253
Q

uncertain RSA models

A

Extension of RSA models that allows for joint inferences about both the speaker’s intended meaning and other aspects of the interaction.

254
Q

Speech-shadowing task

A

Subjects wear headphones with a stream of speech. They need to repeat as they hear it.

255
Q

<k> in neural networks
</k>

A

the average degree

256
Q

[gamma] in network models

A

The power-law exponent for the degree distribution.

257
Q

random graph (network models)

A

A network where each pair of nodes is joined by an edge with probability p

258
Q

Scale-free network

A

A network with a degree-distribution that is power-law distributed.

259
Q

What structure do almost all natural networks have?

A

Scale-free / small-world

260
Q

What kind of network is the mental lexicon?

A

scale-free

261
Q

Articulation stage in Levelt’s model

A

From phonetic plan to overt speech

262
Q

Motor planning (stage)

A

The connection between speech sounds and required articulatory movements, on the level of individual articulators.

263
Q

Motor programming (stage)

A

Specifies timing and amount of muscle movements necessary for production

264
Q

Motor execution (stage)

A

Sends the neural signals to peripheral systems & transforms into coordinated muscle activity.

265
Q

Internal self-monitoring

A

Used during motor planning to avoid wrong planned speech movements being executed.

266
Q

External self-monitoring

A

Comprises fast somatosensory feedback & slow auditory feedback, is used for adaptation of articulation and error correction.

267
Q

How does auditory feedback play an important role in the production of speech sounds?

A

It is a teaching signal for the acquisition and adaptation of speech motor programs.
And it is a guiding signal for the online control and correction of speech movements.

268
Q

Feedback control system

A

1) Auditory & somatosensory feedback is compared to the goal.
2) Error = difference between feedback & goal.
3) Error is used to generate motor command to change state of feedforward control system.

269
Q

Feedforward control system

A

Motor commands are instantiated as preplanned trajectories and executed by the articulatory system in a time-locked manner.

270
Q

DIVA

A

Directions into velocities of articulators

271
Q

What do neurocomputational models for speech contain?

A

Feedback controllers and and feedforward controller.

272
Q

SimpleDIVA

A

A 3-free-parameter computational model that estimates contributions of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms.

273
Q

What 3 subsystems does SimpleDIVA model?

A

1) Auditory feedback control (alpha.A)
2) Somatosensory feedback control (alpha.s)
3) Feedforward control/learning rate (lambda.FF)

274
Q

Articulation disorder

A

Inability to produce certain phones, typically s- and r-sounds.

275
Q

Phonological delay

A

Speech disorder where error patterns are developmental but delayed.

276
Q

Childhood apraxia of speech

A

Multi-deficit motor speech disorder.

277
Q

Verbal communication loss can be caused by…

A

Injuries and neurodegenerative diseases that affect gross and fine motor production, speech articulation and language understanding.

278
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral scelerosis

279
Q

LIS

A

locked-in syndrome

280
Q

Locked-in syndrome (LIS)

A

Caused by neurodegenerative conditions.
Complete loss of motor control, preventing communication.

281
Q

BCI

A

Brain-computer interfaces

282
Q

Brain-computer interfaces

A

An assistive technology that provides a new communication channel for people with LIS

283
Q

How do BCI technologies work?

A

They create a (bi)directional communication interface which reads the signals generated by the human brain and converts them into the desired cognitive task. It also feeds digital signals back into the brain.

284
Q

What are the 4 steps to use a BCI?

A

1) Signal production
2) Pre-processing
3) Feature extraction
4) Classification

285
Q

Signal production in BCI use

A

What are the properties of the signals to be recorded? How should they be captured?

286
Q

Pre-processing step in BCI use

A

Record, unmask and enhance the information within the signal.

287
Q

Feature extraction step in BCI use

A

Extraction of the main characteristics of the signal

288
Q

Classification step in BCI use

A

Signals are classified depending on their features.

289
Q

Communication principle:

A

Use an expression that is true and more informative than other true alternatives.

290
Q

Rational speech act theory

A

Communication is a rational update on beliefs. Listener & speaker update probabilities rationally.

291
Q

Why do children fail at pragmatic reasoning?

A

They lack the theory of mind. BUT: can reason pragmatically tho not aware of the right alternatives.

292
Q

competence

A

Knowledge of language

293
Q

Neurophysiological methods

A

Used to identify a state of consciousness and unconsciousness. Techniques measuring activity in the brain.

294
Q

Ecological validity

A

The ability to generalize study findings to the real world. Subcategory of external validity

295
Q

Controllability

A

The ability to say that the effect observed is because of the causes you manipulated and not some other effect.

296
Q

Family resemblance

A

A way to define semantic category membership. Words that are related, are close together in the network.

297
Q

Semantic primitives

A

Features that desribe how to decompose languages.

298
Q

Meaning atoms

A

The smallest units in which a language can be defined.

299
Q

Spreading activation

A

A method for searching associative networks, computes activation valeus for nodes.

300
Q

Blends (speech errors)

A

Speech errors in which two suitable words fall together and are fused into one word, so both words are partially chosen.

301
Q

Blocking

A

A morphological phenomenon where a word cannot surface because it is blocked by another form whose features are more appropriate to the surface form’s environment.

302
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Examination from data from a number of independent studies of the same subject, in order to determine overall trends.

303
Q

What is the difference between random, small-world and scale-free networks?

A

Scale-free is distributed with a power law, so most nodes have few connections and a few nodes have many connections (=hub).
Small-world have local clustering and short pathl lengths between clusters.
Random networks do not have hubs. Low clustering coefficient.

304
Q

Power-law distribution

A

Relationship between two quantities. Loopt naar een limiet toe. Exponentiele afname of toenamen.

305
Q

Syntax-first

A

Modular theory of processing in which semantic info is processed at a later stage than syntactic info.

306
Q

Redundancy

A

When information is expressed more than once, when lesser words can be used.

307
Q

Somatosensory

A

pressure, pain or warmth in contrast to feelings localized to one organ/place like sight, balance.

308
Q
A

Year 3 of UU (12 decks)

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