File 8

Question 1

innate

Answer 1

Determine factors present from birth

Question 2

imitation theory

Answer 2

Claims children acquire language by listening to speech around them and reproducing what they hear

Question 3

Active construction of grammar theory

Answer 3

Says that children acquire language by inventing rules of grammar based on the speech around them

Question 4

Connectionist theories

Answer 4

Claims children learn language through neural connections in the brain

Question 5

Social interaction theory

Answer 5

Claims that children acquire language through social interaction in particular with older children

Question 6

linguistic universals

Answer 6

Property believed to be held common by all natural languages

Question 7

universal grammar

Answer 7

Theory that posits a set of grammatical characteristics shared by natural languages

Question 8

neglected children

Answer 8

Child who is neglected by caretakers, often resulting in significantly lower exposure to language as a child

Question 9

feral children

Answer 9

Child who grew up in the wild without care of human adults, often with animals

Question 10

critical period

Answer 10

Age span, from birth to puberty, which children must have exposure to language and must build the critical brain structures necessary in order to gain native speaker comprehension

Question 11

homesign

Answer 11

A rudimentary visual-gestural communication system that is developed and used by deaf children when sign language is not available for their communication

Question 12

High amplitude sucking

Answer 12

experimental technique used to study sound discrimination in infants to about 6 months.

Question 13

conditioned head-turn procedure

Answer 13

Experimental technique used with infants between five and eighteen months with two phases: Conditioning and testing.

Question 14

babble

Answer 14

A phase in child acquisition in which a child produces meaningless sequences of consonants and vowels.

Question 15

Voice onset time

Answer 15

Then length of time between the release of a consonant and the onset of voicing, that is, when the vocal folds start vibrating

Question 16

Canonical babbling

Answer 16

The continuous repetition of sequences of vowels and consonants like mama by infants

Question 17

variegated babbling

Answer 17

The continuous repetition of sequences of vowels and consonants like mama by infants

Question 18

Holophrastic stage

Answer 18

one-word stage

Question 19

Telegraphic Stage

Answer 19

A phase during child language acquisition in which children use utterances composed primarily of content words

Question 20

Overextension

Answer 20

In relationship between child and adult perception of word meaning: the child’s application of a given word has a wider range than the application of the same word in adult language

Question 21

Complexive concept

Answer 21

A term used in the study of language acquisition. A group of items that a child refers to with a single with for which it is not possible to single out any one unifying property

Question 22

Overgeneralization

Answer 22

The relationship between child and adult application of rules relative to certain contexts

Question 23

Underextension

Answer 23

The application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for adult speech.

Question 24

Relational term

Answer 24

Type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference

Question 25

Deictic expressions

Answer 25

words referring to personal, temporal, or spatial aspects of an utterance

Question 26

Infant-directed speech

Answer 26

Speech used by caregivers or parents when communicating with young infants,

Question 27

child-directed speech

Answer 27

in many western societies, child directed speech is slow and high pitched and has many repetitions

Question 28

attention getters

Answer 28

Word of phrase used to initiate an address to children

Question 29

attention holders

Answer 29

A tactic used to maintain children’s attention for extended amounts of time

Question 30

Conversational turns

Answer 30

The contribution to a conversation made by one speaker from the time that she takes the floor from another speaker to the time that she passes the floor on to another speaker

Question 31

Way

Answer 31

Way the speaker

Question 32

Bilingual

Answer 32

speaks two languages

Question 33

multilingual

Answer 33

speaks more than two languages

Question 34

Simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 34

Bilingualism in which both languages are acquired from infancy

Question 35

sequential bilingualism

Answer 35

Bilingualism in which the second language is acquired as a young child

Question 36

second-language acquisition

Answer 36

Acquisition of a second language as a teenager or adult

Question 37

Language mixing

Answer 37

Code switching

Question 38

Foreign accent

Answer 38

An accent that is marked by the phonology of another language or other languages that are more familiar to the speaker

Question 39

Fossilization

Answer 39

The process through which forms from a speaker’s non-native language usage become fixed

Question 40

Transfer

Answer 40

The influence of one’s native language on the learning of subsequent languages