Field Sanitation - ATP 4-25.12 - Chapters 1-2

Question 1

What is the mission of field sanitation?

Answer 1

The mission of the unit field sanitation team is to assist commanders in maintaining the health and the well-being of the Soldiers assigned to the unit.

Question 2

How do field sanitation teams assist the commander?

Answer 2

• The mission of the unit field sanitation team is to assist commanders in maintaining the health and
  the well-being of the Soldiers assigned to the unit. They accomplish this by—
• Performing arthropod and rodent management control measures within the unit area.
• Supervising the disinfection of unit bulk water supplies and monitoring residual chlorine levels.
• Teaching Soldiers—
• Individual water purification techniques.
• The dangers of consuming food and drinks from unapproved sources.
• Inspecting unit-level food service personnel, feeding facilities, and food service equipment.
• Supervising the—
• Placement, construction, and maintenance of unit-level garbage disposal facilities and
  soakage pits.
• Placement, construction, and maintenance of field latrines and urinals and then conducting
  regular sanitation inspectionsProviding—
• Training, guidance, and inspections of personnel hygiene practices to establish and maintain
  high levels of personal hygiene.
• Information and assistance relating to individual preventive medicine measures to include
  use of the Department of Defense Insect Repellent System.
• Assisting in the selection of unit field sites and reporting the presence and location of suspected
  toxic industrial materials as necessary.
• Identifying and posting noise hazards in the unit area. Providing the unit commander a list of
  potential hazards within the unit area.
• Reporting findings of inspections to the unit commander.

Question 3

Each Soldier, as a minimum, will protect against

Answer 3

• Heat injury in hot and sunny climates by following work/rest and water consumption guidelines, by properly adhering to uniform wear policies, and by using sunscreen on exposed body parts.
• Cold injury in cold climates by wearing proper cold-weather clothing and frequently changing
  socks to keep feet dry, by careful handling of gasoline-type liquids, and by avoiding contact
  between skin and cold metal.
• Mosquito, fly, tick, and other arthropodborne diseases by using insect repellents, netting, and
  insecticide aerosols; by taking approved chemoprophylaxis; and by wearing the uniform
  properly.
• Enteric diseases by using water purification tablets whenever water quality is uncertain and by
  avoiding foods prepared by unapproved food vendors, and by properly disposing of bodily
  wastes.
• Skin diseases by washing the body as often as practicable.

Question 4

What is one of the most effective practices that Soldiers can perform to protect themselves and other Soldiers?

Answer 4

Wash or sanitize their hands frequently.

Question 5

At a minimum, when should Soldiers wash/sanitize their hands?

Answer 5

At a minimum:

 Before eating or snacking.  After eating or snacking.  Before handling and or preparing food.  After using the latrine.  After handling anything that could potentially transfer germs.  Frequently during the work day to keep your hands free of germs.

Question 6

Heat Injury:Exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation without protection from clothing or sunscreen.

Answer 6

Sunburn is caused by exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation without protection from clothing orsunscreen.

Question 7

______. Procedures that are used to change the chemical, physical, or microbiological quality of water.

Answer 7

Water treatment

Question 8

_______. A process of killing infectious agents outside the body by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents.

Answer 8

Disinfection

Question 9

_______. A water treatment process that uses chlorine or a chlorine compound.

Answer 9

Disinfection. A process of killing infectious agents outside the body by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents.

Question 10

A total contact time of at least ____ minutes is required for satisfactory water disinfection

Answer 10

A total contact time of at least 30 minutes is required for satisfactory water disinfection.

Question 11

____ and _______ will cause chlorine to evaporate/dissipate more rapidly; therefore, periodic rechlorination of water may be required.

Answer 11

Heat and sunlight

Question 12

Boiling water at a rolling boil for ___ to ___ _________ kills most organisms that are known to cause intestinal diseases. In an emergency, even boiling water for ___ _______ will help.

Answer 12

Boiling water at a rolling boil for 5 to 10 minutes kills most organisms that are known to cause intestinal diseases. In an emergency, even boiling water for 15 seconds will help.

Question 13

______ hours cumulative time is the maximum such food can be in the danger zone and not be a health hazard. After _____ hours in the danger zone, enough bacteria may have grown in the food to cause foodborne disease outbreaks.

Answer 13

Three hours cumulative time is the maximum such food can be in the danger zone and not be a health hazard. After 4 hours in the danger zone, enough bacteria may have grown in the food to cause foodborne disease outbreaks.

Question 14

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1

______. Procedures that are used to change the chemical, physical, or microbiological quality of water.

Water Treatment. Procedures that are used to change the chemical, physical, or microbiological quality of water.

Set
confidence
level:

–

2

_______. A process of killing infectious agents outside the body by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents.

Disinfection. A process of killing infectious agents outside the body by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents.

–

3

_______. A water treatment process that uses chlorine or a chlorine compound.

Disinfection. A process of killing infectious agents outside the body by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents.

–

4

A total contact time of at least ____ minutes is required for satisfactory water disinfection.

A total contact time of at least 30 minutes is required for satisfactory water disinfection.

–

5

____ and _______ will cause chlorine to evaporate/dissipate more rapidly; therefore, periodic rechlorination of water may be required.

Heat and sunlight will cause chlorine to evaporate/dissipate more rapidly; therefore, periodic rechlorination of water may be required.

–

6

To rechlorinate a full 400–gallon water trailer with calcium hypochlorite, mix ____ meal, ready–to–eat (MRE) spoonful of calcium hypochlorite from the 6– ounce bottle (or ___ ampules) with 1/2 canteen cup of water.

To rechlorinate a full 400–gallon water trailer with calcium hypochlorite, mix one meal, ready–to–eat (MRE) spoonful of calcium hypochlorite from the 6– ounce bottle (or 22 ampules) with 1/2 canteen cup of water.

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7

Boiling water at a rolling boil for ___ to ___ _________ kills most organisms that are known to cause intestinal diseases. In an emergency, even boiling water for ___ _______ will help.

Boiling water at a rolling boil for 5 to 10 minutes kills most organisms that are known to cause intestinal diseases. In an emergency, even boiling water for 15 seconds will help.

–

8

True or False. Vehicles used for transporting food must be clean and completely enclosed, if possible. Vehicles used for transporting garbage, trash, petroleum products, or similar materials may be used for transporting food even if the vehicles haven’t been properly cleaned and sanitized.

False. Vehicles used for transporting food must be clean and completely enclosed, if possible. Vehicles used for transporting garbage, trash, petroleum products, or similar materials must not be used for transporting food unless the vehicles have been properly cleaned and sanitized.

–

9

______ hours cumulative time is the maximum such food can be in the danger zone and not be a health hazard. After _____ hours in the danger zone, enough bacteria may have grown in the food to cause foodborne disease outbreaks.

Three hours cumulative time is the maximum such food can be in the danger zone and not be a health hazard. After 4 hours in the danger zone, enough bacteria may have grown in the food to cause foodborne disease outbreaks.

–

10

Food items that can support the rapid growth of foodborne disease microorganisms are called potentially hazardous foods (PHF). Any temperature between ___°F and ___ °F is in the DANGER ZONE.

Food items that can support the rapid growth of foodborne disease microorganisms are called potentially hazardous foods (PHF). Any temperature between 41°F and 139°F is in the DANGER ZONE.

–

11

The six factors that most often cause foodborne disease outbreaks are failure to: –Refrigerate potentially hazardous cold foods and maintain a product temperature of _____°F or below. –Cook food to proper temperature. –Maintain potentially hazardous hot foods at a product temperature of _____°F or above. –Protect foods from cross–contamination. –Use proper transportation and storage practices. –Protect food contact surfaces, pots and pans, eating utensils, and cutting boards from contamination.

Answer 14

40 and 140

Question 15

Latrines are so constructed to prevent the contamination of food and water. They are located at least ____ yards downwind (prevailing wind) and down gradient from the unit food service facility and at least ___ feet from any unit ground water source.

Answer 15

Latrines are so constructed to prevent the contamination of food and water. They are located at least 100 yards (90 meters) downwind (prevailing wind) and down gradient from the unit food service facility and at least 100 feet (30 meters) from any unit ground water source.

Question 16

Garbage must not be buried within ___ _____ of any natural source of water, such as a stream or well, used for cooking or drinking.

Answer 16

Garbage must not be buried within 100 feet (30 meters) of any natural source of water, such as a stream or well, used for cooking or drinking.

Question 17

Liquid and solid wastes produced under field conditions may amount to ____ pounds per person per day, especially when shower facilities are available.

Answer 17

Liquid and solid wastes produced under field conditions may amount to 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per person per day, especially when shower facilities are available.

Question 18

Liquid kitchen waste accumulates at the rate of ___ to ___ gallons per man per day.

Answer 18

Liquid kitchen waste accumulates at the rate of 1 to 5 gallons (4 to 19 liters) per man per day.

Question 19

Historically, in every conflict up through World War II, in which the United States was involved,
approximately 20 percent of hospital admissions were the result of combat injuries, the other 80 percent were the results of what?

Answer 19

Disease and non-battle injury

Question 20

What is a disease and non-battle injury casualty?

Answer 20

A disease and non-battle injury casualty is defined as a Soldier who is lost to an
organization by reason of disease or injury and who is not a battle casualty.

Question 21

The drop in disease and non-battle injury rates from 1991 - 2003 is due largely to the efforts of?

Answer 21

Well trained, appropriately equipped, and command supported unit field sanitation team members

Question 22

It is absolutely critical that commanders do what with their filed sanitation team?

Answer 22

 Provide command emphasis regarding the importance of field hygiene and sanitation and
preventive medicine measures.
 Set the example of the importance of the program for their Soldiers.
 Enforce the standards set for the use of preventive medicine measures.
 Select only the very best Soldiers to staff the field sanitation teams.
 Ensure that their teams are well trained and equipped to perform their duties.

Question 23

What publications direct commanders of all company-sized units to establish, train, equip, and deploy unit field sanitation teams?

Answer 23

Army Regulations 40-5, 350-1,

and Department of the Army Pamphlet 40-11

Question 24

Field sanitation team certification training must be conducted when?

Answer 24

• Commanders appoint Soldiers to perform as members of unit field sanitation teams.
• Members of the unit field sanitation teams require sustainment training.
• Units are scheduled to operate in the field for extended periods of time or when deploying.

Question 25

Health threats to Soldiers in the field include?

Answer 25

 Endemic diseases.
 Food and waterborne diseases.
 Hazardous plants and animals.
 Entomological hazards (nuisance pests and disease-carrying vectors).
 Toxic industrial materials (industrial and agricultural).
 Deployment-related stress.
 Hazardous noise.
 Climatic or environmental extremes (heat, cold, wind-blown sand, or other particulates)

Question 26

The principles of preventive medicine measures are?

Answer 26

 Soldiers perform individual techniques of preventive medicine measures.
 Field sanitation teams train Soldiers in preventive medicine measures and advise the commander
and unit leaders on implementation of unit-level preventive medicine measures.
 Chain of command plans for and enforces preventive medicine measures

Question 27

Hand washing devices must be provided outside of latrine enclosures and in food service areas. These facilities must be constructed so that they operate easily and must be kept stocked with?

Answer 27

 Potable water for washing.
 Soap.
 Paper towels

Question 28

All washing and shower facilities must be built

on or placed over ______________ to prevent water from collecting and forming pools

Answer 28

Soakage pits

Question 29

While in garrison, Soldiers generally maintain high standards of personal hygiene. This is due in part to what?

Answer 29

The availability of latrine facilities that are kept at comfortable temperatures and have hot and cold
running water

Question 30

Poor personal hygiene in the field is a difficult problem to overcome because it requires what?

Answer 30

A sense of responsibility

on the part of each Soldier

Question 31

When preparing for the field or extended deployments, Soldiers should consider packing a two month’s supply of what?

Answer 31

Standard toiletry articles that can last until sustainment of these items is assured.

Question 32

One of the most common

ways Soldiers catch a cold is by?

Answer 32

By rubbing their nose or their eyes with an unwashed hand which has been
contaminated with a cold-causing virus.

Question 33

When to wash and or sanitize the hands?

Answer 33

 Before eating or snacking.
 After eating or snacking.
 Before handling and or preparing food.
 After using the latrine.
 After handling anything that could potentially transfer germs.
 Frequently during the work day to keep your hands free of germs.
 After coming into contact with any local flora or fauna.
 After physical contact with local nationals.

Question 34

Under optimal conditions, how often should Soldiers have access to a shower?

Answer 34

Every day, or at least once every

week to maintain good personal hygiene

Question 35

In situations where shower facilities are not available, female Soldiers can
establish a private space with adequate drainage and bathe using what?

Answer 35

A washcloth and water

Question 36

Are cosmetics allowed in the field?

Answer 36

Cosmetics are not authorized in the field.

Question 37

What occurs after not brushing your teeth for just a few days?

Answer 37

gingivitis (bleeding gums)

Question 38

Physically fit Soldiers are less likely to become?

Answer 38

Sick or injured.

Question 39

What must you do to avoid contracting water - and foodborne disease?

Answer 39

 Only eat and drink food and water from United States-approved sources.
 Do not buy foods, drinks, or ice from civilian vendors unless approved by veterinary personnel.
 Wash hands using soap and potable water as follows:
 After using the latrine.
 Before touching eating utensils or food.
 After eating.
 After handling any item that can potentially transfer germs.
 Frequently during the work day to keep hands free of germs.

Question 40

Of the 80 diseases said to be of military importance, over two-thirds are caused by pathogens
transmitted by what?

Answer 40

Arthropods, rodents, and other animals

Question 41

What does the the Department of Defense Insect Repellent System consist of?

Answer 41

• Permethrin on uniforms and bed nets
• A 33 percent N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) insect repellent applied to exposed skin.
• Proper wearing of the uniform.

Question 42

There are three required components for effective personal protection

Answer 42

 First, the measure itself must be effective when properly used.
 Second, the development and continual maintenance of a well-defined education program is a
must.
 Third, every enlisted Soldier, every officer, and especially every commander must be informed
about the importance of preventive medicine measures for reducing the occurrence of disease
caused by pest/arthropodborne pathogens.

Question 43

What must Soldiers do to avoid potential heat injury?

Answer 43

 Soldiers must become acclimatized. Significant heat acclimatization requires at least three to
five days and full acclimatization can take up to two weeks.
 Use sunscreen on all exposed body parts.
 Drink plenty of water, depending on the heat and activity level, Soldiers may need to drink from
½ to 1½ quarts of water per hour. Three gallons or 12-quarts per day in hot, dry climates.
Drinking water is a must in order to prevent heat Illness.
 Use work/rest cycles, as leaders direct. A rest period helps prevent dangerous increases in body
temperatures by minimizing heat production.
 Eat all meals to replace salts; eating all meals in the field will usually provide the body’s
requirements for salts. Field rations are designed to meet the daily requirements for minerals
and electrolytes (sodium).
 Modify the uniform, when directed/authorized by the commander to reduce heat stress and to
protect against ultraviolet radiation.

Question 44

What must Soldiers do to avoid potential cold injury?

Answer 44

 Wear clothing as directed by commanders and leaders.
 Wear clothing in loose layers (top and bottom). Avoid tight clothing, including tight underwear.
 Keep clothing clean and dry.
 Remove or loosen excess clothing when working or in heated areas to prevent sweating.
 Wear headgear to prevent body heat loss. The body loses large amounts of heat through the
head.
 Change wet/damp clothes as soon as possible.
 Keep the body warm by continuing to move, if possible.
 Exercise large muscle groups (arms, shoulders, trunk, and legs) frequently to keep warm.
 If Soldiers must remain in a small area, exercise the toes, feet, fingers, and hands.
 Avoid the use of alcohol as it makes the body lose heat faster.
 Avoid standing directly on cold, wet ground, when possible.
 Avoid tobacco products. Using tobacco products decreases blood flow to the skin.
 Eat all meals to maintain energy.
 Drink plenty of water and/or warm nonalcoholic fluids. Dark yellow urine indicates that
Soldiers are not drinking enough fluids!

Question 45

What must Soldiers do to protect their feet?

Answer 45

 Bring several pairs of issue boot socks. Keep socks clean and dry. Change wet or damp socks
as soon as possible.
 Wash feet daily, if possible.
 Apply foot powder on feet and in boots when changing socks.
 Avoid tight-fitting socks and boots (fully lace boots up, as loose as possible).
 Wear overshoes to keep boots dry.

Question 46

What must Soldiers do to protect their hands?

Answer 46

 Wear gloves with inserts or mittens with inserts.
 Warm hands under clothing if they become numb.
 Avoid skin contact with snow, fuel, or bare metal.
 Waterproof gloves by treating with waterproofing compounds, such as snow seal.

Question 47

What must Soldiers do to protect their face and ears?

Answer 47

 Cover face and ears with a scarf or other material, if available.
 Wear insulated cap with flaps down or wear a balaclava and secure under chin.
 Warm face and ears by covering them with hands. Do not rub face and ears.
 Do not use face camouflage when windchill is -10 degrees Fahrenheit or below; prevents
detection of cold-weather illness (frostbite).

Question 48

What must Soldiers do to protect their eyes?

Answer 48

 Wearing sunglasses.

 Wearing issued eye protection.

Question 49

What are the three industrial material threats?

Answer 49

 Occupational hazards
 Industrial hazards
 Biological/radiological hazards

Question 50

What are occupational hazards?

Answer 50

 Exhaust from engines and fuel space heaters.
 Gases from weapons firing, such as rockets and M8 smoke.
 Solvents used to clean weapons.
 Greases and oil from vehicle maintenance repair.
 Detergents used to clean equipment.

Question 51

What are industrial hazards?

Answer 51

 Compressed gases.
 Industrial solvents.
 Hazardous chemical waste.
 Materials used at water treatment plants.
 Materials and water used at waste sewage and water treatment plants.

Question 52

What are Biological/radiological hazards?

Answer 52

 Medical waste.
 Materials used at medical research facilities.
 Radioactive isotopes.
 Substances at nuclear power plants.
 Depleted uranium.

Question 53

Recognize the injury (Carbon monoxide)

Answer 53

 Is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that causes headache, sleepiness, coma, and death.

Question 54

Recognize the injury (Smoke used for obscuration and signaling)

Answer 54

 Is a very irritating gas that can cause severe coughing, wheezing, and lung damage, if inhaled.

Question 55

Recognize the injury (Bore/gun gases)

Answer 55

 Is an extremely irritating gas that reacts with body fluids to produce hydrochloric acid in the throat, lungs, and eyes. It causes coughing, acid burns to tissues, and flu-like lung disease.

Question 56

Recognize the injury (Fuel, solvents, grease, and oils)

Answer 56

 Cause skin rashes, burns, drying, and infections. They also cause damage to the liver, blood, and brain

Question 57

What must Soldiers do to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning?

Answer 57

 Run engines outdoors or with vehicle bay/shop exhaust ventilation systems as the primary
system with the secondary system being shop doors and windows open.
 Keep sleeping area windows slightly open for ventilation and air movement.
 DO NOT sleep in vehicles with the engine running or use engine exhaust for heat.
 DO NOT park vehicles near air intakes to tents, trailers, or environmental control units.

Question 58

What must Soldiers do to avoid inhaling bore/gun gases?

Answer 58

 Use onboard vehicle ventilation systems.
 Keep bore evacuator well maintained.
 Try to keep some air movement in gun emplacements.

Question 59

What must Soldiers do when using solvents, grease, and oils?

Answer 59

 Only use authorized safety solvent.
 Never substitute an unauthorized solvent to clean equipment. For example, do not use a
degreasing agent like denatured alcohol instead of an authorized nontoxic, nonhazardous solvent
preservative cleaning agent.
 Wear coveralls, if available, and rubber gloves.
 Wash or change clothing often, especially when soiled by chemicals or fuel.
 Always follow label instructions for use and safety precautions.
 Use ventilation systems in areas where fumes are present or when conditions and materials
dictate.

Question 60

What must Soldiers do when required to handle biological waste?

Answer 60

 Always use disposable rubber gloves when working with biological materials.
 Wear coveralls/rubberized aprons, as necessary.
 Wear goggles or safety glasses, as necessary.
 Wear facemasks and air-filtered breathing masks approved for specific tasks, when
removing/working with biological waste.
 Dispose of biological wast

Question 61

Protect self and mission from noise hazards by?

Answer 61

 Wearing properly fitted earplugs. Different types include single flange, triple flange, and handformed.
 Keeping earplugs and earmuffs clean to prevent ear infections.
 Avoid high intensity noise areas or limit the time spent in hazardous noise environments to
perform critical tasks.

Question 62

Sleep deprivation can lead to what?

Answer 62

Degraded performance and errors in judgment

Question 63

The benefits of a short nap are evident for up to how many days?

Answer 63

Two days

Question 64

How should locations for field latrines be selected?

Answer 64

 As far from food operations as possible (100 meters or more). Downwind and downslope, if
possible.
 Downslope from wells, springs, streams, and other water sources (30 meters or more).

Question 65

As soon as the unit moves into a new area, Soldiers should be detailed to establish and maintain the
latrines as follows:

Answer 65

 Instruct the field sanitation team to spray the latrines with an appropriate residual pesticide
according to the label only after performing a pest/insect survey to determine that a pest problem
actually exists. Do not spray the pit contents.
 Always provide handwashing facilities at the food service facilities and the latrines. Make use
of handwashing devices at latrines mandatory.
 Cover, transport, burn, or bury waste daily.
 Use the field sanitation team to train Soldiers and unit leaders in preventive medicine measures
to prevent food-, water-, and wasteborne diseases.

Question 66

Commanders can plan for safe food by ensuring that?

Answer 66

 Food service personnel maintain foods at safe temperatures.
 Food service personnel are inspected daily and referred for medical evaluation of those with
illness and/or skin infections.
 Make sure foods, drinks, and ice purchased from civilian vendors are approved by the command
medical authority.
 Supervise the use of the mess kit laundry/sanitation center.
 Food service personnel and Soldiers use handwashing devices.
 All food waste is transported to an approved disposal site, buried, or burned daily (at least 30
meters from food preparation area and water source).

Question 67

Commanders can minimize exposure to arthropod, rodent, and animal threats if the mission permits
by?

Answer 67

 Using their field sanitation team to assist in selecting areas to establish base camp sites.
 Occupying areas away from insect/arthropod breeding areas such as natural bodies of water.
 Avoiding areas with high grass or dense vegetation.
 Using field sanitation team recommendations and assistance in applying pesticides for area
control around living areas. Treatment of natural bodies of water is beyond the scope of the field
sanitation team.
 Draining or filling in temporary standing water sites in occupied area (empty cans, used tires, or
wheel ruts after rains).
 Clearing vegetation in and around occupied area.
 Maintaining area sanitation by enforcing good sanitation practices.
 Properly disposing of all waste.
 Protecting all food supplies.
 Ensuring that the company area is regularly policed.
 Removing/controlling/killing pests (feral dogs, feral cats, wild animals, snakes, rats, mice, lice,
and flies).

Question 68

Heat condition information may be reported

as?

Answer 68

 Category: one, two, three, four, or five.
 Wet bulb-globe temperature index.
 Use heat condition information to determine required water intake and work/rest cycles.

Question 69

How can heat injuries be reduced?

Answer 69

 Enforcing work/rest cycles when the mission permits. Permitting personnel to work/rest in the
shade, if possible.
 Encouraging Soldiers to eat all meals for needed salts.
 Adjusting workload to size of individuals, when possible.
 Ensuring Soldiers have access to and use sunscreen.
 Prepare for heat casualties and decreased performance when water and work/rest cycle recommendations cannot be met.